BRITISH STANDARD BS 812-101:1984

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Testing aggregates —
Part 101: Guide to sampling and testing
aggregates

UDC [625.07+691.22]:620.1
 BS 812-101:1984
Licensed Copy: Dong Su Lee, Hyundai Engineering Constructi, Sat Nov 17 06:39:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregates and
Quarry Products Standards
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes
into effect on
31 July 1984.
©BSI 11-1998
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CAB/2
Draft for comment 83/12686
ISBN 0 580 13878 X
Committees responsible for this
British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Cement
Gypsum Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Committee (CAB/-) to
Technical Committee CAB/2 upon which the following bodies were
represented:
Aggregate Concrete Block Association
Association of Consulting Engineers
Association of Consulting Scientists
Association of Lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers
Brick Development Association
British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries
British Ceramic Research Association
British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers’ Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Limited
British Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Calcium Silicate Brick Association Limited
Cement and Concrete Association
Cement Makers’ Federation
Chartered Institute of Building
Concrete Society
County Surveyors’ Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Department of the Environment (Transport and Road Research Laboratory)
Department of Transport
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Greater London Council
Institute of Concrete Technology
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Highways and Transportation
Institution of Public Health Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists
Mortar Producers’ Association Limited
National Federation of Terrazzo-mosaic Specialists
Natural Environment Research Council (Institute of Geological Science)
Royal Institute of British Architects
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry
Coopted member
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
 BS 812-101:1984

Contents
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Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 General 2
4 Significance of test results 2
5 Precision of test methods 2
Table 1 — Relationships 4
Table 2 — Characteristic test sieve 4
Table 3 — Sieve tests on coarse aggregate. % passing 10 mm 5
Publications referred to Inside back cover

© BSI 11-1998 i
 BS 812-101:1984

Foreword
Licensed Copy: Dong Su Lee, Hyundai Engineering Constructi, Sat Nov 17 06:39:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

This Part of this British Standard, prepared under the direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Committee is a revision of
clause 4 and appendix A of BS 812-1:1975, which are withdrawn by amendment.
The remainder of the 1975 edition is being revised and as each of the tests, or
collection of related tests is revised it is intended to issue it as a separate Part or
Section of this standard.
It is intended that other British Standards should call up BS 812 test methods as
the basis of compliance. Nevertheless, it is not intended that all aggregates
should be subjected regularly to all the listed tests. Specifications in other
standards should call up only relevant test methods.
Some of the tests in other Parts of this standard are of limited application, and
advice on the use of simpler tests is given, for example when they can be used for
a preliminary sorting of aggregates to see whether more expensive testing is
justified.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

