Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Unemployment and
Inflation
Topic Outline
I. Business Cycles
• Theories of Business Cycles
• Phases of the Cycle
• The Business Cycle (Diagram)
• Effects of Business Cycle
II. Unemployment
• Effects of Unemployment
III. Full Employment Defined
• Theories of Employment
• Full Employment Policies
IV. Inflation
• Types of Inflation
V. The Philippine Experience
• Causes of the Recession
• Government Policies
• Economic Recovery depends on Government Officials
Business Cycles
Business Cycles
• John Maynard Keynes – “Father of Modern
Economics”
• Business Cycle- refers to fluctuations in the
economy.
• Unemployment and Inflation- biggest economic
problems of business cycles.
Theories of Business Cycles
Prosperity
Business
Growth
Activities
Depression
Time
Effects of Business Cycles
• During bad economic times like recession and
depression, various sectors are affected In different
ways:
– Those who produce capital goods are greatly
affected in terms of production and employment.
– Firms have no reason to buy capital goods when
economic or business activities are down.
• Industries which produce consumer durables are
adversely affected during bad economic times.
• Since consumers tend to be economical, both
production and employment fall.
• Basic products which are non-durables, they are less
sensitive to recession or depression.
Unemployment
Types of Unemployment
• Frictional Unemployment – caused by interruptions
in production, for technical reasons, or when workers
are temporarily laid off due to renovation works. It is
also a situation when workers left their jobs and are
looking for new ones.
• Structural Unemployment – A change in technology
renders the skills and talents of some workers
obsolete.
• Cyclical Unemployment - caused by the fall of
business activities in the economy.
• Seasonal Unemployment - during slacks period,
many workers in farming and construction are laid
off.
Effects of Unemployment
• The productive resources of the economy are not
fully used. This means less goods and services are
produced. On the part of the country, unemployment
means decline in national income or gross national
product. In such situation, government revenues
likewise fall. Evidently, the government has to put
side some of its important projects due to lack of
funds.
• Unemployment could lead to loss of self-confidence
or to more serious social crimes.
Full Employment Defined
• When there is an available job for every person who
is willing and able to work, it is full employment.
• Several Factors of unemployment during a period of
full employment:
– Sickness, dissatisfaction,
– Legal minimum wage is more than the value of the
output of many young workers.
– Old age, disabilities.
Theories of Employment
• Classical Theory of Employment states that
employment increases at lower wages. Employers are
willing to hire more workers because it is more
profitable.
• Keynesian Theory of Employment which is the
modern theory of employment states that employment
is determined by aggregate or total demand for goods
and services.
Full Employment Policies
1984
• The Philippine Economy turned from bad to worse.
• Foreign loans did not come, dollars were difficult
to obtain and both domestic and foreign markets
declined.
•The average inflation rate for 1984 was 50 percent.
•As of the end of December 1983 to March 1984,
almost one million workers lost their jobs.
The Philippine Experience
Members:
Barroquillo, Paulo Yves
Dela Cruz, Ellaine Christine
Martinez, Karl Lester
Rendon, Jerome Junichi
La Valle, Adrian
III-CCSAD