ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT

Prepared to Dr. Hussein Jardali

BADM 222 : Management Review Course
Rafik Hariri University

Prepared by:
Nada El Hindi
Maram Kbar
Khalil El Arab

October14, 2020
 PURPOSE

This report was designed to review both academic and professional application of Management.
For that purpose, we have read 3 articles and answered the following questions:
 The problem in each article and the relationship between these problems.
 The methods used to answer the problems and similarities and differences among the 3
articles.
 The role of Management theories in understating the current issues and, in general, the
role of theories in understanding problems in different contexts.
 The major contributions of the 3 articles to the management in the airline industry.

BACKGROUND

In management terms, there are three types of problems, each of which requires a clear
management response.

1. Tame problems: these are complicated but resolvable. At this stage, the manager’s role
is to provide the appropriate processes to solve the problem.
2. Wicked problems: these are complex and inflexible, novel and with no apparent easy
solution.. At this stage, the nature of the problem requires a very strong level of collaboration
and co-operation.
3. Critical problems: this is a crisis where an urgent response is needed with little time for
decision-making. It is essential here to manage the resolution through clear decision making to
provide a decisive answer to the problem.

In this report, we have selected 3 articles related to aviation industry that discuss different types
of problems:
 1st article analyzed by Mrs. Maram Kbar: “Stakeholders’ views regarding macro
environment impacts on commercial flight operations in South Africa”.
 2nd article analyzed by Mr. Khalil El Arab: “Safety and the economic and financial
performance in the airline industry: is there any relationship”.
 3rd article analyzed by Mrs. Nada Hindi: “The impact of quarantine due to COVID-19
pandemic on the tourism industry in LVIV (Ukraine)”.
After analyzing each article individually, we discussed them together and came out with the
following report:

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 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Airlines overcome substantial strategic, financial and operational risks. In particular, the
market changes in general economic conditions have influenced considerably the airline industry
This paper studies many issues in the same industry from different researches. i.e. Safety,
Economy, macro-environment impact on commercial flight operations, global crisis such as
COVID-19 pandemic… confronting the airline industry in general and in specific Regions and
countries like South Africa and Ukraine.

1- In article 1 : “Stakeholders’ views regarding macro environment impacts on commercial

flight operations in South Africa”, the researchers highlighted and critically reviewed:
a. The Stakeholders’ views on the influences of Political, Economic, Social,
Technological, Legal and Ecological (PESTLE) framework embedded in macro-
environment of commercial flights in South Africa.
b. How the macro-environment is changing and each dimension of the PESTLE
framework represents opportunities and challenges to aviation industry in South
Africa.
c. The negative impact of the lack of good governance, corruption and bureaucracy,
that are omnipresent in South African Environment, on the industry.
d. The necessity of continuous monitoring and comprehensive understanding of the
probable impacts of the macro-environment in order to remain competitive.

2- In article 2 : “Safety and the economic and financial performance in the airline industry:
is there any relationship”, Researchers have analyzed literature published concerning
safety , that is the biggest priority of the airline sector, and reducing the number of
accidents and incidents. However, airline companies had an increased pressure and
competitiveness that lead to the reduction of investments in safety related issues and
generated a decrease in profit and maintenance expenditure.

3- In article 3 : “The impact of quarantine due to COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism

industry in Lviv (Ukraine)” , The problem raised is how the introduction of quarantine
due to COVID-19 had significantly reduced all indicators of the tourism industry in
LVIV (the historical center) in 2020, especially the losses of tourist flow.

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Articles Article 1 Article 2 Article 3


“Stakeholders’ views regarding macro
environment impacts on commercial flight
operations in South Africa”.
Qualitative: As research methodology to
explore manifest and latent meaning in
Metho dialogue, This study followed a descriptive
d used approach towards qualitative research that
embodies existing and newly collected data.
 
