Adaptation of Ateneo de Davao Senior High School Learners in Evaluating Online

Classes

_____________________________________

A Quantitative Research Presented to the Faculty

of Humanities and Social Sciences Strand
of Senior High School (SHS) Unit
Ateneo de Davao University
Davao City
________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Practical Research 2 - Quantitative
Research

CLYDE B. PONCE
SCHATZALIE U. BAR
MERRY JANE R. BATARA
KRIZZAVI E. DUCASE
DENISE MARRIONE B. LAYAGUE
MARA LAURICE P. SENO

Grade XII - St. Peter Canisius

October 11, 2020
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

Background of the Study

As the Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak rapidly changed how people
live, learn, and work, educational systems worldwide have been affected as well. As a result of
this, several countries have resorted to online learning. Thus, resulting in a virtual world. The
pandemic is the main challenge of humanity as it became a crisis. However, since people are
currently residing in the digital age, it is feasible for educators and learners to shift to online
education. But how will it affect the students’ capacity to learn? Will it have a more significant
impact on students’ improvement? Or is it another burden to the learners? The impact of online
education will have its dialogue relating to: the impact of online learning on students, the
capability of students to learn in the online class, and how attendance affects the learner’s
performance. This paper will show the current status of online classes and how students cope
with their knowledge and capabilities of learning online. However, the research gap cor...
The Philippines is one of the countries that was affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. As a
result, the constituents of this country are under community quarantine. Subsequently,
according to the department of education, headed by Leonor Magtolis-Briones, Philippine
education will shift into virtual learning. Online classes have become the new normal education
system of most countries since the pandemic started. Countries with the most COVID-19 cases
under this education system have blended and online learning. In the Philippine context, the
Department of Education (DepEd) implemented the online learning initiative, as well as
prepared self-learning modules for the new normal of education.
In a global context, online class is a channel to engage the student to learn. However,
Bonk and Reynolds (1997), as stated in The Theory and Practice of Online Learning (2008),
suggest that to promote higher-order thinking skills on the web, one must create challenging
activities that enable the learner to link new information with older ones. Therefore, instructional
strategies and not technologies, influence the quality of learning.
In the Philippines, e-learning is synonymous to online learning concerning the online
delivery of instructional content that supports the students’ educational service. According to
Dela Pena-Bandalaria (2009), from an article regarding the experiences of University of
thePhilippines Open University students who took part in the online class.

1
 In Davao City, according to Maboloc (2020), he stated that this global pandemic crisis
shows people how scientifically, socially, and politically the economy and technosphere are not
just related, but they are also integral to a comprehensive response to major challenges. He
highlighted that although the internet is crucial in the delivery of content, online learning is not
simply the use of technology. However, people are of values and ethics, they find the meaning
and purpose of technology. Consequently, the set of values people created will influence online
learning.
Amidst the pandemic, people have been unable to attend to their jobs regularly, to afford
an education, and to completely adapt to the new normal. Therefore, the researchers aim to
validate whether the shift to online learning is considered a burden or not for those who are
marginalized, oppressed, and those who are unable to adjust. This paper aimed to contend
with the statement of Maboloc (2020), stating that physical learning is an impediment in realizing
the ideals of learning.
As the researchers delve into this current issue, they aim to know the adaptation of
students in online classes in terms of impact, capability, and attendance. In future research, this
could be used as the basis of the impact of online class on learners.
Theoretical Framework
This study will associate the theory of Anthony G. Picciano entitled Theories and
Frameworks for Online Education: Seeking an Integrated Model. This study incorporated the
learning theory, which will be further discussed by behaviorism, and cognitivism of Anthony G.
Picciano.
Picciano (2017) interprets that learning theory is meant to explain how people learn.
However, he also states that literature is complex enough to fill in the different aspects of
learning. Hence, behaviorism is deemed as an evidence to assess the learner’s behavior.
Moreover, associated with Ivan Pavlov’s theory of developmental behaviorism. Hence,
behaviorism examines the behavior of learners while learning and its responses. Furthermore,
according to Picciano (2017) cognitive theorists say that the mind has an important role in
learning and focuses on the occurrence of environment stimulus and learners’ response.
Hence, the integrated model of Anthony G. Picciano states that the integrated models
have an impact on the pedagogy of online learning.

