Innovation: International Journal of Applied

Research; ISSN: 2347 9272 (Volume-4, Issue-1) Research Article June

2016

Mathematical Modeling of Laminated Plates on

Buckling
Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal Tagelsir Hassan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley Engineering and Technology, Omdurman Islamic
University, Atbara – Sudan University, Omdurman – Sudan
osamamm64@gmail.com tagelsirhussan@hotmail.co.uk

Abstract– The following assumptions were made in developing the mathematical formulations of laminated
plates:
1. All layers behave elastically;
2. Displacements are small compared with the plate thickness;
3. Perfect bonding exists between layers;
4. The laminate is equivalent to a single anisotropic layer;
5. The plate is flat and has a constant thickness;
6. The plate buckles in a vacuum and all kinds of damping are neglected.
Unlike homogeneous plates, where the coordinates are chosen solely based on the plate shape, coordinates
for laminated plates should be chosen carefully. There are two main factors for the choice of the coordinate
system. The first factor is the shape of the plate. Where rectangular plates will be best represented by the
choice of rectangular (i.e. Cartesian) coordinates. It will be relatively easy to represent the boundaries of
such plates with coordinates. The second factor is the fiber orientation or orthotropy. If the fibers are set
straight within each lamina, then rectangular orthotropy would result. It is possible to set the fibers in a
radial and circular fashion, which would result in circular orthotropy. Indeed, the fibers can also be set in
elliptical directions, which would result in elliptical orthotropy.

Keywords: Mathematical formulation, mathematical modeling, finite element method, first order shear
deformation theory, Fortran program

I. INTRODUCTION
The choice of the coordinate system is of critical importance for laminated plates. This is because
plates with rectangular orthotropy could be set on rectangular, triangular, circular or other boundaries.
Composite materials with rectangular orthotropy are the most popular, mainly because of their ease in design
and manufacturing. The equations that follow are developed for materials with rectangular orthotropy.
Figure 1.1 below shows the geometry of a plate with rectangular orthotropy drawn in the cartesian
coordinates X, Y, and Z or 1, 2, and 3. The parameters used in such a plate are: (1) the length in the X-direction,
(a); (2) the length in the Y – direction (i.e. breadth), (b); and (3) the length in the Z – direction (i.e. thickness), (h).

Figure 1.1 The geometry of a laminated composite plate

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II. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATIONS
A first – order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is selected to formulate the problem. Consider a thin
plate of length a, breadth b, and thickness h as shown in figure2.1(a), subjected to in – plane loads Rx, Ry and
Rxy as shown in figure2.1(b). The in – plane displacements u (x, y, z) and v (x, y, z) can be expressed in terms
of the out of plane displacement w (x, y) as shown below:
The displacements are:
∂w
u x, y, z = uo x, y − z
∂x
∂w (2.1)
v x, y, z = vo x, y − z
∂x
w x, y, z = wo x, y
Where uo , vo and wo are mid – plane displacements in the direction of the x, y and z axes respectively;
z is the perpendicular distance from mid – plane to the layer plane.

(a) (b)
Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2 Geometry of an n-Layered laminate

The plate shown in figure 2.1 (a) is constructed of an arbitrary number of orthotropic layers bonded
together as in figure 2.2 above. Refer to references [1] – [7].
The strains are:
∂uo ∂2 w 1 ∂w 2
ϵx = −z 2 +
∂x ∂x 2 ∂x
∂vo ∂2 w 1 ∂w 2
ϵy = −z 2 + (2.2)
∂y ∂y 2 ∂y
∂vo ∂uo ∂2 w ∂w ∂w
γ= + − 2z +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

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The virtual strains:
∂ ∂2 ∂w ∂
δϵx = δuo − z 2 δw + δw
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂ ∂2 ∂w ∂
δϵy = δvo − z 2 δw + δw (2.3)
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂w ∂ ∂ ∂w
δγ = δvo + δuo − 2z δw + δw + δw
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
The virtual strain energy:

δU = δϵT σdV (2.4)

