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LAN use at corporate office and Net Café. It is a wire network where the system is
connected under one building. Managing and trouble shooting of LAN is easy.
Telephone Line
Modem Modem
2) ISDN
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3) Lease line (city to city)
What is Internet?
Internet
ISP ISP
ISP
Partnet
Extranet
www.microsoft.com
Intranet
TCP/IP Transmission
At the ending 1960 ARANET (military Department) invent NCP.
IBM --------------------------------Telnet
AT & T ----------------------------FTP
Bell labs ---------------------------TCP
Lucent
IEEE
1981 --------------------------------IP
Inter NIC/ICAN
1982 --------------------------------TCP/IP
SNMP
SMTP
1992---------------------------------HTTP
L2TP
IPSEC
2005---------------------------------Development continue
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DOD Model (Department of Defenses)
Session
Network IP ICMP AA
P
Data Link
LAN/WAN Tech
Physical
OS
C/S
TCP/IP TCP/IP
Telnet-------------------------------------------------Telnet Server
Microsoft FTP ---------------------------------------------------FTP server
HTTP-------------------------------------------------FTP server
HTTP -------------------------------------------------HTTPD (Demon Server)
Unix FTP --------------------------------------------------- FTPD
Ex. Telnet: - It is a terminal emulation utility. It is used to access the Remote system.
(Telnet server) From the remote client, telnet client (text)
From Services start the telnet service go to CMD type telnet IP address of Telnet Machine.
2) FTP: -It is an application & it is used to transfer of files uploading & downloading
files.
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3) HTTP: - (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) it is mainly used on web server. It uses
www. Service it support text graphic video.
4) SMTP: - It is used for simple mail on main server.
Ex. Exchange lotus notes. SMTP is used to sent mails and pop3 is use to receive mail.
5) SNMP: - Simple network management protocol SNMP service is used to monitor
TCP/IP statistics on SNMP client.
6) Host-to-Host Layer: - It consists of to communication protocol.
TCP: - Transmission communication protocol
• It’s a connection oriented protocol
• It uses acknowledgement.
• Packet Delivery is garn tied
• It is slower than UDP
UDP: - User Data gram protocol
• It is connectionless protocol
• It does not use acknowledgement
• Packet delivery is not garn tied
• It is faster than TCP
Internet Layer: -
IP: -IP is connectionless protocol by default IP is responsible to root IP packet to the
destination IP uses IP address for communication.
ICMP: - Internet control massage process. It is responsible for network massage and error.
ARP: - Address resolution protocol it maps the IP address network layer.
It is empty it does not contain any protocol. It handles LAN & WAN connection.
IP Addressing
IP address is 32 Bit logical address __. __. __. __=32 bit logical address
Octave
IP address consist of four octave
Classes of IP Address
A Class --------1 to 126
B Class --------128 to 191
C Class --------192 to 223
D Class --------224 to 239 (multicast)
E Class --------240 to 254 (future)
127 is reserve for default IP
EX. 90.200.172.8 (A class)
The first octave identifies the class of octave.
IP address consist of the Network ID & Host ID
_____. ____. ____. ____
NT ID & Host ID
Subnet Mask It is 32 Bit logical address Subnet mask is used to identify the network ID and
Host ID in the IP address subnet mask contains value 255 & 0
255 identify the network ID & 0 identify the Host ID.
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IP address ____. ____. ____. ____ =32 bit logical address.
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• Authorize the DHCP SRV
• Create Scope
Scope name IP address range Start __. __. __. __ End __. __. __. __
Subnet Mask __. __. __. __
Excluding Range __. __. __. __
Lease Period: 8 days (till to 999)
Scope Option: y/n
Finish.
A DHCP server assigns the following to the DHCP client.
1) IP address
2) Subnet mask
3) Default gateway
4) DNS
5) Wins
DHCP lease Generation process.