Conceptual Framework

2
 Correlational Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to prove students’ adaptation in an online class in terms of impact,
capability, and attendance. Moreover, the researchers find this study as an emerging
ramification of a pandemic crisis. Thus, the researchers seek to answer the following questions.

1. Is there an adaptation happening in this online class environment?

2. Does online class attendance have an impact on the students?
3. Suppose there is an adaptation that occurs. Will it affect the learners' capacity to learn?

Research Hypotheses
H1: There is a significant interest in the adaptation of learners in online class.
H2: There is no significant interest in the adaptation of learners in online class.

3
 Significance of the study
The significance of this study is to prove if the students are able or unable to adapt to the
new learning environment. The researchers hope to explore this emerging issue for future
research purposes.
Students. ​This study will benefit other students who are struggling adjusting to the new
set-up which may affect their performance in their education and the coping mechanisms
encounter by each student provided with the educational institution
Teachers. ​The study results will help the teachers encourage them to think of ideas that
will guide the students increase their skills and competency.This research could also help their
capability to handle online class and find alternative ways to have an easy going session with
the students.
The Department of Education.​The result of the study may provide an eye opener to
the general public; thus will be of help to assess whether it is effective or not. This may also
encourage the education department to think of other ways that will make the students achieve
its target competency.
Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as reference material and a
guide for future researchers as a basis for online learning.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will only focus on the student’s adaptation to online class in terms of impact,
capability, and attendance. Since this pandemic crisis arose, then, the researchers want to
focus on how they come up into shifting online class. In this study, the researchers want to
assess the students’ predicament in this online environment.
This study is limited to the students who participated in online classes. Which are
classified as; a bonafide student of Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School, a grade 11
and 12 student of the institution, and are included in the criteria prepared by the researchers.
Furthermore, the researchers want to quantify their answers and come up with appropriate and
appealing results. The researchers will be using a survey as a method of data collection to
prove the proposed research problem.
This study will focus on those who are engaged in learning online; it had a great impact
through the learning process of learners. The individuals who engage in learning online have

4
positive and negative effects in their capabilities. It shows the reasons behind the actual
scenarios of online class today now that COVID-19 occurred. So the researchers decided to
show some data sources to show the individuals experiences.

Operational Definition of Terms

In this study, the researchers used scientific terms that may appeal unclear to the
readers. Hence, this part of the research aims to state the definition of the used term to
elaborate clearly on the interfering terms.
The terms and words used within the context of the research were used to describe and
clarify the following concepts:

Adaptation.​ ​This term refers to how students adjust to their new normal.
Attendance. The act or process of being present. In this context, it is used as the
physical participation of students in conference calls.
Challenge.​ ​This term refers to the difficulties students face in online class.
Capability.​ This term refers to the ability of students to adapt in online class.
​ his term refers to the student’s amount or ability to contain work.
Capacity. T
Cope.​ ​This term refers to the student’s act towards its change.
COVID-19. ​This term refers to a virus that distant the student’s actual learning phase.
Impact.​ This term refers to the result of online classes brought to the students.
Online class. It is a term used to describe e-learning or the class environment in digital
form.
​ ​Learners.​ T
​ his term refers to a person who is learning a subject or skill.
​ Significant. S
​ ufficiently great having a particular meaning.
​Researchers.​ T
​ his term refers to a person who carries scientific knowledge.
​ ​Study.​ A
​ detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation.
​Research.​ T
​ he systematic investigation​ ​or study to​ ​establish facts and conclusions.
Skills​. T
​ he ability to do something well.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides well-rounded related studies, scholarly articles, and literature
concerning the topic. This chapter will help fortify the footing of the concepts, theories, and
procedures in analyzing the adaptation of Online Classes in terms of Impact, Capability and
Attendance. This chapter will aid our researchers in founding this research.