V
But,
σ = Cϵ
Where,
C = Cij i, j = 1, 2, 6

∴ δU = δϵT C δϵ dV (2.5)
V
If we neglect the in plane displacements uo and vo and considering only the linear terms in the strain –
displacement equations, we write:
∂2
∂x 2
∂2
δϵ = −z δw (2.6)
∂y 2
∂2
2
∂x ∂y

III. NUMERICAL MODELING

The finite element is used in this analysis as a numerical method to predict the buckling loads and
shape modes of buckling of laminated rectangular plates. In this method of analysis, four – noded type of
elements are chosen. These elements are the four – noded bilinear rectangular elements of a plate. Each element
has three degrees of freedom at each node. The degrees of freedom are the lateral displacement (w), and the
rotations (ϕ) and (ψ) about the (X) and (Y) axes respectively.
The secondary effects of shear deformation, are also considered in the present method. The shear
deformation is formulated by the first – order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The finite element method is
formulated by the energy method. The numerical method can be summarized in the following procedures:
The choice of the element and its shape functions.
Formulation of finite element model by the energy approach to develop both element stiffness and
differential matrices.
Employment of the principles of non – dimensionality to convert the element matrices to their non –
dimensionalized forms.
Assembly of both element stiffness and differential matrices to obtain the corresponding global
matrices.
Introduction of boundary conditions as required for the plate edges.
Suitable software can be used to solve the problem. (here FORTRAN program was used).
For an n noded element, and 3 degrees of freedom at each node.
Now express w in terms of the shape functions N ( give in Appendix (B) ) and noded displacements ae ,
equation (2.6) can be written as:
δϵ = −zBδae (3.1)
Where,
∂2 Ni ∂2 Ni ∂2 Ni
BT = z
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
and

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ae = wi i = 1, n
The stress – strain relation is:
σ= Cϵ
Where c are the material properties which could be written as follows:
C11 C12 C16
C = C12 C22 C26
C16 C26 C66
Where Cij are given in Appendix (A).

δU = Bδae T
Cz 2 Bae dV
V
Where V denotes volume.

δU = δaeT B T DBae dx dy = δaeT K e ae (3.2)

V
n Zk
Where Dij = k=1 Z k −1 Cij Z 2 dZ is the bending stiffness, and K e is the element stiffness matrix which
could be written as:
Ke = B T DB dxdy (3.3)
The virtual work done by external forces can be expressed as follows: Refer to Fig. (3.4).
Denoting the nonlinear part of strain by δϵ′
δW = δϵ′T σ′dV = δϵ′T N dxdy (3.4)
Where
N T = Nx Ny Nxy = σx σy τ dZ
∂
δw 0
∂x ∂w
δϵx ∂
δϵ′ = δϵy = 0 δw ∂x (3.5)
∂y ∂w
δγ
∂ ∂ ∂y
δw δw
∂y ∂x

Figure 3.1 External forces acting on an element

Hence
T
∂w ∂ ∂
δw 0 δw Nx
∂x ∂x ∂y Ny dx dy
δW = ∂w (3.6)
∂ ∂
0 δw δw Nxy
∂y ∂y ∂x
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This can be written as:
T
∂ ∂w
δw Nx Nxy
∂x ∂x
δW = ∂ ∂w dx dy (3.7)
Nxy Ny
δw
∂y ∂y
Now w = Ni aei
T
∂Ni ∂Ni
∂x Nx Nxy ∂x e
δW = δaeT ∂Ni ∂Ni a dx dy (3.8)
Nxy Ny
∂y ∂y
Substitute Px = −Nx , Py = −Ny , Pxy = −Nxy
T
∂Ni ∂Ni
∂x Px Pxy ∂x e
δW = −δaeT ∂Ni ∂Ni a dx dy (3.9)
Pxy Py
∂y ∂y
Therefore, equation (3.15) could be written in the following form:
δW = −δaeT K D ae (3.10)
Where,
∂Ni T ∂Ni
∂x Px Pxy ∂x
KD = ∂Ni Pxy Py ∂Ni dx dy
∂y ∂y
D
K is the differential stiffness matrix known also as geometric stiffness matrix, initial stress matrix, and
initial load matrix.
The total energy:
δU + δW = 0 (3.11)
Since δae is an arbitrary displacement which is not zero, then
K e ae − K D ae = 0 (3.12)
Now let us compute the elements of the stiffness and the differential matrices.

