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ABSTRACT
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results
in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and critical
commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial
losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the
issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. In developing countries like India, where the variation of power
frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take
positive steps in this direction .The present work is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence the measures
that can enhance the quality of the power are recommended.
This work describes the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed
system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics
components, are emerging for custom power applications. Among these, the distribution static compensator and the
dynamic voltage restorer are most effective devices, both of them based on the VSC principle. A DVR injects a voltage in
series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM injects a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and
interruption. Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power
solution.
Keywords: D-Statcom, DVR, voltage dips, swells, interruption, power quality, VSC.
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2.1.1 Controller
The aim of the control scheme is to maintain
constant voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive
load is connected, under system disturbances. The control
system only measures the r.m.s voltage at the load point,
i.e., no reactive power measurements are required. The
VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM
technique which offers simplicity and good response.
Since custom power is a relatively low-power application,
Figure-1. Example of a standard configuration for a DVR.
PWM methods offer a more flexible option than the
Fundamental Frequency Switching (FFS) methods favored
in FACTS applications. Besides, high switching
frequencies can be used to improve on the efficiency of
the converter, without incurring significant switching
losses.
The controller input is an error signal obtained
from the reference voltage and the value rms of the
Figure-2. Schematic diagram of a DVR terminal voltage measured. Such error is processed by a PI
controller the output is the angle δ, which is provided to
The circuit on left hand side of the DVR the PWM signal generator. It is important to note that in
represents the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the system. this case, indirectly controlled converter, there is active
The system impedance Zth depends on the fault level of the and reactive power exchange with the network
load bus. When the system voltage (Vth) drops, the DVR simultaneously: an error signal is obtained by comparing
injects a series voltage VDVR through the injection the reference voltage with the rms voltage measured at the
transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude VL load point. The PI controller process the error signal
can be maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR generates the required angle to drive the error to zero, i.e.,
can be written as, the load rms voltage is brought back to the reference
VDVR = VL+ ZthIL - Vth voltage.
Where
VL is the desired load voltage magnitude
ZTh is the load impedance
IL is the load current
Vth is the system voltage during fault condition
The load current IL is given by,
*
⎛ (P + J * QL ) ⎞ Figure-3. Indirect PI controller.
I L = ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟
⎝ VL ⎠
When VL is considered as a reference, eqn. (4.1) can be The sinusoidal signal Vcontrol is phase-modulated by means
rewritten as, of the angle .
V DVR ∠α = V L ∠0 + Z th I L ∠(β − θ ) − Vth ∠δ i.e., VA = Sin (ωt +δ)
VB=Sin(ωt+δ-2π/3)
Here , β and δ are the angle of VDVR, Zth and Vth,
VC = Sin (ωt +δ+2π/3)
respectively, and θ is the load power factor angle,
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2.2 Shunt voltage controller correction can be achieved with minimum apparent power
[Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM)] injection into the system. The control scheme for the
A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static D-STATCOM follows the same principle as for DVR. The
Compensator), which is schematically depicted in Figure- switching frequency is set at 475 Hz.
10, consists of a two-level Voltage Source Converter
(VSC), a dc energy storage device, a coupling transformer 2.2.1 Test system
connected in shunt to the distribution network through a Figure-11 shows the test system used to carry out
coupling transformer. The VSC converts the dc voltage the various D-STATCOM simulations.
across the storage device into a set of three-phase ac
output voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled
with the ac system through the reactance of the coupling
transformer. Suitable adjustment of the phase and
magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltages allows
effective control of active and reactive power exchanges
between the D-STATCOM and the ac system. Such
configuration allows the device to absorb or generate Figure-11. Single line diagram of the test system
controllable active and reactive power. for D-STATCOM.
The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system
provides a multifunctional topology which can be used for
up to three quite distinct purposes:
1. Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive
power;
2. Correction of power factor; and
3. Elimination of current harmonics.
∠ (δ − β ) + L ∠ − β
V th V
I sh ∠ η = I L ∠ − θ −
Z th Z th
The complex power injection of the D-STATCOM can be
expressed as,
S sh = V L I *
sh
It may be mentioned that the effectiveness of the D-
STATCOM in correcting voltage sag depends on the value
of Zth or fault level of the load bus. When the shunt
injected current Ish is kept in quadrature with VL, the Figure-13. Simulink model of D-STATCOM.
desired voltage correction can be achieved without The D-STATCOM model which is incorporated in the
injecting any active power into the system. On the other transmission system for voltage regulation is as shown in
hand, when the value of Ish is minimized, the same voltage Figure-13.
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3. SIMULATON RESULTS
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4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented the power quality
problems such as voltage dips, swells and interruptions,
consequences, and mitigation techniques of custom power
electronic devices DVR, D-STATCOM, and SSTS. The
design and applications of DVR, D-STATCOM and SSTS
for voltage sags, interruptions ands swells, and
comprehensive results are presented.
A new PWM-based control scheme has been
implemented to control the electronic valves in the two-
level VSC used in the D-STATCOM and DVR. As
opposed to fundamental frequency switching schemes
already available in the MATLAB/ SIMULINK, this
PWM control scheme only requires voltage measurements.
This characteristic makes it ideally suitable for low-
voltage custom power applications. The simulations
carried out showed that the DVR provides relatively better
voltage regulation capabilities. It was also observed that
the capacity for power compensation and voltage
regulation of DVR and D-STATCOM depends on the
rating of the dc storage device.
REFERENCES
Edited By R.Dineshkumar