The Impact of Online Classes in Students

Li and Lalani (2020) stated that it is evident that online classes will be as useful for
students who have the privilege to access technology. As for some students that can quickly
learn in e-learning will benefit as much, while students who are used to learning in a traditional
classroom setting have less opportunity to cope up with online classes. Nevertheless, through
the process of adaptation, the student will clearly have benefits from online classes.

Firstly, Online Classes add technological expertise to students. Open Education

Database (2020) states that employers demand technical skills from the employees, which
needs to be honed by students. They can learn online communication skills, the ability to use
software suites, and to be able to do in-depth research online.

Nowadays, technology has been a part of professional fields that students need to learn
and to adapt. Engaging through this modern technology helps students get tasks more
manageable with the means of online classes. Online class is a fresh start to guiding students
on particular activities that are done online. Also, learners can hone and improve their skills in
listening during web conference learning. Di Xu (2013) propounded that Online classes benefit
students to be technology literate. How students adapt to online classes varies from their
characteristics, and the subject’s level of difficulty and how they adapt to change affects one’s
performance. Throughout the course, a person will be able to interact and open opportunities
from its benefits flexibly.

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 Secondly, online classes require efficient time management skills. Working online might
seem easy, but efforts are still present especially in managing time online owing to the fact that
the media is present and can cause distractions. Pychyl (2011) argues that grade 11 and 12
tend to procrastinate due to the fact that they still get the job done, yet it may affect one's
physical and mental health. Also, low participation results in procrastination. In the long run,
online classes’ management skills are practices for the student’s near futures.

Thirdly, learners are to face various technical issues during web conference classes.
Web conferences consume the internet; hence, it will affect the performance of the platform.
Nonetheless, internet providers have different capacities and depend on how much net students
consume every web conference, and to consider that not only web conferences have the take,
but also other sites that students should open. Tackling the Philippines’ internet providers are
not only expensive but as well as slow. Victor B. (2017) states that the Philippines has the
slowest internet speed in Asia pacific. Akamai noted that the average global connection speed
reaches 2.3% quarter-over-quarter to 7.2Mbps, compared to one year prior is about 15%.
However, the Philippines does not reach this level of speed; instead, it falls short from the global
average because it only reaches 5.5Mbps.

The Capability of Students to Learn in the Online Class

Greg Kearsley, William Lynch, David Wizer (2020) said that online learning activities are
becoming a standard component. Its effectiveness has developed the students in using
technology in teaching and learning that shows various outcomes of interaction. Their studies
concluded that students get higher learning scores through traditional classes, while students
learning online rely on technology.

Firstly, it makes students learn some ways in the lessons that learners can incorporate
strategies on practical skills in studying. Our resources in learning online are limited; that’s why
most of the students have creative ideas and ways to catch up with the lessons.

According to Alan Roper (2020), one obstacle students face is having the self- discipline
to meet synchronously online. Meeting the requirements that have to be passed fixing some
troubleshoots that may occur while catching up lessons.

7
 Secondly, The students’ adjustments in this kind of learning strategy may be challenging
to adapt, thus, resulting in misunderstanding and impediment of one’s ability to learn and
learning without awkwardness because it gives students privacy to learn and interact.
Thirdly, Addressing the premise of online learning in covering the system of information is
configured into technology. Moreover, It involved between the users and their performance,
including the strategies and capabilities. Enhancing online learning resources is generally
tended to support the learning process. Furthermore, Tulasi, B. (2013) stated that online
learning instruction is a subsequent enhancement to transform the performance basis to benefit
the students' development and help strengthen the entire interaction within the process of online
learning. Yet, encouraging the instructor's learning style can hone one's students to improve
their thinking skills, which is an essential tool in achieving flexibility and connectedness in
understanding each subject’s whole concept.