Ke = B T DB dx dy
T
∂2 Ni ∂2 Ni
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂2 Ni D11 D12 D16 ∂2 Ni
Ke = D12 D22 D26 dx dy
∂y 2 ∂y 2
D16 D26 D66
∂2 Ni ∂2 Ni
2 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
The elements of the stiffness matrix can be expressed as follows:
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj ∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj ∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj ∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj
K eij = D11 2 2
+ D12 2 2
+ 2D16 2
+ D12
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj ∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj ∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj ∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj
D22 + 2D26 + 2D16 + 2D26
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj
+4D66 dx dy (3.13)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
The elements of the differential stiffness matrix can be expressed as follows;
∂Ni ∂Nj ∂Ni ∂Nj ∂Ni ∂Nj ∂Ni ∂Nj
K Dij = Px + Pxy + +Py dxdy (3.14)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
The integrals in equations (3.13) and (3.14) are given in Appendix (C).

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The shape functions for a 4 – noded element is shown below in figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 A four noded element with local and global co – ordinates

The shape functions for the 4 – noded element expressed in global co – ordinates (x, y) are as follows:
w = N1 w1 + N2 ϕ1 + N3 ψ1 + N4 w2 + N5 ϕ2 + N6 ψ2
+N7 w3 + N8 ϕ3 + N9 ψ3 + N10 w4 + N11 ϕ4 + N12 ψ4
Where,
∂w ∂w
ϕ= , ψ=
∂x ∂y
The shape functions in local co – ordinates are as follows:
Ni = ai1 + ai2 r + ai3 s + ai4 r 2 + ai5 rs + ai6 s 2 + ai7 r 3 + ai8 r 2 s + ai9 rs 2
+ai10 s 3 + ai11 r 3 s + ai12 rs 3
Nj = aj1 + aj2 r + aj3 s + aj4 r 2 + aj5 rs + aj6 s2 + aj7 r 3 + aj8 r 2 s + aj9 rs 2
+aj10 s 3 + aj11 r 3 s + aj12 rs 3
The values of the coefficients aij are given in the table in Appendix (B).
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 1
q1 = 2 2
dr ds = 16 ai4 aj4 + 3ai7 aj7 + ai8 aj8 + ai11 aj11
∂r ∂r 3
2 2
∂ Ni ∂ Nj 1
q2 = dr ds = 16 ai6 aj6 + ai9 aj9 + 3ai10 aj10 + ai12 aj12
∂s 2 ∂s 2 3
2 2
∂ Ni ∂ Nj
q3 = dr ds = 16 ai4 aj6 + ai7 aj9 + ai8 aj10 + ai11 aj12
∂r 2 ∂s2
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj
q4 = dr ds = 16 ai6 aj4 + ai9 aj7 + ai10 aj8 + ai12 aj11
∂s2 ∂r 2
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj
q5 = dr ds = 8 ai4 aj5 + ai4 aj11 + 2ai7 aj8 + ai4 aj12
∂r 2 ∂r ∂s
2
+ ai4 aj5
3
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 2
q6 = 2
dr ds = 8 ai5 aj4 + 2ai8 aj7 + ai11 aj4 + ai9 aj8
∂r ∂s ∂r 3
+ai12 aj4
∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 2
q7 = 2
dr ds = 8 ai6 aj5 + ai6 aj11 + ai9 aj8
∂s ∂r ∂s 3
2 2
∂ Ni ∂ Nj 2
q8 = dr ds = 8 ai5 aj6 + ai8 aj9 + ai11 aj6
∂r ∂s ∂s 2 3
2 2
∂ Ni ∂ Nj 4
q9 = dr ds = 4 ai5 aj5 + ai5 aj11 + ai8 aj8 + ai5 aj12
∂r ∂s ∂r ∂s 3