1) IP lease request
DHCP Dissolver
IP lease offer 2)
DHCP offer
3) IP lease reflection
DHCP request
IP lease ACK 4)
DHCP ACK
Broadcast Net Bios
name, MAC
add,
Broadcast
address,
255.255.255.
IP, SM, 255
If server is down the client 3 times tries for IP address if DHCP not responding
(Automatic Private IP address) when it get APIPA. When it get APIPA the machine
tries after every 10 min to connect DHCP and try to get IP address from DHCP.
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DHCP Lease Renewal Process: -
50% ---- 4 Days
87.5%-- 7 Days
100% -- 8 Days
APIPA
DHCP Server Scope Option: - There are four option on the DHCP
server.
1) Address Pool: -This option display the IP addresses Range and the excluded
IP address range.
2) Address Lease: - This option display the information of DHCP client i.e. IP
address, client name, lease Expire date, Mac address of DHCP client.
3) Reservation: - you can reserve an IP address to DHCP client by
creating a reservation entry on DHCP server you need to specify 1) Client
name 2) IP address 3) MAC address.
4) Scope option: - This option you can use this option to provide
additional IP configuration address of router, DNS and Wins.
5) IP configuration: -You can configure IP configuration in the server
option if the IP configuration is same for all scope i.e. server
configuration option applied to all scope.
6) Super Scope: - Super scope combine two or more scope as single unit.
Router
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Implementing DNS in win 2003 (Domain Name System)
Introduction: -
Zone
C1—IP
C2---IP
C3---IP
C4---IP
records
C1
C2 C4
(gives ip of server1)
Server1.com
1 2 3 4 5
Server1.com?
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DNS Client
DNS client wants to connect to server1.com. It will 1st ask its own DNS server,if it doesn’t
have then it will ask other DNS servers.After getting the IP address it will directly connect
to Server1.com
2) Recursive Query: - The DNS server returns to complete answer to query not to
pointer to another DNS server.(DNS client will ask its own DNS server and that DNS
server will itself ask other DNS servers and get the IP and give it to the DNS client)
Windows\system32\dns\cisco.com.dns
C1---------IP C1-------IP
C2---------IP C3-------IP
C3---------IP C4-------IP
C4---------IP C5-------IP
C5---------IP C6-------IP
If primary DNS goes down the secondary work as primary secondary is read only &
primary is read & write.
Primary Zone: - It contains a read & write version of the zone file i.e. told in a standard
text file. Any changes to the zone are recorded in that file you must create a primary zone
each time if you create a new zone.
Secondary Zone: - Secondary zone contains a read only version of zone file i.e. told in
standard text file any change to zone are recorded in a primary zone file and replicated to
the secondary zone file a secondary zone copy from primary zone.
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Active Directory Integrated Zone
Replication
Automatic
Cisco.com
Cisco.com Primary
Read & Write Read & Write
Active Directory Integrated Zone: - Stores the zone information in an Active Directory not
in a text file. Updated to the zone occur automatically during ADS replication. Active
Directory Integrated is read & write.
Subs Zone: - It is a new feature in win2003 stub zone contains address of the authoritative
DNS server.
Installing DNS win 2003
1) Win 2003 SRV
2) Static IP
3) DNS service Installed
Control panel Add/Remove Programs Windows Component Network Service
Details DNS.
DNS
Forward Lookup Zone
DNS Structure
Zone Com Com MCSE.com
Comp1.pune.India.com
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FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)
Creating Primary Zone: -
DNS SRV Forward Lookup Zone Right Click New Zone
Primary
Zone Name
Zone Filename
Dynamic Update (Y/N)
Finish
Before You Create a secondary zone you must configure name & setting on a primary zone
setting.
On the primary zone properties Zone Transfer Option
In zone Transfer
Check the allow zone transfer
Select the option below i.e. to any server
You can also set replication interval from primary zone properties SOA option.