Competencies of Students in Online Based-Learning

Competency-Based Learning (CBL) is used to establish a system of time, space,

assessment, and other core values of education. Learners need to work individually to assess
their mastery of particular competency or skill. With the use of Learning Competencies it can
enhance the learning capacity of students using learning assessments, reflections, and making
use of the test score, they can acquire development to improve their academic skills. The goal
of Competency-Based learning is to provide growth to all students in terms of developing their
skills to their education (Hudson, E., 2020).
The sudden shift to online based-learning created a way for social change indicating that
many students have difficulty in adapting to online based-learning environments. Students who
enrolled on online courses experienced struggle to adapt resulting in creating misunderstanding
and impediments to one's ability to learn.
There are traditional CBL courses and activities that had to be cancelled however others
were capable to adapt and continued to meet the changes of the environment due to the
coronavirus pandemic. Learners, teachers, faculty staff and members of Universities contributed
to take a new form by re-inventing CBL to adjust to the remote format inorder to strive meeting
the fundamental demands to serve and connect people with the new setting of education.

8
Traditional face-to-face CBL experiences were changed into virtual class, research-based
projects, and lesson plans for K-12 students.

Attendance of Students in their Online Learning

According to Joseph Rapposelli (2014), attendance or lack of attendance is a determiner

of a student’s performance and achievements. Maintaining a regular attendance and being
participative is a crucial factor to a learner’s educational success. Stated in Dekalb’s report
(1999, as cited in Rapposelli, 2014), absenteeism, however, negatively affects a learner’s
academic excellence. Rapposelli’s study results indicate a stronger relationship between the
frequency of class attendance and student achievement in an online learning environment.
An online learning environment, learners tend to acquire new personas and feel less
obligated to finish tasks when they are unable to see one another (Paloff & Pratt, 1999, as cited
in Vonderwell & Zachariah, 2005). The findings from Vonderwell & Zachariah (2005)’s case
study indicate that online learner participation is affected by technology characteristics, student
roles, and information overload.
From a study conducted by Gottfried (2020) on the relationship between student
attendance and achievement, it was found that not only does attendance have a vital role in
students in a given school year, but it also matters across various measures of student
achievement.
Knowing that it is critical for students to log in their attendance, our study gathers results
about their online engagement as it will affect their academic performance. The findings we had
reflected about their online learning so that it will be used in future references.

III. Conclusion
Every individual has been affected in specific ways by this pandemic. However, a
person carries on with its life differently amid the struggles in this new normal. The new normal
allows the researchers to be open, authentic, and empathetic in interactions in online
communication strategies and learning environments. The emergence of a more robust and
united community may help win the fight against the pandemic’s challenges as society moves
forward to adjust to the new normal situation and online communities. Although there are
advantages and disadvantages regarding the decision to pursue online classes, the learners
remain to withstand the challenges.

9
References List
Kanuka, H. (2004). ​Understanding e-Learning Technologies-in-Practice. ​Theory and
Practice of Online Learning, 91-118
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RifNwzU3HR4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA91&d
q=online+learning&ots=SgeqOjISls&sig=kEwoPwFC7AxTFENn2ja1lyRoU-Q&redir_esc=y#v=on
epage&q&f=false
Xu, D., & Jaggars, S. (2013). ​Adaptability to Online Learning: Differences Across Types
of Students and Academic Subject Areas. ​Retrieved from: ​https://doi.org/10.7916/D82N59NB
M. Dela Pena-Bandalaria, M. (2009). E-Learning in the Philippines: Trends, Directions,
and Challenges. International Journal on E-Learning, 8(4), 495-510. Waynesville, NC USA:
Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved September 15,
2020 from ​https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/30504/​.
Maboloc, C. (2020). Critical Pedagogy in the New Normal: Teaching values-based
education online . ​Voices in Bioethics,​ ​6​. Retrieved from: ​https://doi.org/10.7916/vib.v6i.6888
​ etrieved from:
Pychyl, T. (2011). ​Procrastination and Performance in Online Learning. R
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dont-delay/201107/procrastination-and-performance-i
n-online-learning
Picciano, A. G. (2017). Theories and frameworks for online education: Seeking an
integrated model. Online Learning. Retrieved from:
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1154117.pdf
Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2020). ​The Covid-19 has changed education forever. This is how.
Retrieved from:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-le
arning/
Tulasi, B. (2013). ​Significance of Big Data and Analytics in Higher Education.
International Journal of Computer Applications​, 68(14), 21-23. Retrieved from:
https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume68/number14/pxc3887142.pdf
Kearsley, G., Lynch, W., & Wizer, D. (1995). ​The Effectiveness and Impact of Online
Learning in Graduate Education​. ​Educational Technology, ​35​(6), 37-42. Retrieved September
15, 2020, from: ​http://www.jstor.org/stable/44428305
Roper, A. (2007). ​How Students Develop Online Learning Skills. ​Retrieved from:
https://er.educause.edu/articles/2007/1/how-students-develop-online-learning-skills