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4 9
+ ai9 aj9 + ai11 aj12 + ai12 aj11 + ai12 aj12
3 5
∂Ni ∂Nj 1
q10 = dr ds = 4 ai2 aj2 + (3ai2 aj7 + 4ai4 aj4 + 3ai7 aj2
∂r ∂r 3
4
+ai7 aj9 + ai5 aj5 + ai5 aj5 + ai9 aj2 + ai5 aj11 + ai7 aj9 + ai8 aj8 + ai9 aj7
3
1
ai11 aj5 ) + (ai5 aj12 + ai9 aj9 + ai12 aj5 + 9ai7 aj7 + 3ai11 aj11 + ai11 aj12
5
1
+ai12 aj11 ) + ai12 aj12
7
∂N
∂Ni j 1
q11 = dr ds = 4 ai3 aj3 + (ai3 aj8 + ai5 aj5 + ai8 aj3 + 3ai3 aj10
∂s ∂s 3
4
+4ai6 aj6 + 3ai10 aj3 + ai5 aj12 + ai8 aj10 + ai9 aj9 + ai10 aj8 + ai12 aj5 )
3
1
+ (ai5 aj11 + ai8 aj8 + ai11 aj5 + 9ai10 aj10 + ai11 aj12 + ai12 aj11 + 3ai2 aj12 )
5
1
+ ai11 aj11
7
∂Ni ∂Nj 1
q12 = dr ds = 4 ai2 aj3 + (3ai2 aj8 + 2ai4 aj5 + 3ai7 aj8
∂r ∂r 3
4 1
+3ai2 aj10 + 2ai5 aj6 + ai9 aj3 + 2ai4 aj12 + 3ai7 aj10 + ai8 aj9 + ai9 aj8
3 3
+2ai11 aj6 )
∂Ni ∂Nj 1
q13 = dr ds = 4 ai3 aj2 + (3ai3 aj7 + 2ai5 aj4 + ai8 aj2
∂s ∂r 3
1 4
+ai3 aj9 + 2ai6 aj5 + 3ai10 aj2 + 2ai6 aj11 + ai8 aj9 + ai9 aj8 + 3ai10 aj7
3 3
1
+2ai12 aj4 ) + (2ai6 aj12 + 3ai10 aj9 + 3ai8 aj7 + 2ai11 aj4 )
5
The values of the integrals are converted from local co – ordinates (r, s) to global co – ordinates as
follows:
∂2 Ni ∂Nj 4hy 4n3 b
r1 = dx dy = q1 = q
∂x 2 ∂x 2 h3x ma3 1

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4hx 4am3
r2 = dx dy = q 2 = q
∂y 2 ∂y 2 h3y nb 3 2

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4mn
r3 = dx dy = q = q
∂x 2 ∂y 2 hy hx 3 ab 3

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4mn
r4 = dx dy = q = q
∂y 2 ∂x 2 hy hx 4 ab 4

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4n2
r5 = dx dy = q = q
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y h2x 5 a2 5

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4n2
r6 = dx dy = q = q
∂x ∂y ∂x 2 h2x 6 a2 6

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4m2
r7 = 2
dx dy = 2 q7 = 2 q7
∂y ∂x ∂y hy a

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∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4m2
r8 = dx dy = 2 q8 = 2 q8
∂x ∂y ∂y 2 hy b

∂2 Ni ∂2 Nj 4 4mn
r9 = dx dy = q9 = q
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y hy hx ab 9
∂Ni ∂Nj hy bn
r10 = dx dy = q = q
∂x ∂x hx 10 am 10
∂Ni ∂Nj hx am
r11 = dx dy = q = q
∂y ∂y hy 11 bn 11
∂Ni ∂Nj
r12 = dx dy = q12
∂x ∂y

