NANOROBOT Abstract:

ICS &
Nanotechnology is a fascinating science
CRYONICS for many scientists as it offers them
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF many challenges.One such challenge is
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanorobots, which once thought to be a
fantasy has come into reality now.The
proposed application of nanorobots can
range from common cold to dreadful
disease like cancer.. The study of
nanorobots has lead to the field of
Nanomedicine. Nanomedicine offers the
prospect of powerful new tools for the
treatment of human diseases and the
improvement of human biological
systems.
Cryonics is the process of using
ultra cold temperature to preserve the
dead body. Molecular Nanotechnology
is the best way for Cryonics.Preservation
Authorised By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY may continue for decades or centuries.
Email: help@matlabcodes.com Cryonic suspension is a method of
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above site transported to the medical care facilities
that will be available in the late 21st or
22nd century.
Introduction: comes from the fact that the body’s
natural nanodevices; the neutrophiles,
lymphocytes and white blood cells
constantly move about the body,
repairing damaged tissues, attacking and
eating invading micro-organisms.

What are nanorobots?

Nano robotics is emerging as a

demanding field dealing with miniscule
things at molecular level. Nanorobots are
quintessential nanoelectromechanical
Representation of nano
systems designed to perform a specific

The present era of Nanotechnology has task with precision at nanoscale

dimensions. Its advantage over
reached to a stage where scientists are
conventional medicine lies on its size.
able to develop programmable and
externally controllable complex The Constituents and Design of
machines that are built at molecular level Nanorobots:
which can work inside the patient’s
Nanorobots will possess full panoply of
body. Nanotechnology will enable
autonomous subsystems whose design is
engineers to construct sophisticated
derived from biological models.. The
nanorobots that can navigate the human
various components in the nanorobot
body, transport important molecules, design may include onboard sensors,
manipulate microscopic objects and motors, manipulators, power supplies,
communicate with physicians by way of and molecular computers.

miniature sensors, motors, manipulators,

Approaches for the Construction
power generators and molecular-scale
of Nanorobots:
computers. The idea to build a nanorobot
There are two main approaches to
building at the nanometer scale:
positional assembly and self-assembly.
In positional assembly, investigators
employ some devices such as the arm of
a miniature robot to pick up molecules
one by one and assemble them manually.
In contrast, self-assembly is much less
painstaking, because it takes advantage
of the natural tendency of certain
molecules to seek one another out. With
self-assembling components, all that
investigators have to do is put billions of
them into a beaker and let their natural
affinities join them automatically into
the desired configurations.
Recognition of Target Site by
Nanorobots
Different molecule types are
distinguished by a series of chemotactic
sensors whose binding sites have a
different affinity for each kind of
molecule. The control system must
ensure a suitable performance. It can be
demonstrated with a determined number
of nanorobots responding as fast as
possible for a specific task based
scenario. Nanorobot Control Design
(NCD) simulator was developed, which
is software for nanorobots in
environments with fluids dominated by
Brownian motion and viscous rather
than inertial forces.
First, as a point of comparison, the
scientists used the nanorobots’ small
Brownian motions to find the target by
random search. In a second method, the
nanorobots monitor for chemical
concentration significantly above the
background level. After detecting the
signal, a nanorobot estimates the
concentration gradient and moves
toward higher concentrations until it
reaches the target. In the third approach,
nanorobots at the target release another
chemical, which others use as an
additional guiding signal to the target.
With these signal concentrations, only
nanorobots passing within a few microns
of the target are likely to detect the
signal.
So, the nanorobot uses this information
to determine when enough nanorobots
are at the target, thereby terminating any
additional “attractant” signal a nanorobot
may be releasing.

Nanorobots in Cancer Detection

and Treatment

The development of nanorobots may

provide remarkable advances for
diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Nanorobots could be a very helpful and Nanoparticles armed to
combat cancer
hopeful for the therapy of patients, since
current treatments like radiation therapy
This is accomplished by the use of
and chemotherapy often end up
chemotactic sensors. Using chemical
destroying more healthy cells than
sensors they can be programmed to
cancerous ones. The Nanorobots will be
detect different levels of E-cadherin and
able to distinguish between different cell
beta-catenin in primary and metastatic
types that is the malignant and the
phases. Medical nanorobots will then
normal cells by checking their surface
destroy these cells, and only these cells.
antigens.
The following control methods were
considered:

 Random: nanorobots moving

passively with the fluid reaching
the target only if they bump into
it due to Brownian motion.