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 Hudson, E. (2020). ​How to Use Online Learning to Support Competency-Based
Learning.​ Retrieved from:
https://globalonlineacademy.org/insights/articles/how-to-use-online-learning-to-support-compete
ncy-based-learninng
Raposelli, J. (2014). ​The Correlation between Attendance and Participation with Respect
to Student Achievement in an Online Learning Environment. ​ etrieved
R from:
https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1858&context=doctoral
Vonderwell, S. & Zachariah, S. (2005). ​Factors that Influence Participation In Online
Learning, J​ ournal of Research on Technology in Education, 38:2, 213-230, DOI:
10.1080/15391523.2005.10782457. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2005.10782457
​Victor, B. (2017). ​PH has the slowest average internet speed in Asia pacific-report​.
Retrieved from:
https://rappler.com/technology/philippines-akamai-broadband-adoption-internet-speed-rankings
Gottfried, M. (2010). ​Evaluating the Relationship Between Student Attendance and
Achievement in Urban Elementary and Middle Schools: An Instrumental Variables Approach.
47:2. 434-465, DOI:10.3102/0002831209350494 Retrieved from:
https://news.scranton.edu/articles/2020/06/cr-cbl-online.shtml

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 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research design, respondents

of the study, the locale of the study, its sampling and data gathering procedures,
instrumentation, data analysis, and ethical considerations of the study.

Research Design

This study employs a quantitative descriptive-correlational research that seeks to provide

a process of analyzing and collecting numerical data. It determines the extent of a relationship
between two or more variables using statistical data. Furthermore, the use of this design will
seek and interpret the relationship between and among the number of facts. MacDonald et al.
(2015) stated that correlational designs are research designs used to observe and describe the
two or more relationships of the variables that cannot be directly manipulated; the conclusions
drawn from these designs are restricted to describing relationships rather than inferring
causality. This research design answers the question of “what relationships exist?” that can be
positive or negative (Siege, 2015). In this study, this approach helps the researchers to gather
the necessary information they need for their research about the adaptation of Ateneo de Davao
University- Senior High School students in online classes in terms of impact, capability, and
attendance. In terms of research design, correlational is the accurate method to be used in this
study because the researchers aim to see the gap between the impact, capabilities and
attendance to its adaptation in online class.

Locale of the Study

This research will be conducted in Ateneo de Davao University Senior High

School. However, since pandemic is still present, it will be conducted through online and
will be using online surveys. Nevertheless, the optimal locale will be Ateneo de Davao
University Senior High School Campus.

12
 Unit of Analysis
The researchers will conduct the study through online survey conferencing to
ensure both interviewees and respondents' safety. Due to this, the researchers' chosen
respondents will be the students of Ateneo de Davao University to help our school
develop and meet significant objectives as long as they fit into the given criteria.

The unit of analysis will consist of students who participated in online-based

learning. A certified high school student and part of virtual web conferencing. They are
chosen to be the respondents of the study since the researchers observed that the
Ateneo de Davao University senior-high-school students are experiencing these
situations due to their increasing complaints in social media and on confronting their
concerns on the actual online learning phase. The researchers would like to know and
understand how these students adapt to the new learning phase.

Variables and Measures

Variables Measures

Socio-demographic Profile:
​Respondent The Learner is currently enrolled student at
Age Ateneo de Davao University. School year
Sex 2020-2021
Religion Actual Age
Year Level Male or Female
Catholic, Islam, Christian, Others
The respondents must be either a grade 11
or 12 student.