A- The Design:
• Naturalistic refers to studying real-world
situations
• Emergent It considers unique emergent
themes through organization and categorization
of data
• Purposeful This methodology identifies
manifest and latent meaning in purposively
selected data sources
B- The Collection of Data
Data were collected through interviews with
the stakeholders of South African aviation
industry.
• Data face-to-face interviews, video
conferencing and engagement via email.
• Personal experience and engagement a total
of 26 research participants were interviewed.
• Empathic neutrality this study was
conducted independently from any organization
in the aviation industry and participation was
voluntary
• Dynamic systems Interviews comprised open-
ended questions probing participants’
perceptions regarding the interrelationship
between macro-environment (variables) and the
South African aviation industry
“Safety and the economic and
financial performance in the
airline industry: is there any
relationship”
Quantitative approach because
the study involved statistical
measurements (mean, median …),
analysis, graphs, models, and
indexes.
1. Collected 3 aspects for safety
measurements
(accident/incident/operational
problems).
2. Used AERTEC (involve 3
criteria: to evaluate and detect
risks to keep them at a low level,
to inquire incidents for being
proactive and making preventive
and accurate decisions, and finally
to define safety levels and its
correspondent indicators and
variables for measurements and
follow up of safety levels).
3. Use of JACDEC safety index
that studies 3 sections (hull loss
accidents, serious incidents, and
significant incidents).
4. Checked 2 hypotheses; airline
safety affects positively the
profitability of airline companies,
and airline safety affects positively
the revenues of airline companies.
“The impact of quarantine
due to COVID-19 pandemic
on the tourism industry in
LVIV (Ukraine)”.
Quantitative
Research approach is based on
a statistical and sociological
assessment of the key factors.
Objective of the
Quantitative research
methods emphasize
measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or
numerical analysis of data
collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys,
or by manipulating pre-
existing statistical data
using
computational techniques.
 Data collection were
processed in the statistical
program Statgraphics Plus
V5.1 international
Professional.
The quantitative data is
collected is through
Facebook surveys
performed by a group of
teachers and students of
Lviv institute of
economics and Tourism.
C- The Analysis
• Unique case orientation Interviews were
recorded and transcribed verbatim to warrant
accurate recording of elicited data.
• Inductive analysis the data were categorized
into codes, similar categories and themes
associated with the phenomenon of interest
• Holistic perspective Where engagement took
place via email, the correspondence was
reworked into a format comparable to
transcribed interviews
• Context sensitive team of coders employed
by a consultation agency analyzed the data to
generate a comprehensive report.

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THEORIES

In a research, theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena

and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical
bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that
explains why the research problem under study exists.
The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways:

1. An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate them

critically.
2. Connects the researcher to existing knowledge
3. Permits the reader to intellectually transition from simply describing a phenomenon
you have observed to generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon .

A- In article 1: As mentioned before, the study was conducted according to the

methodology of qualitative content analysis that embodies existing and newly collected
data.
In order to make their data more credible and reliable, The theory used by researchers was
basing their new study on an existing one using comparison, agreement on previous
revealed data and criticizing some points, i.e. :
 “Previous studies focused on scheduled Passengers flights and failed to address
non-scheduled or charters operations, while, this study focuses on both types of
flights”.
 “Previous studies focused only on commercial Stakeholders engaged in airline
Operations, while this study equally embraces the contribution of all Stakeholders
groups.
B- In article 2:
 The researchers decided to provide a high level of safety and decrease the fatality
incidents in the airline companies.
 The study to be accurate, the researchers used JACDEC index to support the
hypotheses, and used statistical analysis to check the variations between revenues,
profit, and expenses with regards to safety.

C- In article 3: The study was conducted based to the methodology of qualitative study
based on statistical program and surveys related to New (COVID-19) pandemic an
unprecedented crisis in the tourism economy, given the immediate and immense
shock to the sector.

The Study id based on the impact of the crisis is being throughout the entire tourism
ecosystem ,and reopening and rebuilding destinations.

 Lifting travel restrictions and working with businesses to access liquidity supports,
apply new health protocols for safe travel, and help to diversify their markets.
 Restoring traveller confidence and stimulating demand with new safe and clean
labels for the sector, information apps for visitors and domestic tourism promotion
campaigns.
 Preparing comprehensive tourism recovery plans, to rebuild destinations, encourage
innovation and investment, and rethink the tourism sector.

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CONCLUSION

Knowledge is power, as the saying goes. Conducting thorough research in business is an

excellent strategy to learn more about the market, customers and competition.
Companies in any particular type of industry face similar problems. This applies to airline
industry where the problems are the same worldwide i.e. safety, security, passenger
experience …
As a key to understanding, the spread of operations research in the airline industry and the
significance of interline cooperation in this regard is a remarkable exchange of pertinent
professional information. With the information in hand form different sources , Airline
Managers can make innovative and well-thought-out decisions to operate safely, sustain
the business, plan , develop and compete .
Aviation companies use highly complex systems, and failure to learn from the experiences
of others can lead to incidents that result in costly property damage, serious injuries and
even loss of life.
As a result, the data sharing (articles, success and failure stories, statistics) concept is one
that has champions in every sector, from flight crews to ground operations personnel to
executives.

Additional references:

1. https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/businesswriting/chapter/writing-formal-reports/
2. https://davidsummertonconsulting.co.uk/2019/11/06/three-different-types-of-managerial-
problems/
3. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework
4. https://bizfluent.com/info-7749839-importance-business-research-management-
functions.html
5. https://www.global-aero.com/the-benefits-of-aviation-data-sharing-and-how-to-get-
started/
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/factors-that-cause-effects-on-the-airline-
industry-economics-essay.php

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