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TAKE HOME EXAMINATION

MEI/2020

ABPG1103

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

NO. MATRIKULASI : 970927025543001

NO. KAD PENGNEALAN : 970927-02-5543
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1. State the FIVE human senses

Touch consists of several distinct sensations communicated to the brain

through specialized neurons in the skin. Pressure, temperature, light touch, vibration,
pain and other sensations are all part of the touch sense and are all attributed to
different receptors in the skin. Sight, or perceiving things through the eyes, is a
complex process. First, light reflects off an object to the eye. The transparent outer
layer of the eye called the cornea bends the light that passes through the hole of the
pupil. The iris (which is the colored part of the eye) works like the shutter of a
camera, retracting to shut out light or opening wider to let in more light. Hearing
sense works via the complex labyrinth that is the human ear. Sound is funneled
through the external ear and piped into the external auditory canal. Then, sound waves
reach the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This is a thin sheet of connective tissue
that vibrates when sound waves strike it. People retain their sense of balance because
the Eustachian tube, or pharyngotympanic tube, in the middle ear equalizes the air
pressure in the middle ear with the air pressure in the atmosphere. The vestibular
complex, in the inner ear, is also important for balance, because it contains receptors
that regulate a sense of equilibrium. The inner ear is connected to the
vestibulocochlear nerve, which carries sound and equilibrium information to the
brain. Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is the process of creating the perception of
smell. It occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nose, transmitting a signal
through the olfactory system. Olfaction has many purposes, including detecting
hazards, pheromones, and plays a role in taste. The gustatory system or sense of
taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste
(flavour). Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the
mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral
cavity, mostly on the tongue.

2. Describe thoroughly how people learned with an example.

People learned with an example is an observational learning. Observational
learning is a learning that occurs through observing the behaviour of others. It is a form of
social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. describes the process
of learning through watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the
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behaviors that were observed. There are a number of learning theories, such as classical
conditioning and operant conditioning, that emphasize how direct experience, reinforcement,
or punishment lead to learning. However, a great deal of learning happens indirectly.
For example, think of how a child watches his parents wave at one another and then imitates
these actions himself. Children learn how to behave and respond to others by observing how
their parents and other caregivers interact with each other and with other people. A
tremendous amount of learning happens through this process of watching and imitating
others.

3. In the study of biological psychology, what is the emphasis of physiological

aspects?

Biological psychologists are interested in measuring biological, physiological, or

genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioural
variables. Because all behaviour is controlled by the central nervous system, biological
psychologists seek to understand how the brain functions in order to understand behaviour.
Key areas of focus include sensation and perception; motivated behaviour (such as hunger,
thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms;
and emotion. As technical sophistication leads to advancements in research methods, more
advanced topics such as language, reasoning, decision making, and consciousness are now
being studied. Biological psychology has its roots in early structuralist and functionalist
psychological studies, and as with all of the major perspectives, it has relevance today. The
early structural and functional psychologists believed that the study of conscious thoughts
would be the key to understanding the mind. Their approaches to the study of the mind were
based on systematic and rigorous observation, laying the foundation for modern
psychological experimentation. In terms of research focus, Wundt and Titchener explored
topics such as attention span, reaction time, vision, emotion, and time perception, all of which
are still studied today.

4. Explain TWO reasons for people to be interested to learn psychology.

One of the reasons for people to be interested to learn psychology because psychology
help us understand ourselves and other people by learning about aspects of human behaviour
that will help us in daily life, including our interactions with others, our learning and memory

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performance, our ability to cope with pressure and our understanding of the causes of
psychological disorders. Second, develop sound analytical skills through the application of
scientific method. Psychology is a science. The defining feature of any science is the
objective approach that is used to advance our knowledge. In psychology we use this
scientific approach to learn about behaviour and mental life. Psychology provides an
excellent training in analytic thinking and scientific research methods that are applicable to a
broad range of careers.

5. Describe the process of memory.

Memory is the ability to take in information, store it, and recall it at a later time. In
psychology, memory is broken into three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding
(or registration): the process of receiving, processing, and combining information. Encoding
allows information from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and
physical stimuli. In this first stage we must change the information so that we may put the
memory into the encoding process. Storage: the creation of a permanent record of the
encoded information. Storage is the second memory stage or process in which we maintain
information over periods of time. Retrieval (or recall, or recognition): the calling back of
stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity. The third process
is the retrieval of information that we have stored. We must locate it and return it to our
consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information.