Level of Knowledge A 15 item survey questionnaire that is

answerable through checking the box.
The Knowledge learners gain in Online
Classes. Scoring:

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 Level of Quality 5-point Likert scale
5- Extremely Knowledgeable(4.50-5.00)
Learners Quality experience in Online 4 - Very Knowledgeable(3.50-4.49)
Classes. 3 - Moderately Knowledgeable(2.50-3.49_
2 - Slightly Knowledgeable(1.50-2.49)
1 - Not knowledgeable (1.00-1.49)

Level of Performance 5 - point scale item

5- Far above standard(90-100%)
Learners view of the performance of 4 - Above standard(70% to 80%)
Online Classes. 3 - Meet the standard(50% to 60%)
2 -Below standard(30% to 40%)
1 - Far below standard(10% to 20%)

Sampling Procedure
The study utilized the probability sampling procedure, specifically, the stratified
random sampling. The population will be based in strata; grade 11 then grade 12. From these
groups, respondents will be selected randomly; however, all groups will be included in the study.
The sample population of this study will be computed using Slovin’s formula,

N
n=
1 + N (e2)

Where:
n = sample
N = total population
e = margin of error
N= 3,024; e= 0.10

N
n=
1 + N (e2)
3200
n= 1 + 3200 (0.102)
3200
n= 1 + 32

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 3200
n= 33

n= 96

Research Instrument
The respondents will be purposefully chosen based on the criteria given. This was
divided into five parts. Part 1, dealt with socio-demographic profile. Part 2, consisted of
questions regarding the level of quality of respondents on the AdDU. Part 3, covered the
respondent’s performance in online class. Part 4, included items about respondent’s importance
in learning and adapting the new online platform in AdDU. Lastly, Part 5 included respondents’
recommendation to furthermore hone their capacity to develop their academic skills .
Data Collection Method
The researchers prepared the following steps to ensure that the collection of data will be
done accordingly. The data collection method will be following the various steps:
Step 1: A permission letter will be given to the respondents and participants of
online-based learning will be asked to answer the following survey and a guide questionnaire
will be given.
Step 2: ​The researcher will be supervising the guide questionnaire and survey to
monitor the data gathering. The respondents will be 10 students per year level.
Step 3: The respondents are expected to fill in the consent and will be
considered as voluntary respondents. Thus, respondents are within the premise of ethical
considerations.
Step 4: Upon the approval of the respondents. The researchers will immediately
proceed with the actual data gathering.
Step 5: The respondents will be randomly selected and answer the guide
questionnaire.

Data Analysis
After gathering the data and the thoughts and discernments of the grade 11 and 12
learners, the researchers appropriated the use of ​data for this study. The data were mostly
analyzed using frequency distribution and mean scores, correlation of coefficients, especially
the Pearson R were calculated to determine the association between knowledge, quality, and
level of performance. ​The rendered responses of the respondents were reduced into different
divisions of information and data. From those divisions of information, the researchers ordered

15
different codes. The codes will be different words that are best suited to describe the text
divisions. The codes were arranged according to their similarities, and after this procedure, the
processed codes will then be dropped into themes.
Ethical Considerations
​According to Bryman and Bell (2007) the following three points represent the most
important principles related to ethical considerations in dissertations; thus ​the
researchers followed these protocols in acquiring the needed information for the study.
Permission Letter. ​Prior to data gathering, the researchers will secure a permission
letter and give pertinent information to the participants. Hence, it will be addressed to school
administrators to formally conduct the formulated study.
Principle of Voluntary Participation​. In conducting the research, researchers must
consider respondents' voluntary participation to answer questions, other applied effective
methods, their availability, background information gathered about their current situation,
respondents' character qualifications, and their integrity and liability.
Privacy and Anonymity. ​The researchers should also have an intellect regarding the
respondents' consent in interviewing to have a secured and controlled atmosphere and as well
as the data they have gathered.

References

16
 MacDonald, D. E., Wong, E., & Dionne, M. M. (2015, January 23). ​Correlational designs.​
Wiley Online Library.​ ​https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp40​1

Siegle, D. (2015, February 24). ​Introduction to correlation research​. Educational

Research Basics by Del Siegle. ​https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/correlation/

Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2007) “Business Research Methods”, 2nd edition. Oxford
University
​ ttps://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/ethical-considerations/
Press.h

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