Creating primary zone for Reverse Lookup Zone
New zone
Primary
Specify the Net ID
Filename of zone
Allow dynamic Update (Y/N)
Finish
Examining Zone File
Resource record (RR) RR in zone file contains a computers
1) FQDN @NS Comp1.mcse.com
2) IP address comp1 A 192.168.22.1
3) Alias CC cname comp1.mcse.com
4) Pointer (PTR) 1.22.168.192-in-addr-arpa PTR comp1.mcse.com
If primary zone is deleted or courted you can change secondary zone to become a primary
zone you can configure single DNS Server to Host.
1) One or more Primary Zone.
1) One or more secondary zone.
2) Combination of primary and secondary zone.
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Zone Transfer between primary & secondary a zone transfer is a process of replicating a
zone file to another to another DNS Server a zone transfer instituted the master DNS
server sends notification of zone changes of secondary DNS server in win2003 the DNS
Server is updated by incremental zone transfer.
You can configure zone transfer from
Primary Zone Properties SOA (start of authentication)
SOA option contains
1) serial number
2) primary server
3) Responsible server administrator
4) Time interval, Refresh, Retry and TTL (Time To Leave)
Zone Zone
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Reverse lookup file db.x.w.y y.x.w.in.addr.arpa.dns
Dynamic Update
The DNS dynamic update protocol allows client to automatically update DNS server.
Win 2000/2003/XP
DNS server
If all the machines are Win 2000 / 2003/ XP then we will directly make them DNS client
and they are already enabled for dynamic updates. We will select non secure and secure on
the dynamic update of DNS server. All the information of the client will be automatically
updated BUT if there are pre win 2000 machines also, so we will have to take help of
DHCP. Will have to make all the machines including win 2000/ 2003 / XP DHCP clients
and the DHCP server will update the DNS server.
To enable dynamic update you need to configure DNS server & DHCP server.
Configure DNS server
DNS Zone Properties General Dynamic Update Non Secure & secure
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If the zone active directory integrated that you get secure only option in the Dynamic
update.
CITY 1
INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.google.co.in/images?q=tbn:b9meYcoAM1cL7M:www.pcby
Forwarder only catching
DNS
server
INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.google.co.in/images?q=tbn:b9meYcoAM1cL7M:www.pcby
WAN link
INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.google.co.in/images?q=tbn:b9meYcoAM1cL7M:www.pcby
INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.google.co.in/images?q=tbn:b9meYcoAM1cL7M:www.pcby
CITY 2
INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.google.co
INCLUDEPICT
INCLUDEPICTURE "h
INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.google.co
Catching only server perform name resolution on behalf of client computers and cache
results
DNS server Properties Forwarders specify the IP address of DNS server to which
you want forward .
If the DNS server is root zone that it can not be forwarder maintain DNS Zone
A----------------Host
PTR------------Reverse
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Cname---------Alias
SRV------------Service
M---------------Mail
SOA
Monitoring DNS
Test DNS: - You can test the simple and recursive query of DNS
DNS SRV Properties Monitoring.
Event Viewer
Enable DNS Server Debug logging
DNS SRV Properties Debug logging
C1 C2
3) Local broadcast
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A net bios client can issue a broadcast on the local network for the ip address of
the destination net bios name
2 C2
3 BROADCAST C3
C1
1 Netbios cache
------ IP
------- ------
C4
When C1 needs to connect to C2 it will 1 check its netbios cache list,if not there then 2nd it
st
will ask wins serve. If not there the 3rd it will broadcast
Lmhost file :
Lmhost is static
ROUTER
A3 C3
A2 Lmhost File C2
10.0.0.1 A1
10.0.0.2 A2
10.0.0.3 A3
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A1 C1
10.0.0.1
NAME REGESTRATION
When you configure a computer as WINs client, the clients computer register its
netbios name and IP address by sending a name registration request directly to the
primary WINs server. The client when register to the WINs server,in its request it takes its
netbios name and Ip address and also the service which it is registering.