 Follow gradient: nanorobots

monitor concentration intensity
for E-cadherin signals, when
 detected, measure and follow the embedded chemosensor that involves the
gradient until reaching the target. modulation of hSGLT3 protein
glucosensor activity.Through its onboard
 Follow gradient with attractant:
chemical sensor, the nanorobot can thus
Thus, a higher gradient of signal
effectively determine if the patient needs
intensity of E-cadherin is used as
to inject insulin or take any further
chemical parameter identification in
action, such as any medication clinically
guiding nanorobots to identify malignant
prescribed. The image of the NCD
tissues. Integrated nanosensors can be
simulator workspace shows the inside
used for this.
view of a venule blood vessel with grid
texture, red blood cells (RBCs) and
Nanorobots in the Diagnosis and
nanorobots.
Treatment of Diabetes

Glucose carried through the blood

stream is important to maintain the
human metabolism working healthfully,
and its correct level is a key issue in the
diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The
most interesting aspect of the protein
hSGLT3 is the fact that it serves as a
sensor to identify glucose.
The simulated nanorobot prototype
model has embedded Complementary
They flow with the RBCs through the
Metal Oxide semi-conductor (CMOS)
bloodstream detecting the glucose levels.
nanobioelectronics. It features a size of
At a typical glucose concentration, the
~2 micronmeter, which permits it to
nanorobots try to keep the glucose levels
operate freely inside the body. For the
ranging around 130 mg/dl for the Blood
glucose monitoring the nanorobot uses
Glucose Levels (BGLs). In the medical
nanorobot architecture, the significant thus permitting the physician to
measured data can be then transferred assemble a whole-body map of serum
automatically through the RF signals to glucose concentrations and also informs.
the mobile phone carried by the patient.
At any time, if the glucose achieves
critical levels, the nanorobot emits an
alarm through the mobile phone.

Controlling Glucose Level using

Nanorobots Nano robots use sensors to detect
glucose levels in bloodstream.

In the simulation, the nanorobot is

This important data may help doctors
programmed also to emit a signal based
and specialists to supervise and improve
on specified lunch times, and to measure
the patient medication and daily diet.
the glucose levels in desired intervals of
This process using nanorobots may be
time. The nanorobot can be programmed
more convenient and safe for making
to activate sensors and measure regularly
feasible an automatic system for data
the BGLs early in the morning, before
collection and patient monitoring. It may
the expected breakfast time. Levels are
also avoid eventually infections due the
measured again each 2 hours after the
daily small cuts to collect blood samples,
planned lunchtime. The same procedures
possibly loss of data, and even avoid
can be programmed for other meals
patients in a busy week to forget doing
through the day times. A multiplicity of
some of their glucose sampling. These
blood borne nanorobots will allow
Recent developments on
glucose monitoring not just at a single
nanobioelectronics show how to
site but also in many different locations
integrate system devices and cellular
simultaneously throughout the body,
phones to achieve a better control of WHAT IS CRYONICS??
glucose levels for patients with diabetes. Cryonics is the practice of preserving

FURTHER APPLICATIONS human bodies in extremely cold

temperatures with the hope of reviving
OF NANOROBOTS
them sometime in the future. The idea is
that, if someone has "died" from a disease
 Nanorobots could be used to
that is incurable today, he or she can be
maintain tissue oxygenation in
"frozen" and then revived in the future
the absence of respiration, repair
when a cure has been discovered. A
and recondition the human person preserved this way is said to be in
vascular tree eliminating heart cryonic suspension.
disease and stroke damage, and Life can be stopped and restarted
if its basic structure is preserved. The
instantly staunch bleeding after
emerging science of nanotechnology
traumatic injury.
will eventually lead to the devices
 Nanorobots might be used as
capable of preserving the bodies at
well to seek and break kidney
temperature that could stop heart, brain
stones. and other organs from functioning and
 Nanorobots equipped with recovering any preserved person in
nanosensors could be developed which the basic brain structures
to deliver anti-HIV drugs. encoding memory and personality
remain intact.
Medical nanodevices could
augment the immune system by
WHY CRYONICS??
finding and disabling unwanted
There are various modern preservative
bacteria and viruses.
procedures available which are
 Nanorobots could be used in
collectively called Cryonics.
precision treatment and cell
Cryonics allows carrying out a
targeted delivery, in performing suspension before a declaration of
nanosurgery. death, preserving the maximum
amount of neural information.
CRYONICS:
 NANOTECHNOLOGYAND from clotting.
After this the actual freezing begins. The
CRYONICS:
patients can’t be simply put into a vat of
In the final analysis, aging and death
liquid nitrogen, because the water inside
have only one cause: for whatever
their cells would freeze. When water
reason, the atoms and molecules in our
freezes, it expands, this would cause the
bodies have moved from their proper
cells to simply shatter. So we have to
positions; and other molecules and
remove water from the cells and replace it
atoms have moved into positions
with a glycerol based chemical mixture
where they should not be. The
called a Cryoprotectant – a sort of
molecular machinery in our bodies
maintains our lives by handling human antifreeze.