ii © BSI 11-1998

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1 Scope
This Part of BS 812 gives general guidance on
sampling and testing aggregates and procedures for
assessing the precision of the tests described in
other Parts of this standard.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 812 the
definitions given in BS 812-102, together with the
following apply. Other statistical terms have the
meanings defined in BS 5532.
2.1 repeatability
NOTE A lengthy discussion of this term is given in BS 5497.
Briefly, repeatability is a measure of the within-laboratory
variability of the results from a test method.
2.1.1
repeatability r1)
the value below which the absolute difference
between two single test results obtained with the
same method on identical test material under the
same conditions (same operator, same apparatus,
same laboratory and a short interval of time) may be
expected to lie with a probability of 95 %
2.1.2
repeatability r11)
the value below which the absolute difference
between two single test results obtained with the
same method using different test portions of the
same laboratory sample under the same conditions
(same operator, same apparatus, same laboratory,
and a short interval of time) may be expected to lie
with a probability of 95 %
2.2 reproducibility
NOTE A lengthy discussion of this term is given in BS 5497.
Briefly, reproducibility is a measure of the between-laboratory
variability of the results of a test method.
2.2.1
reproducibility R1)
the value below which the absolute difference
between two single test results obtained with the
same method on identical test material under
different conditions (different operators, different
apparatus, different laboratories and/or different
time) may be expected to lie with probability of 95 %
1)
According to the above definitions, r1 and R1 make allowance for sample reduction errors whereas r and R do not. In addition
R2 makes allowances for sampling errors. With many aggregate tests it is not possible to carry out repeat tests on identical
material so that r1, R1 and R2 are the measures of variability which will be of use in practice.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 812-101:1984
2.2.2
reproducibility R11)
the value below which the absolute difference
between two single test results obtained with the
same method using different test portions of the
same laboratory sample under different conditions
(different operators, different apparatus, different
laboratories and/or different time) may be expected
to lie with a probability of 95 %
2.2.3
reproducibility R21)
the value below which the absolute difference
between two single test results obtained with the
same method using different laboratory samples
from the same batch under different conditions
(different operators, different apparatus, different
laboratories and/or different time) may be expected
to lie with a probability of 95 %
2.3
single test result
the value obtained by applying a standard test
method fully, once
NOTE A single test result may be a value derived from tests on
a number of specimens, or the mean value of a number of
observations, or the result of a calculation from a set of
observations, as specified by the standard test method. The
standard test method may require one or more test portions to be
tested to obtain a single test result.
2.4
sampling error
the error in a single test result arising from known
and acceptable deficiencies in both the sampling
and sample reduction operations in obtaining a
laboratory sample from a batch
2.5
sample reduction error
the error in a single test result arising from known
and acceptable deficiencies of the sample reduction
operation in obtaining the test portion or test
portions from a laboratory sample
2.6
variance
a measure of dispersion based on the mean squared
deviation from the arithmetic mean
1
 BS 812-101:1984
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3 General
Attention is drawn to the aim of sampling by the
principal method given in Part 102 of this standard,
i.e. to obtain a sample representative of the average
quality. For other purposes it may be necessary to
use a modified procedure. Special sampling
procedures, for example to allow for the
determination of the presence and quantity of
occasional contaminants, are given in other Parts,
when appropriate.
Particular emphasis is placed on the need for proper
reporting, and each test method requires a report
including a certificate of sampling,
(see BS 812-102). The test(s) have to be done in
accordance with the relevant Part(s) and the reports
have to affirm this. If any departure from specified
sampling or test procedures is found to be necessary
this has to be made clear on the report together with
reasons and, if possible, an estimate of the effects.
The report should also include details of any special
processing of the sample, other than that required
by the test methods, carried out in the laboratory,
e.g. crushing to provide larger quantities of smaller
sizes, or the separation of constituent sizes from a
graded or blended aggregate.
Each report should include all the information
specified in the report clause in the appropriate Part
including precision estimates.
Because the precision of testing has important
consequences, the estimates of repeatability and
reproducibility given have been established using
the full procedures and recommendations of
BS 5497 modified only as necessary to take account
of the special nature of aggregates or the particular
test methods (see clause 5).
Aggregates may contain, or during handling,
processing or testing may generate particles or
fumes that could be injurious to health. It is
essential that, in addition to ensuring that test
equipment is properly guarded, appropriate
precautions are taken such as by the use of goggles,
dust masks, dust containing and extracting
facilities, or fume cupboards.
4 Significance of test results
The applicability of test results depends on several
factors and their interactions, e.g. the methods used
for sampling and sample reduction, the number of
samples taken, the precision of the test method, the
extent to which a test simulates reality. All these
are capable of producing important effects often as
great as real variations in the materials.
2 © BSI 11-1998
Some tests described in BS 812 are not accurate
measures of well defined properties but are included
as useful preliminary tests. This is to encourage a
reduction in the mis-application of expensive and
time consuming, but more accurate, methods which
are not always justified. Information on the use of
such preliminary tests is given in the appropriate
Parts of the standard.
Many of the tests described in BS 812 give a
measure of the comparative behaviour of materials
under the specified test regime. It is not necessarily
implied that the results give a realistic indication of
the behaviour of the material in practice. Guidance
on the interpretation of test results is given in the
appropriate Parts.
Precision estimates of the test procedures are given
in the appropriate Parts of the standard. Their
application to the setting of compliance limits, data
screening, and monitoring of laboratories is
discussed in clause 5.
5 Precision of test methods
5.1 General. This clause describes how the
precision estimates given in other Parts of this
British Standard may be used, and gives a method,
involving tests on duplicate laboratory samples,
which may be used to measure the variability
arising from sampling errors.
5.2 Symbols. The symbols used in this clause are as
follows:
N a number of batches;
a, b single test results obtained on the
same laboratory sample;
A, B laboratory samples from the same
batch;
D the difference between two single
test results obtained on the same
laboratory sample;
M the mean value of two single test
results obtained on the same
laboratory sample;
x overall mean of data;
VS variance arising from sampling
errors;
VSr variance arising from sample
reduction errors;
VL variance arising from
between-laboratory differences;
Vr, Vr1 repeatability variances;
VR, VR1, VR2 reproducibility variances;

