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    ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PRACTICE OF HYDRAULIC CONCRETE STRUCTURES ‘Second Edition Karuna Mey Ghosh (© 2012 by PHI Learning Privato Limited, New Delhi. Al rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. 1SBN-978-81-203-4594.2 The export righis of thie book are vested colely with the publisher ‘Second Printing (Second Edition) May, 2012 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patpargan), Delhi-1 10091 Preface Preface to the First Edition 1. Design Philosophy and Practices 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Underground Tanks for the Sewage Treatment Plant Projects 1.3 Water Reservoir for the Public Fresh Potable Water Supply Projects 1.4 Immersed Highway Tunnel under the River Bed 1,5. Underground Tanks for the Private and Public Swimming Pool Facilities 1.6. Types of Hydraulic Structu L6.1 Dam Structure 1,62 Power Inta 1.63. Power Tunnels 164 Spillway Structure 1.7 Design Considerations 18 Materials 6 1.8.1 Design Stresses 18.2 Durability 1.9 Structural Analy: 1.9.1 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) Method of Analysis 1.9.2 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Method of Analysis 1.9.3 Load Combinations 3 6 and Cover to Reinforcement LL8.3 Design Life and Serviceability 7 ke Structure 3 1.6.5 Hydroelectric Power Plant Structure 4 7 3 4 7 194 Structural Analysis and Design of Hydraulic Structures 1.9.5 Analysis of Walls and Junctions 9 1.9.6 Design Calculations for Crack Width 1.10 Construction Joints u 9 7 Contents 8 1-13 Vi Contents 1.11 Site Conditions 1 LI. Ground Movement 11 LL11.2 Agaressive Soils and Chemical Deterioration 12 L113 Sequence of Construction of Underground Liquid Retaining Structures. 1.12 Abbreviations 13 References. 13 2. Sedimentation Tank 2.1 Principles and Practices 14 2.1.1 Chemical Separation Process 14 2.2 Design Data 15 2.3 Design Considerations 15 23.1 Functional Aspects 15 2.3.2 Choice of Construction Materials 16 23.3 Design Stresses 16 24° Pressure Calculations 16 Bending Moment 17 25.1 For Horizontal Span 17 25.2 Along the Plane of Slope 17 2.6 Design of Section 17 246.1 Calculation Reinforcement Steel 17 2.6.2 Calculation of Crack Width 20 2.7 To Check against Floatation — 21 References 22 3. Digestion Tanks 3.1 Brief Description of the Structure 23 2 Funetional Aspects 23 2.1 Principles of Process 23 3.3. Alternative Choice of Open or Covered Top 24 3.4 Selection of Construction Materials 25 3.5. Ground Conditions 25 3.6 Design Data 25 3.7 Design Stresses 25 38 Codes Followed 26 3.9 Structural Analysis and Design 26 39.1 Design Considerations of Cylindrical Tank Wall 26 3.9.2 Pressure Calculations 27 3.9.3 Design of Section 27 3.94 Distribution Stcel/Vertical Steel to Resist Early Age Thermal Cracking 3.9.5 To Check against Cracking in Tension 29) 3.10 To Check against Uplift 30 3.11 Soil Pressure Calculations 3 R 14-22 23-34 29 Contents Vii 3.12 Design of Conical Base 37 3.12.1 Design of Peripheral Beam 37 3.12.2 Design along the Perimeter of Dome 42 3.13 Investigation of Temperature Stress in Wall 32 References 34 A Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir in a Rural District Community 4.1 Brief Description 35 4.2. The Basic Dimensions of the Reservoir 36 43. Funetional Aspect 36 44 Alternative Arrangement to Place the Reservoir on High El 4.5. Ground Conditions 37 4.6 Selection of Construction Materials 37 4.7 Basic Principles in the Structural Analysis and Design 37 4.8 Design Considerations in the Analyses along with Construction Stages 4.8.1 Basement Wall 37 4.8.2 To Check for Crack 49 Design of Roof Slab 45 49.1 Design Considerations 45 4.10 Design of Foundation Slab 57 4.10.1 Design Considerations 51 ated Support dth 44 4.10.2 General Pressure Caleulations 52 4.10.3 Analysis 53 4.104 Design of Section 53 4.10.5 Check for Punching Shear 54 4.10.6 Check for Crack Width 56 4.10.7 Design of Column 58 References 58 Immersed Highway Tunnel Crossing a River 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Brief Description of Suucture 59 5.3 Design Philosophy and Practice 60 5.3.1 Functional Aspects of Structure 61 5.32 Alternative Structural Arrangement 67 5.3.3. Structural System and Type 61 534 Buildability — 62 5.3.5. Selection of Construction Material 62 5.3.6 Location, Ground Condition and Seismic Information 62 5.3.7 Environmental Impact. 