CHAPTER 11 : Introduction of Set

11.1 Set

 Set : A collection of well-defined and distinct objects

 How to write a set ?

  Exercise 1

QUESTION (a) (b)

Description A is the set of letters in the A is the set of odd numbers

word MALAYSIA which are less than 20

Listing A = { M,A,L,Y,S,I } A= { 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19 }}
Builder A : { x : x is a letter in the B : { x : x is odd number which

notation word MALAYSIA } is less than 20 }

 Empty Set

(a) Does not contain any element

(b) Can be represented with symbols :

(c) Example : If A represents a set with month with 27 days, then set A does not

contain any element. So, that is what we called as empty set.

A:

 What is the element of a set? – Something that represent the set

A is a set of local fruits  A = { rambutan, durian, langsat } . Those 3 are elements
of the set.

 Symbol represents that it ‘is an element of’ the set.

 Rambutan A

 Symbol represents that it ‘is not an element of’ the set.

 Raspberry A

 Exercise 2
  Exercise 3

 How do you determine the number of elements of a set? n(P).

 Example:

P = {a, b, c, d, e, f}, the number of elements in set P is 6.Thus, n(P) = 6.

 What is equality of sets?

The sets of alphabets in a word are arranged by three students as follows.
Set A = {H, A, R, U, M}
Set B = {M, U, R, A, H}
Set C = {R, U, M, A, H}
Every element in sets A, B and C are the same. So, set A, set B and set C are
known as equal sets and can be written as A = B = C.

11.2 Venn Diagrams, Universal Sets, Complement of a Set and Subsets

 What are universal set and complement of a set?

  A set that consists of all the elements under discussion is known as the
universal set.

 For example, the set below shows the name of Pak Ali’s children:
Amir, Aini, Amara, Anis, Aidil, Arisa
 In this case, the 6 names are all Pak Ali’s children. Hence, the set can
be defined as universal set and is denoted by the symbol

Thus universal set, = { Amir, Aini, Amara, Anis, Aidil, Arisa }

Amir and Aidil are male. If set A represents male, then A = {Amir, Aidil}

The other children are not male. So, in the universal set they are known as
complement of set A, written as A’.

A’ = {Aini, Amara,Anis, Arisa}

 Exercise:

 Exercise:
  How do you represent the universal set and complement of a set by
using Venn diagram?

For example:

= {Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri, Dali, Pei San, Yana}

A = {Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri}

A’ = {Dali, Pei San, Yana}

 Exercise:
  What are subsets?

A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } B = { 2,4,6,8,10 }

It is found that every element in set B is also an element of set A.

Set B is known as a subset of set A and is written as B A.

 Exercise:

 Exercise:
 How do you represent subsets using Venn diagrams?

 Exercise:
 How do you represent the relationships between sets using Venn
diagrams?