Here are some paragraphs about the articles that were prescribed in the slides.

The paragraphs of
the following selected items are given below:
National Innovation system in Sweden
The Swedish innovation system is formed by three perspectives and these are the national
Innovation system, the sectorial innovation system and regional innovation system. Sectorial
innovation system means innovation prescribed in a particular industry sector. Besides, in
Sweden there are two ministries and these are Ministry of Industry, Communication and
Employment and Ministry of Education and Culture which shares the main responsibility for
innovation policy. Although the concept of innovation policy has been developed in the end of
1990s but it wasn’t clearly understood until 2001, when the institution named organisation of
research system had been introduced. For focusing on coordination between economic policy
and research policy, the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems named VINNOVA was
established. It has number of programs that cover all three innovation systems. In national
program this includes the support for researchers in the process of commercialization of the
results of research and competence centres, strengthens link between academic research and
industrial R&D. In regional program VINNVAXT works for regional growth by the Dynamic
Innovation System and in sectorial innovation system it works for the areas in ICT,
biotechnology, development of technology and materials, transport and working life. The main
responsibility of the Swedish government is development of general Innovation policy. In the
year 2004, the government of Sweden has introduced its main innovation policy document
“Innovative Sweden” and their main activities are developing of knowledge platform for
innovation, creation of innovative business and entrepreneurship, increasing of state contribution
to innovative sphere and involve the interest for entrepreneurship among people. The main
research council kept the actual name The Swedish Research Council but since 2001 it has
started playing pivotal role in the new system and its activity is to cooperate basic research in all
scientific fields and for this reason council is divided into three research committees and each
named for the specific field name. Moreover two research council were established at the same
time FAS and FORMAS. Besides, many researches are conducted in different universities. The
funding of innovation system is divided into private and public groups. International financial
funds are designed mainly by the education system.

Main drivers of innovation in Swedish business sector

The country Sweden as many of us has heard about it is a country with one of the most effective
business systems. This country has achieved milestones in their development through new
innovations and from their companies that has earned fame in worldwide. Sweden is one of the
most creative companies of the current world. In most promising and innovative companies of
the world, eight out of hundred companies are from Sweden. Mean while, in education Sweden
isn’t lagging behind which is one of the main reason that this country is developed. The country
named Sweden introduced elementary schooling for all as early as 1842, and the first university
was founded back in 1477 in Uppsala, 15 years before Columbus set sail for America. Along
with state-subsidised college training for Swedes and citizens of other EU countries (non-EU
citizens pay fees), this has helped ensure high educational standards in the country, among
women as well as men. Companies that are successful in forestry, steel, automotive and
engineering industries has driven the economic development of Sweden. Besides another major
contributor that plays the development of Sweden are pharmaceutical industries. It’s a fact that
Sweden is highly dependent on the import and export and for that their government has
encouraged openness to the international trades. Imports and exports are vital to Sweden and
international skills are also welcomed here. Sweden is a country with lots of start-up companies
and it is trying to achieve and improve their development through education and research
trainings as well.

Effects of Covid-19 pandemic

The impact of Covid-19 pandemic has caused many problems and also some advantages.
Initially, we can claim that it has created very difficult to go outside and to do our work
independently the way we used to do before. Now, we need to be cautious and hygienic in order
to save us from this virus. Here, in this current situation everything is affected and not only that
we are in boundaries and the whole world is stopped witnessing the effects of this pandemic.
Besides, it also created some benefits as well. We can see that due to the impact of Covid-19, the
rate of pollution is decreasing. Recently, it is also claimed that the earth’s ozone layer is healing
due to less pollution.But it is true that Covid-19 has created a huge dramatic loss for humankind
all over the world. Due to Covid-19, many entrepreneurs are facing loss, many businesses are
getting bankrupted and also poverty is also seen.Many businesses are getting extinct. Now, food
crisis is also happening due to closing of borders and restrictions food supplies is also getting
hampered. Geopolitical are most pronounced for its advanced technology and services but also
production and manufacturing is also facing problems as in this case adequate production and
resource allocation is needed for the specific environment and situation. For which due to Covid-
19 many new enterprises and markets are forming in Asia and various new markets are to be
formed in South East Asian countries. China is also making huge market by purchasing major
shares of many big companies of USA and other countries and for which this nation is has made
huge success in the recent times by taking over a huge market.There are also health crisis
happening as many developing countries cannot cope up with the situations of affected number
of people and they also don’t have the required equipment in medical centres to treat the number
of affected people dealing with this virus. Now is the time for global solidarity and support,
especially with the most vulnerable in our societies, particularly in the emerging and developing
world. Only together can we overcome the intertwined health and social and economic impacts
of the pandemic and prevent its escalation into a protracted humanitarian and food security
catastrophe, with the potential loss of already achieved development gains. Now, we need to
think about the future. We need to rethink the way we used to deal with the situations and also
for our own betterment and that’s how we could make our lives better
The following selected paragraphs are some of the topics from the articles provided in the
lecture. Here, the paragraphs about effect of Covid-19, Main drivers of innovation in Sweden
and National innovation system in Sweden are chosen from the following topics.