∂Ni ∂Nj
r13 = dx dy = q13
∂y ∂x
a b
In the previous equations hx = n and hy = m where a and b are the lengths of the plate along the x –
and y – axis respectively. n and m are the number of elements in the x – and y – directions respectively.
The elements of the stiffness matrix and the differential matrix can be written as follows:
K ij = D11 r1 + D12 r4 + 2D16 r3 + D12 r 3 + D22 r2 + 2D66 r8 + 2D16 r5 + 2D26 r7
+4D66 r9
K Dij = Px r10 + Pxy r12 + r13 + Py r11
or in the non – dimensional form
4n3 b ′ a ′ ′
a ′
K ij = D11 q1 + 4mn D12 q4 + 4n2 D16 q6 + 4mn D q
m a b b 12 3
4m3 a ′ a 2 ′ ′
a 2 ′
+ D22 q2 + 4m2 D26 q8 + 4n2 D16 q5 + 4m2 D26 q7
n b b b
a ′
+4mn D q
b 66 9
n b m a
K Dij = Px′ q + Pxy ′
q12 + q13 + Py′ q
m a 10 n b v
where
1 a
D′ij = D , Pi′ = P
E2 h3 ij E2 h 3 i
The transformed stiffness are as follows:
′ ′ ′ ′
C11 = C11 c 4 + 2c 2 s2 C11 + 2C66 + C22 s4
′ ′ ′ ′
C12 = c 2 s 2 C11 + C22 + 4C66 + C12 c 4 + s4
′ ′ ′ ′
C16 = cs C11 c 4 + C22 s 2 − C12 + 2C66 c 2 − s2
′ ′ ′ ′
C22 = C11 s 4 + 2c 2 s2 C12 + 2C66 + C22 c4
′ ′ ′ ′
C26 = cs C11 s 2 + C22 c 2 − C12 + 2C66 c2 − s2
′ ′ ′ ′
C66 = C11 + C22 + 2C12 c 2 s 2 + C66 c2 − s2 2

Where
′
E1
C11 =
1 − v12 v21
′
v21 E1 v12 E1
C12 = =
1 − v12 v21 1 − v12 v21
′
E2
C22 =
1 − v12 v21
′ ′ ′
C44 = G23 , C55 = G13 andC66 = G12

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E1 and E2 are the elastic moduli in the direction of the fiber and the transverse directions respectively,
v is the Poisson's ratio. G12 , G13 , and G23 are the shear moduli in the x – y plane, y – z plane, and x – z plane
respectively, and the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the direction of fiber and the transverse direction respectively.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
Finite element method (FEM) was used so as to predict the buckling loads and shape modes of
laminated rectangular plates. A suitable element type is chosen and its shape functions are determined. Energy
approach is used to formulate the finite element model and develop both element stiffness and differential
matrices. These matrices are assembled to give the corresponding global matrices, the required boundary
conditions are introduced and a suitable software (i.e. Fortran) is used to solve the problem.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge with deep thanks and profound gratitude Mr. Osama Mahmoud
of Daniya Center for Publishing and Printing Services, Atbara, who spent many hours in editing, re – editing of
the manuscript in compliance with the standard format of International Journal of Applied Research (IJAR
)Journal.

REFERENCES
[1] Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, 'Analysis of composite laminated plates', International Journal
of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (IJASRE), Volume 2, Issue 8; September (2016),
PP. (24 – 41).
[2] Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, 'Theories of composite plates and numerical methods used on
bending and buckling of laminated plates', International Journal of Engineering Research and
Advanced Technology (IJERAT), Volume 2, Issue 10; October (2016), PP. (1 – 12).
[3] Reddy J.N., 'A refined non – linear theory of laminated plates with transverse shear deformation',
International Journal of Solids and Structures; (1984), 51: PP. (319 – 330).
[4] Mahmoud Yassin Osman and Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, 'Buckling analysis of thin
laminated composite plates using finite element method', International Journal of Engineering Research
and Advanced Technology (IJERAT), Volume 3, Issue 3; March (2017), PP. (1 – 18).
[5] Mahmoud Yassin Osman and Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, 'Large deflection of composite
beams', International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT), Volume
3, Issue 3; (2017), PP. (26 – 39).
[6] Mahmoud Yassin Osman and Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, 'Free vibration of laminated
plates', International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT), Volume 3,
Issue 4; (2017), PP. (31 – 47).
[7] Mahmoud Yassin Osman and Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, 'Free vibration analysis of
laminated composite beams using finite element method', International Journal of Engineering
Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT), Volume 3, Issue 2; (2017), PP. (5 – 22).

