GENG1803

C) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

D) Introduction to Heat Transfer

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A) Designing with fluids

„ Containment

„ Flow

„ Control

„ Metering

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Containment of incompressible fluids

„ Mechanics
„ Static Pressure (PHYS1205) P = ρgh
„ Stress in thin walls – hoop stress

Pr σhoop
Cylinder σ hoop =
t

Pr
Sphere σ hoop =
2t

σhoop – force per unit area in circumferential direction

r - radius
t - thickness

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Containment of incompressible fluids - continued

„ Dynamic Pressure (Bernoulli’s equation)

1 2
P+ ρv + ρgh = constant
2

ρ - density, v – velocity, g – acceleration due to

gravity, h – height difference between inlet and outlet

„ Surges (pumping, valves, water hammer)

„ Safety factor

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Containment of incompressible fluids - continued

Materials to contain fluids

„ Ductile materials – can’t exceed the yield strength (σy)
„ Brittle materials – can’t exceed the tensile strength (TS)
„ Ductile materials can absorb energy through plastic
deformation (high fracture toughness, Kc)
„ Brittle materials fail suddenly without warning (low Kc)
„ Corrosion
„ Erosion
„ Toxicity
„ Permeability
„ Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Hybrids (composites)

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Flow of incompressible fluids

„ Continuity (PHYS1205)
(conservation of mass flow rate)

ρAv = constant

„ Bernoulli (PHYS1205)
(conservation of energy per unit volume)
1 2
P+ ρv + ρgh = constant
2

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Flow of incompressible fluids - continued

„ Losses (i.e. non-ideal fluid flow)

„ Pipe friction
„ increases proportional to: velocity, viscosity and length

„ Increases inversely proportional to: pipe diameter

„ Surface roughness (turbulent flow only)

„ Additional losses
„ Sharp changes in dimension

„ Valves, meters etc

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 D) Introduction to Heat Transfer

„ Three kinds T1 T2<T1

„ Conduction

Proportional to: ΔT, thermal conductivity, diameter

„

„ Inversely proportional to: length

„ Convection

„ Proportional to: ΔT, fluid velocity, fluid heat capacity etc

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„ Radiation
„ Electromagnetic radiation (infra-red, visible etc)

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„ Proportional to: T , emissivity, surface area

„ Surroundings may radiate back

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Designing to optimise heat transfer

„ Which is better?

Heat source inside?

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Heat source
outside?

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Sandwich structure?

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Other factors

„ Insulation (conductivity, thickness, heat capacity,

availability)
„ Air flow (natural vs forced convection)
„ Containment (melting temperature, creep, combustion,
oxidation, properties change with T)
„ Support (heat transfer through points of contact, stability)
„ Design (e.g. stove suited to local cooking styles?)

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 Example
„ Travellers slow-cook cookware

The sealed
container is then
left for up to 6 or 7
hours at which
time the food is
ready to eat.

Cooking Heat the Heavily insulated

pot pot container

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Analysis

„ Advantages
„ Minimal fuel
„ Easy to use
„ Minimal effort
„ Few resources used in cleaning up
„ Disadvantage
„ Probably not suited to Cambodian cooking styles?

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