K-RATED TRANSFORMERS

A Seminar Report
done in partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

By
ANUPAM A H
B070104EE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
NITC P .O, CALICUT-673601

Winter 2010-2011
National Institute of Technology Calicut
Department of Electrical Engineering
Certified that this seminar report entitled

K-RATED TRANFORMERS
is a bonafide record of the seminar presented by

ANUPAM A H
B070104EE

In partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics engineering

Dr. Elizabeth P. Cheriyan

(Seminar coordinator)

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Acknowledgement
This seminar has been done under the guidance of faculty members of the Electrical
Department. I thank them for sharing their knowledge and giving me advice in areas
related to the topic of seminar. I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth P. Cheriyan,
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, for
providing me an opportunity to present this work.

CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Linear load 2

1.2 Non linear load 2

1.3 Harmonics 3

1.4 Effect of Harmonics 5

1.4.1 Harmonic problems related to earthing 5

1.4.2 Harmonic problems related to Installation 6

1.4.3 Harmonic problems related to Power system 7

2. WAYS TO REDUCE HARMONICS 8

2.1 Harmonic problems related to Power system 8

2.2 Ways to reduce Harmonics 9

2.2.1 Harmonic trap filters 9

2.2.2 Broadband filters 9

2.2.3 Active filters 10

3. K-RATED TRANSFORMERS 11

3.1 K-Factor 12

4. DESIGN FEATURES OF K-RATED TRANSFORMER 17

4.1 Procedure for Selection 17

4.2 Design Features 17

4.2.1 Electrical circuit 17

4.2.2 Magnetic circuit 18

4.2.3 Dielectric circuit 18

5. EMERGING NEW DEVELOPMENTS 19

6. CONCLUSION 20
REFERENCES 21

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1.1 Waveform of Linear Load

Figure 1.2 Waveform of Non-Linear Load

Figure 1.3 Harmonic distortion of Electric Current waveform

Figure 2.1 Single Phase two pulse rectifier

Figure 2.2 Output waveform

Figure 2.3 Harmonic Trap Filter

Figure 2.4 Broadband Filter

Figure 2.5 Active Filter

Figure 3.1 K-Rated Transformer

Table 1.1 Typical Loads and their K-Factor

ABSTRACT

The present electronic era with has large number of non -linear loads like
SMPS,UPS, EPABX, PLC mainframe computers etc....which inject considerable amount
of harmonics into the power supply systems thereby drastically affecting the power
system performance , especially that of the distribution transformer. Introduction of non-
linear loads results in problems due to harmonics. Harmonic currents affect the
installation in the form of voltage distortions, non- sinusoidal voltage drops, increased
neutral to earth voltage, excessive losses and reduction in life span. The use of harmonic
filters can solve the harmonic problems at the load side, leaving the problems with
distribution systems unsolved. This is where a K- Rated transformer comes into play.

A K-rated transformer is a specially designed transformer to operate with lesser

losses and higher energy efficiency in harmonic environment, and can also tackle
harmonic related problems. This paper gives a brief overview about the design features,
advantages, disadvantages of K-RATED TRANSFORMER