Licensed Copy: Dong Su Lee, Hyundai Engineering Constructi, Sat Nov 17 06:39:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
r, r1 repeatability, measures of
within-laboratory variability;
R, R1, R2 reproducibility, measures of
between-laboratory variability.
5.3 Relationships. Table 1 shows the relationships
between repeatability and reproducibility and their
variances, and also how the sampling, sample
reduction and laboratory variances contribute to the
repeatability and reproducibility variances.
5.4 Uses of repeatability
5.4.1 General. Pairs of single test results obtained
under appropriate repeatability conditions from the
same laboratory sample are required. If the
intention is to consider the results of the tests
without a contribution from sample reduction error,
steps should be taken to ensure that sample
reduction error does not contribute to differences
between pairs of results. In this case the differences
would be compared with r. This is possibly only
when the test portion is not changed by the test
method and thus can be used again for the second
test. Alternatively, if the intention is to consider
results that include sample reduction errors, each
test portion should be obtained from its laboratory
sample by a separate sample reduction operation. In
this case the differences would be compared with r1.
5.4.2 Data screening. This procedure will be
appropriate when the tests can be repeated in a
reasonable time and at a reasonble cost. A pair of
single test results should be rejected and the tests
repeated if the difference between them exceeds r
or r1.
5.4.3 Laboratory monitoring. When the same test is
carried out regularly in a laboratory it is
recommended that pairs of single test results should
be obtained and the differences compared with r
or r1 to check the standard of testing in the
laboratory. 20 or more pairs of test results are
sufficient to allow a reliable assessment to be made.
5.5 Uses of reproducibility
5.5.1 Laboratory comparisons. If it is required to
carry out a comparison of two laboratories assuming
no sampling errors, the laboratories should use test
portions obtained from the same laboratory sample,
and the difference between the two single test
results should be compared with R1.
When two laboratories apply the same test method
to different laboratory samples of the same batch of
material, the difference between their two single
test results should be compared with R2. If the
differences is greater than R2, the following should
be investigated.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 812-101:1984
a) The test procedures, including sample
reduction, and the apparatus used in both
laboratories should be examined thoroughly to
eliminate errors, and the tests repeated on the
same laboratory samples.
b) The sampling procedure should be reviewed
and the tests repeated using new bulk samples.
c) Where the aggregate presents sampling
problems (as in the case of aggregate prone to
severe segregation and sampled from heaps), the
value of R2 should be recalculated using a value
of VS obtained either by examining available data
on similar aggregate or from tests on duplicate
laboratory samples of the aggregate as described
in 5.7.
5.5.2 Specification limits. The achievable precision
of a test method should be taken into consideration
when fixing specification limits using R2, which
includes allowances for sampling errors and sample
reduction errors.
5.6 Uses of variance arising from sampling
errors
5.6.1 General. In some circumstances it may be
necessary to assess sampling error. This will require
tests to be carried out using the particular test
method for which the results are required.
5.6.2 Sampler monitoring. The proficiency of a
sampler can be checked by requiring him to take
duplicate bulk samples. This should be done during
the course of normal sampling, but not necessarily
all at one time. The sampler should carry out the
tests described in 5.7 using aggregate to which an
established value of VS is applicable. If the value of
VS which he obtains is larger than the established
value, then the sampling procedures may need to be
reviewed.
5.6.3 Sampling method suitability. The tests
described in 5.7 are carried out using the aggregate
for which it is required to assess the suitability of
the standard method of sampling. If the value of VS
obtained is larger than the value given in the
appropriate Part of this British Standard for the
test method being used, then the method of
sampling should be improved (e.g. by taking a larger
number of increments), or the value of R2 should be
revised.
3
 BS 812-101:1984
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Table 1 — Relationships
Relationship Equation Variances involved
Initial Sample Test Between
sampling reduction method laboratory
Repeatability and r = 2.8 Vr Ï
reproducibility
r 1 = 2.8 Vr1 Ï Ï

R = 2.8 VR Ï Ï

R 1 = 2.8 V R1 Ï Ï Ï

R 2 = 2.8 V R2 Ï Ï Ï Ï

Sampling and sample V r1 = Vr + V Sr Ï Ï

reduction error
V R1 = V R + V Sr Ï Ï Ï

V R2 = V R + V S + V Sr Ï Ï Ï Ï

Laboratory variability VR = Vr + V L Ï Ï

V R1 = V r1 + V L Ï Ï Ï

V R2 = V r1 + V L + V Ï Ï Ï Ï
S
NOTE VS measures the variance of those sampling errors which are random in nature. Any systematic sampling errors, which
might occur if a sampler fails to follow the sampling procedure given in BS 812-102 and does not obtain representative samples, will
increase between-laboratory differences.