WINS server
WINS Client
Netbios name
IP address
Win server IP add
Service type
INSTALL WINS
1) WIN 2003 SERVER
2) STATIC IP
3) WINS SERVER INSTALL
STEPS:-
Start setting control panel add remove prog windows component
networking services details WINS ok next….
The wins client by default is registered with 2 services ie file server and work station. On a
wins client if a new service is started the wins client automatically register the new service
entry on the wins server
REGESTRATION RENEWAL
The default renewal interval for entries in the wins data base is 6 days. Renewal occurs
every 3 days because the registration renewal is of 50%
NAME QUERY
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A wins client can use the netbios name of another wins client to obtain the IP add of that
client from the Wins server 1st it sends the query to the primary wins server, if it doesn’t
respond it will query to the secondary wins server if available, even if secondary does not
response, the client will the broadcast. A wins client can add up to 12 wins server
NAME RELEASE
When you shout down the wins client properly, by using the OS shut down sequence or by
stopping a network service ,the client send sends the name release request directly to the
wins server for each requested name.
Supporting Non WIN Client
2 3 WINS Server
ZONE
Comp1 IP address DATA BASE
is not available Comp1 10.0.0.2
ROUTER
WINS DATEBASE
WINS client WINS client
Linux123 IP
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Linux123 WINS client
Static mapping is a manual Entry in the WINS data base that the net bios name to IP
address. Static mapping mainly done for non Microsoft OS.
WINS comp1 Active Registration New Map static Specify computer name, Net
bios Scope optional Type(Unique simple) specify IP address……
Linux123 IP
comp1
LINUX 123 WINS client
(ping linux 123 it can ping)
Wins proxy is a computer to forward broadcast name resolution request to the win server
for name resolution.
Enable win proxy by using regedit.
My Computer\HEY.Local\Machine\System\current control set\services\netbt\prameter
Right Click New Dward value Enable Proxy Double Click (O means off & 1
means on)
Ipconfig/all check
Check from status wins client.
WINS Replication
ROUTER
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WINS Server WINS server
WINS display all records in the database and organized the information into a following
columns.
1) Record name The register net bios name a following columns.
2) Type The service that register the entry it includes the hexadecimal type ID.
3) IP address IP address of the register WINS client.
4) State The state of the database entry. It can be active, Release or Tombstone.
5) Static Indicated whether the mapping is static.
6) Owner The wins server from which the entry originated.
7) Version A unique hexadecimal no. assign by the wins server
8) Expiration It shows the entry which expire.
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2) Jetpack win.mdb temp.mdb
3) Start the wins service
Path windows\system32\wins\wins.mdb
Backing Up Wins
Right Click win server Backup database
Connection Type
1) Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) : - PSTN uses analog telephone line and
modems. It is a cheapest remote access connection and not reliable.
2) Integrated Service Digital Network(ISDN): - ISDN is uses digital telephone
connection & modems. ISDN is expensive than PSTN. ISDN are reliable than PSTN.
3)Virtual Private Network (VPN): -
ISP
INTERNET
LAN
ISP NETWORK
VPN client
VPN allows connection between LAN through Internet,the client has to intstall VPN &
became VPN client.
4) Null Modem Cable OR Serial communication between two computer
1) LAN Protocol
A) TCP/IP
B) IPX/SPX
C) Apple talk
2) RAS Protocol
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a) Point to Point Protocol(PPP): - PPP enable the remote Access point & server to
operate together in multi vender company it is default protocol or most commonly
use protocol in remote access.
b) Serial LAN Internet Protocol (SLIP): - SLIP is most commonly used telnet (Unix
based) Microsoft Windows 2000 & 2003 supports only slip client they do not
support SLIP server.
3) VPN Protocol: -
a) PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol)
b) L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) more secure.
Ports
1------------Modem
10 ----------VPN (PPTP—5) (L2TP--- 5)
By default the modem on R RAS server is configured only for in board connection if you
want dial through R RAS server to another R RAS server for select in board & outbound
connection
R RAS server Ports Properties select Port Click configuration
Multi Link
Multi link allows users to combine analog & ISDN path. Multi link enable your computer
use to one or more communication port with bandwidth R RAS users PPP multi link
protocol windows 2003 also support BAP bandwidth allocations protocol for dynamic multi
link.