APPENDICES
Appendix (A)
The transformed material properties are:
′ ′ ′ ′
𝐶11 = 𝐶11 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 𝐶22 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 2(𝐶12 + 2𝐶66 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
′ ′ ′ 1
𝐶12 = 𝐶11 + 𝐶22 − 4𝐶66 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝐶12 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃)
′ ′ ′ ′
𝐶22 = 𝐶11 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝐶22 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 2(𝐶12 + 2𝐶66 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐶16 = 𝐶11 − 𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝐶22 − 𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐶26 = 𝐶11 − 𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 𝐶22 − 𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
′ ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐶66 = 𝐶11 + 𝐶22 − 2𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝐶66 (𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃)

′
𝐸1 ′
𝐸2 ′
𝜈12 𝐸2
where𝐶11 = , 𝐶22 = , 𝐶12 = , 𝐶 ′ = 𝐺12
1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 16

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Appendix (B)
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 /8
i 𝑖, 1 𝑖, 2 𝑖, 3 𝑖, 4 𝑖, 5 𝑖, 6 𝑖, 7 𝑖, 8 𝑖, 9 𝑖, 10 𝑖, 11 𝑖, 12
𝑁𝑖
𝑁1 2 -3 3 0 -4 0 1 0 0 -1 1 1
𝑁2 1 -1 1 -1 -1 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0
𝑁3 -1 1 -1 0 1 1 0 0 -1 1 0 -1
𝑁4 2 -3 -3 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 -1 -1
𝑁5 1 -1 -1 -1 1 0 1 1 0 0 -1 0
𝑁6 1 -1 -1 0 1 -1 0 0 1 1 0 -1
𝑁7 2 3 3 0 4 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1
𝑁8 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
𝑁9 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
𝑁10 2 3 -3 0 -4 0 -1 0 0 1 1 1
𝑁11 -1 -1 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 -1 0
𝑁12 1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 1 0 1

Appendix (C)
The integrals in equations (13) and (14) are given in nondimensional form as follows (limits of
integration 𝑟, 𝑠 = −1 to1):
𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4ℎ𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
ℎ𝑥 3 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 2

4𝑛3
= 16𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,4 + 48𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 16𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,8 /3 + 16𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,11
𝑚𝑅
𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4ℎ𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 ℎ𝑦 3 𝜕𝑠 2 𝜕𝑠 2

4𝑚3 𝑅3
= 16𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,6 + 16𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,9 /3 + 48𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 16𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,12
𝑛
𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ℎ𝑦 ℎ 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑠 2

= 4𝑚𝑛𝑅 16𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,6 + 16𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 16𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 16𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,12

𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ℎ𝑦 ℎ 𝑥 𝜕𝑠 2 𝜕𝑟 2

= 4𝑚𝑛𝑅 16𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,4 + 16𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 16𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 16𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,11

𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 ℎ𝑦 ℎ𝑥 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑠

4𝑚𝑛𝑅 4𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,5 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 4𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,8 )/3

+4(3𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 4𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,9 )/3 + 4(𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,11 )+ 36𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,12 /5

𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗 ℎ𝑦 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ℎ𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑛
= 4𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,2 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 4𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,4 + 3𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,2 )/3
𝑚𝑅
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 Khayal et al., Innovation: International Journal of Applied Research;
ISSN: 2347 9272 (Volume-4, Issue-1)
+4(𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,5 + 𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,2 )/3 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 3𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 4𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,8

+3𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 3𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,5 )/9 + 4(𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,5 )/5

+36𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,7 /5 + 12𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,11 /5 + 4(𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,11 )/5 + 4𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,12 /7

𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗 ℎ𝑥 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ℎ𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠

𝑚𝑅
= 4𝑎𝑖,3 𝑎𝑗 ,3 + 4(𝑎𝑖,3 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,5 + 𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,3 )/3
𝑛
+4(3𝑎𝑖,3 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 4𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,6 + 3𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,3 )/3 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,5 )/5