6. Discuss the basic function of outer ear and middle ear

The outer ear acts as a funnel to conduct air vibrations through to the eardrum. It also
has the function of sound localization. Sound localization for sounds approaching from the
left or the right is determined in two ways. Firstly, the sound wave reaches the ear closer to
the sound slightly earlier than it reaches the other ear. Secondly, the sound is less intense
when it reaches the second ear, because the head acts as a sound barrier, partially disrupting
the spreading of the sound waves. All these cues are integrated by the brain to determine the
location of the source of the sound. It is therefore difficult to localize sound with only one
ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. The middle ear is located between
the external and inner ear. It is separated from the ear canal of the outer ear by the tympanic
membrane (the eardrum). The middle ear functions to transfer the vibrations of the eardrum

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to the inner ear fluid. This transfer of sound vibrations is possible through a chain of movable
small bones, called ossicles, which extend across the middle ear, and their corresponding
small muscles.

7. Describe deviance with an example.

Deviance, in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviours that violate

informal social norms or formally-enacted rules. Among those who study social norms and
their relation to deviance are sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists, all
of whom investigate how norms change and are enforced over time. Deviance is often
divided into two types of activities. The first, crime, is the violation of formally enacted laws
and is referred to as formal deviance. Examples of formal deviance include robbery, theft,
rape, murder, and assault. The second type of deviant behaviour involves violations of
informal social norms (norms that have not been codified into law) and is referred to as
informal deviance. Examples of informal deviance include picking one’s nose, belching
loudly, or standing unnecessarily close to another person. Deviance can vary dramatically
across cultures. Cultural norms are relative, which makes deviant behaviour relative as well.

8. Briefly discuss the focus in the study of personality.

Personality is the unique combination of patterns that influence behavior, thought,

motivation, and emotion in a human being. An individual’s personality is the combination of
traits and patterns that influence their behaviour, thought, motivation, and emotion. It drives
individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways; in essence, it is what
makes each individual unique. Over time, these patterns strongly influence personal
expectations, perceptions, values, and attitudes. Personality psychology is the study of human
personality and how it varies among individuals and populations. Personality has been
studied for over 2000 years, beginning with Hippocrates in 370 BCE and spanning through
modern theories such as the psychodynamic perspective and trait theory.

9. Briefly explain developmental psychology.

Developmental psychology is a scientific approach which aims to explain growth,

change and consistency though the lifespan. Developmental psychology looks at how
thinking, feeling, and behaviour change throughout a person’s life. A significant proportion
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of theories within this discipline focus upon development during childhood, as this is the
period during an individual's lifespan when the most change occurs. Developmental
psychologists study a wide range of theoretical areas, such as biological, social, emotion, and
cognitive processes. Empirical research in this area tends to be dominated by psychologists
from Western cultures such as North American and Europe, although during the 1980s
Japanese researchers began making a valid contribution to the field. The three goals of
developmental psychology are to describe, explain, and to optimize development (Baltes,
Reese, & Lipsitt, 1980). To describe development it is necessary to focus both on typical
patterns of change (normative development) and individual variations in patterns of change
(i.e. idiographic development). Although there are typical pathways of development that most
people will follow, no two persons are exactly alike.

10. Describe TWO ways we learn new concept.

Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of
experience. When you think of learning, it might be easy to fall into the trap of only
considering formal education that takes place during childhood and early adulthood: but
learning is realistically an ongoing process taking place throughout all of life. The process of
learning new things is not always the same. Learning can happen in a wide variety of ways.
There are two ways to learn new concept. First, learn through observation. Observational
learning occurs by observing the actions and consequences of other people’s behavior (such
as with latent learning). Second, learn through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning
is a type of learning that takes place through the formation of associations. A neutral stimulus
that naturally and automatically triggers a response is paired with a neutral stimulus.
Eventually, an association forms and the previously neutral stimulus becomes known as a
conditioned stimulus that then triggers a conditioned response.

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