5.7 Measurement of variance arising from Where particle size is the property under
sampling errors consideration, record the characteristic of each test
5.7.1 General. This procedure allows the variance portion as the mass percentage (to the nearest 0.5 %
arising from sampling errors to be measured by a or less) passing the test sieve given in Table 2.
single operator on a single nominal type of Table 2 — Characteristic test sieve
aggregate. It gives a measure of the variance due to Aggregate size Characteristic test
sampling errors which is comparable with the sieve
values of VS, given in other Parts of this British > 20 mm a
Standard, which were obtained in precision trials.
5.7.2 Procedure. The procedure requires duplicate 5 mm to 20 mm 10 mm
bulk samples to be taken from at least nine batches < 5 mm 600 µm
of aggregate and a pair of single test results to be
Filler 150 µm
obtained from each bulk sample. Select batches of
the type and grading for which the results are aA
convenient test sieve is one which passes 10 to
required. The number of batches is denoted by N. 50 mass percentage of the aggregate.
Using the sampling method to be assessed, take a
bulk sample (A) and then a second bulk sample (B) 5.7.3 Calculations. From each pair of single test
from each batch. Reduce each bulk sample to the results from each bulk sample, calculate the mean
size of a laboratory sample using the method (MA or MB) and the difference (DA or DB) as given
described in BS 812-102. Produce from each in Table 3, without rounding any value. Calculate:
laboratory sample the test portion or portions
required to obtain a single test result (a), using the x = ∑ ( M A + M B ) ⁄ ( 2N )
sample reduction method described in the 2 2
appropriate Part of this standard, and then V r1 = ∑ ( DA + D B ) ⁄ ( 4N )
re-combine the remainder of the laboratory sample  2 
and produce the test portion or portions required to VS = 

∑ ( M A + MB ) ⁄ ( 2N )  – 0.5 V r1

obtain a second single test result (b), using the same
method. Carry out the tests using the procedure r 1 = 2.8 V r1
from the appropriate Part of this standard and
record the results in a table as shown in Table 3.

4 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 812-101:1984
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If this calculation yields a negative value for VS, 5.7.4 Worked example. From the data in Table 3,
report VS as zero. N = 9, and
Record the variance VS to three significant figures x = 20.8
as the measure of the variance arising from
2 2
sampling errors. If the value of r1 is greater than the ∑ ( DA + D B ) = 68
value given for r1 in the appropriate Part of this
British Standard then the sample reduction and/or 2
the testing have not been carried out to an adequate
∑ ( MA – MB ) = 219.5
proficiency and this value of VS is unreliable, and it So that
is advisable to check the sample reduction and Vr1 = 68/36 = 1.89
testing procedures and then repeat the sampling
and testing described in 5.7.2. VS = (219.5/18) – 0.5 (1.89) = 11.2
r1 = 3.8
Table 3 — Sieve tests on coarse aggregate. % passing 10 mm
Batch Bulk sample A Bulk sample B A–B
difference
Single test Mean Difference Single test Mean Difference
results result
a b MA DA a b MB DB MA–MΒ
1 17 20 18.5 3 20 20 20 0 1.5
2 17 19 18 2 25 21 23 4 5
3 27 30 28.5 3 17 17 17 0 11.5
4 23 22 22.5 1 17 18 17.5 1 5
5 29 26 27.5 3 25 27 26 2 1.5
6 18 19 18.5 1 15 13 14 2 4.5
7 18 18 18 0 17 16 16.5 1 1.5
8 25 23 24 2 26 27 26.5 1 2.5
9 18 18 18 0 19 21 20 2 2

© BSI 11-1998 5
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6
blank
 BS 812-101:1984

Publications referred to
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BS 812, Testing aggregates.

BS 812-102, Methods for sampling.
BS 5497, Precision of test methods.
BS 5497-1, Guide for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method.
BS 5532, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols.

© BSI 11-1998
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