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Authentication Protocol: - There are five standard Authentication Protocol.
1) MS—CHAP V2 (Microsoft Challenge Hand Shake Authentication Protocol version
2) MS—CHAP (Microsoft Challenge Hand Shake Authentication Protocol).
3) CHAP (Challenge Hand Shake Authentication Protocol).
4) SPAP (Shiva Password Authentication Protocol).
5) PAP (Password Authentication Protocol).
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CONFIGURE RRAS TO ACCESS DHCP
If the DHCP server is available RRAS obtains 10 IP address at a time. If DHCP
server is in available RRAS uses APIPA.
Monitor RRAS
You can monitor RRAS service from
1) Event viewer
2) Modem log-in PATH control panel phone and modems modem
properties diagnostics ..click on record a log ( this will make a file where the
function of the modems will be recorded)
Where as in XPthere will be an option click on append a log (it will do the same but
wont overwrite the file it will make new files every time the modem is used).
Introduction to IAS
IAS proferms centralized authentication, authorization, auditing and accounting of
connections for dail up
Installing IAS
Path:- Control Pannel add remove windows components network services
IAS ok Finish.
Configure IAS
First register the IAS server on the domain.
Path – IAS right click register server and active directory ok
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Confirm the IAS server computer a/c is the member of the RAS and IAS server group in
the DC.
IAS server act as a Radius server.
Dynamic Routing
Router use routing protocol to exchange information between routers to propagate
network address and connection information. The 2 most common routing protocols are
1) RIP Routing Information Protocol
a) for small to medium inter networks
b) uses a routing table
c) easier to configure and manage
d) does not scale well
e) support 15 router
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e) supports unlimited router
PATH:-
Making a Router
Programs administrative tool routing and routing access (right click computer)
configure and enable routing and remote access custom configuration LAN routing
finish yes.
1) By using Router
a) Router optimizes network performance
b) It enables all user in the network to share a single connection to the internet.
2) By using firewall
Firewall prevents unauthorized access to your network. It enables you to specify the
type of traffic that is allowed into and out of your network.
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MANAGING WEB SERVER
Managing windows 2003 network:-
Windows 2003 provides two methods for administrating the network.
Remote desktop:-
Share the folder on 2003 server windows /system32 /TS client &
install it on windows 2000 professional or pre Win 2000 computer.
Path:-
Right click my computerPropertiesRemoteEnable Remote desktop.
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Text commands ;
1. Net helpmsg error no.
2. Net send IP massage
3. Net view.
4. Net share.
5. Net start service name
6. Net stop service name
7. Net user NAME Password /add
8. Net statistics server
9. Net statistics workstation
VERYFYING TCP/IP
1. IPconfigIP, Subnet Mask, default Gateway.
2. IPconfigIP, Subnet Mask, default Gateway, DNS IP, WINS IP, MAC Address.
3. IPconfig/Flush DNS Purge DNS Cache.
4. IPconfig/Release It release IP Address given by DHCP.
5. IPconfig/Renew It renew IP Address given by DHCP
TESTING IP CONFIGURATION
PING 127.0.0.1 ----------Loopback
PING 192.168.22.2 ----------Ping self
PING 192.168.22.1 ----------DC
PING 10.0.0.2 ----------Remote host.
If problem in network use above commands.
TESTING IP TO MAC
ARP –A ------------------IP to MAC Address information.
ARP –D ------------------Delete the ARP Cache.
ARP entries are deleted in three situations
1. 120 seconds are over.
2. arp –d
3. When you restart the computer.
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TESTING NAME RESOLUTION
NBTSTAT –C --------------------View Netbios cache.
NBTSTAT –R --------------------Purge/Deleting entries.
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