molecules at the molecular level. The

cell repair machines of molecular
nanotechnology will not only prevent
the natural causes of death, but most
death by trauma as well. Artificial
molecular machines can perform
repairs far faster than the natural
healing process.

HOW IS CRYONICS PERFORMED??

If a person has to be preserved using
cryonics the heart of the person should
Parts of body protected with
stop beating and the person should be
pronounced “legally dead”. The team
Cryoprotectant and frozen
of cryonicists stabilizes the body, The goal is to protect the organs and
supplying the brain with enough tissues from forming ice crystals at
oxygen and blood to preserve minimal extremely low temperatures. This
function until it can be transported to process is called Vitrification.
the suspension facility. Then body is Once the water in the body is
packed in ice and injected with heparin replaced with the Cryoprotectant, the
(an anticoagulant) to prevent blood body is cooled on a bed of dry ice until
 it reaches -130 C (-202 F), completing
the vitrification process. The next step
is to insert body into an individual Al
container that is then placed into a
large metal tank filled with liquid
nitrogen. The body is stored head
down, so if there were ever a leak in
the tank; brain would stay immersed in Supplying brain with oxygen and blood
the freezing liquid.

Cryo patient in Al container

THE HISTORY OF CRYONICS:

This container is designed to hold four

whole body patients and six
neuropatients immersed in liquid
The first person to be
nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius. Liquid
cryogenically frozen was a 73-year-old
nitrogen is added periodically to replace
psychologist, Dr. James Bedford, who
the small amount that evaporates.
was suspended in 1967. His body is
 reportedly still in good condition at
Alcor Life Extension Foundation. The
idea that a person could be frozen and
then brought back to life when the
technology had evolved far enough
originated with the book "The Prospect
of Immortality," written by physics
developments in new manufacturing
technologies are enabling innovative
works which may help in constructing
and employing nanorobots most
effectively for biomedical problems.
Nanorobots are also candidates for

teacher. Robert Ettinger in 1964. The industrial applications. The advent of

word "cryonics" is derived from the
Greek term for "cold."
CASE STUDY – TED
WILLIAMS:
Dozens of people are being stored in
cryonic facilities. Probably the most
famous of them is baseball legend Ted
molecular nanotechnology will again
expand enormously the effectiveness,
comfort and speed of future medical
treatments while at the same time
significantly reducing their risk, cost,
and invasiveness. Its application in
Cryonics is very interesting and useful.

Williams. But no one has actually been

References
revived, because the technology to do
so still does not exist.
1. Chan V.S.W., Nanomedicine: An
Since his death in 2002, baseball
unresolved regulatory issue. Science
legend Ted Williams has been stored
in a 10foot tall stainless steel container direct

at Alcor Life Extension Foundation in

.2. Freitas R.,
Arizona, the world’s largest cryonics
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine
facility. His head is being stored in a
separate container.
3. Merkle R.C., Freitas Jr. R.A about
nano robos: From:
Conclusion
http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/JNNDime

Nanotechnology as a diagnostic rTool.pdf

and treatment tool for patients with

cancer and diabetes showed how actual
. 4. Freitas Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine,
Volume IIA: Biocompatibility, Landes
Bioscience, and Georgetown, TX, 2003.

5.  Fadok V.A., Voelker D.R., Campbell

P.A., Cohen J.J., Bratton D.L., Henson
P.M., J. Immunol. 148, 2207 (1992).

6.   Grakoui A., Bromley S.K., Sumen

C., Da Vis M.M., Shaw A.S., Allen
P.M., Dustin M.L., Science 285, 221
(1999).

7.   Freitas, Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine,

Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes
Bioscience, Georgetown, TX (1999);
Sections (a) 3.4.2.

Authorised By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and
Presentations available on
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