20 Formulas for Stress and Strain [CHAP.

EXAMPLE
The state of stress at a point relative to an xyz coordinate system is given by
the stress matrix
2 3

8 6
2
½sxyz ¼4 6 4 25 MPa

2 2
5

Determine the state of stress on an element that is oriented by first rotating

the xyz axes 45 about the z axis, and then rotating the resulting axes 30
about the new x axis.
Solution. The surface normals can be found by a series of coordinate
transformations for each rotation. From Fig. 2.10(a), the vector components
for the first rotation can be represented by
8 9 2 38 9
< x1 = cos y sin y 0 < x =
y ¼ 4
sin y cos y 0 5 y ðaÞ
: 1; : ;
z1 0 0 1 z

The last rotation establishes the x0 y0 z0 coordinates as shown in Fig. 2.10(b), and
they are related to the x1 y1 z1 coordinates by
8 09 2 38 9
<x = 1 0 0 < x1 =
y0 ¼ 4 0 cos j sin j 5 y1 ðbÞ
: 0; : ;
z 0
sin j cos j z1

Substituting Eq. (a) in (b) gives

8 09 2 32 38 9
<x >
> = 1 0 0 cos y sin y 0 > <x> =
6 76 7
y0 ¼ 4 0 cos j sin j 54
sin y cos y 0 5 y
>
: 0>; >
: > ;
z 0
sin j cos j 0 0 1 z
2 38 9
cos y sin y 0 <x>
> =
6 7
¼ 4
sin y cos j cos y cos j sin j 5 y ðcÞ
>
: > ;
sin y sin j
cos y sin j cos j z

Figure 2.10