+4(3𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 3𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 4𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 3𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 3𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,5 )/9

+36𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,10 /5 + 4(𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,11 )/5 + 12𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,12 /5 + 4𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,11 /7

𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠

= 4𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,3 + 4(𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 2𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,5 + 3𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,8 )/3 + 4(3 𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 2𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,6

+𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,3 )/3 + 4(2𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 3𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,8 )/5 + 4(6𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 9𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,10

+4𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 6𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,6 )/9 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 2𝑎𝑖,12 𝑎𝑗 ,6 )/5

𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗 𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟

= 4𝑎𝑖,3 𝑎𝑗 ,2 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,3 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 2𝑎𝑖,5 𝑎𝑗 ,4 + 𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,2 )/3 + 4( 𝑎𝑖,3 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 2𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,5

+3𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,2 )/3 + 4(6𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 4𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 9𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 6𝑎𝑖,2 𝑎𝑗 ,4 )/9

+4(2𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 3𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,9 )/5 + 4(3𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 2𝑎𝑖,11 𝑎𝑗 ,4 )/5

𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 ℎ𝑥 2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑠

= 4𝑛2 8𝑎𝑖,4 𝑎𝑗 ,5 + 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 16(𝑎𝑖,7 𝑎𝑗 ,8 + 𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,9 /3)

𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2
ℎ𝑥 2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟 2

= 4𝑛2 8𝑎𝑗,4 𝑎𝑖,5 + 𝑎𝑖,11 + 𝑎𝑖,12 + 16𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,7 + 16𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,8 /3

𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 ℎ𝑦 2 𝜕𝑠 2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑠

= 4𝑚2 𝑅2 8𝑎𝑖,6 𝑎𝑗 ,5 + 𝑎𝑗 ,11 + 𝑎𝑗 ,12 + 16𝑎𝑖,10 𝑎𝑗 ,9 + 16𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,8 /3

𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗 4 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑖 𝜕 2 𝑁𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 ℎ𝑦 2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 2

= 4𝑚2 𝑅2 8𝑎𝑗,6 𝑎𝑖,5 + 𝑎𝑖,11 + 𝑎𝑖,12 + 16𝑎𝑖,9 𝑎𝑗 ,10 + 16𝑎𝑖,8 𝑎𝑗 ,9 /3

𝑎 𝑏
In the above expressions ℎ𝑥 = 𝑛 , ℎ𝑦 = 𝑚 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the dimensions of the plate in the x – and y –
directions respectively. 𝑛 and 𝑚 are the number of elements in the x – and y – directions respectively. Note that
ℎ𝑥 ℎ𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑟 and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑟 and 𝑠 are the normalized coordinates, and 𝑅 = 𝑎/𝑏.
2 2

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 Khayal et al., Innovation: International Journal of Applied Research;
ISSN: 2347 9272 (Volume-4, Issue-1)
AUTHOR

Osama Mohammed Elmardi was born in Atbara, Sudan in 1966. He received his
diploma degree in mechanical engineering from Mechanical Engineering College,
Atbara, Sudan in 1990. He also received a bachelor degree in mechanical engineering
from Sudan University of Science and Technology – Faculty of Engineering in 1998,
and a master degree in solid mechanics from Nile Valley University (Atbara, Sudan) in
2003. He contributed in teaching some subjects in other universities such as Red Sea
University (Port Sudan, Sudan), Kordofan University (Obayied, Sudan), Sudan
University of Science and Technology (Khartoum, Sudan) and Blue Nile University
(Damazin, Sudan). In addition, he supervised more than hundred and fifty under
graduate studies in diploma and B.Sc. levels and about fifteen master theses. He is
currently an assistant professor in department of mechanical engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Nile Valley University. His research interest and favourite subjects include structural mechanics,
applied mechanics, control engineering and instrumentation, computer aided design, design of mechanical
elements, fluid mechanics and dynamics, heat and mass transfer and hydraulic machinery. He also works as a
consultant and technical manager of Al – Kamali workshops group for small industries in Atbara old and new
industrial areas.

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