64 S38 Design Concept 64 54° Structural Analysis and Design 64 54.1 Structural Analysis 64 54.2 Methods and Procedures in the Analysis and Design 64 35-58 36 37 59-94 viii 55 56 57 38 59 Contents Design Data 66 55.1 General 66 55.2 Loads 66 5.5.3 Properties of Materials 69 5.54 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) 70 5.5.5. Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Method 70 55.6 Load Combinations 70 Earth Works 71 ‘To Check for Floatation in SLS Method 77 Soil Pressure Calculations at the Base of Foundation 73 Analysis of Structural Frame 73 59.1 Design Concept 73 5.9.2 Analysis of Structure 73 59.3 Procedures in the Analysis 73 5.94 To Prepare a Structural Model 73 59.5 Loadings 73 59.6 Analysis of Structural Portal Frame 75 5.9.7 Design of Structural Members 82 References 94 Underground Tanks for the Private and Public Swimming Pool Facilities 95-113 6.1 Introduction — 95 62. Brief Description 96 6.2.1 Competition Pools 96 63 Design Data 96 6.4 Design Philosophy and Practice 97 6.4.1 Functional Aspects 98 64.2 Alternative Structural System 98 64.3 Structural System and Type 98. GAA Selection of Construction Material 99 64.5 Location, Ground Condition and Seismic Information 99 6.5 Structural Analysis and Design 100. 63.1 Structural Analysis 100 6.5.2 Methods and Procedures in the Analysis and Design 100 6.5.3 Procedures in the Design of Structural Members 100 66 Design Data 101 66.1 General 101 662 Loads 101 6.6.3 Safety against Uplift for the Swimming Pool Structure 101 6.64 Conerete Durability 102 6.6.5 Properties of Materials 102 6.66 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Method 103 66.7 Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Method 103 6.68 Load Combinations 104 6.7 To Check Floatation in SLS Method 104 6.8 To Calculate the Soil Pressure under the Foundation Base 105 Contents ix 69 Analysis of Structure 106 69.1 Analysis of Vertical Wall 106 69.2 Analysis of Base Slab 109 References. 113 A Gravity Dam for Fresh Water Reservoir 114-128 7.1 Introduction — 114 7.2 Design Philosophy and Practice 116 7.2.1 Functional Aspects 116 722 Types of Concrete Gravity Dams 116 7.2.3 Construction Methods and Construction Procedures 116 7.24 Selection of Construction Materials 117 7.28. Site Selection, Ground Condition and Foundation Strength Parameters 117 7.2.6 Buildability (Constructibility) — 119 7.2.7 Environmental Impact 119 73 Design Data 1/9 73.1 General 119 732 Loads 119 73.3. Safety against Uplift for the Completed Dam 121 734 Overturning Stability 127 735° Sliding Stability 120 13.6 Properties of Concrete 122 73.7 Load Combinations — 123 TA Stability Analysis 123 7A.1 To Check for Floatation in SLS Method 123 742 Overtuming Stability 124 743 Foundation Pressure 125 744 Conerete Stress 127 745. Sliding Stability 127 References 127 A Spillway Structure 129-159 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2. Brief Description 129 8.2.1 Spillway Structure 130 8.2.2 Chute Structure — 130 8.2.3 Drainage Gallery and Grout Curtain. 13 824 Conduits 137 8.25. Spillway Bridge 132 8.2.6 Spillway Bridge Piers 132 83. Design Considerations: Design Philosophy and Practice 132 8.3.1 Types of Concrete Structures and Suitability of Grades of Concrete 132 8.3.2. Selection of Construction Materials 134 3.3. Site Selection, Ground Conditions and Foundation Strength Parameters 134 8.34 Buildability (Constructability) 135 8.3.5 Environmental Impact 136 X Contents 84 Design Data 136 84.1 Brief Design Dimensions ofthe Structures Considered 136 842 Loads 138 8.4.3 Safety against Uplift for the Completed Spillway Structure 139) 844° Overturning Stability 140 84.5 Sliding Stability 140 8.4.6 Properties of Concrete [41 84.7 Load Combinations 142 8.5. Structural Design Considerations 142 85.1 Contraction Joints 142 85.2 Construction Joints 143 853° Waterstops 143 8.6 Structural Analy: 143 8.6.1 Spillway Structure 143 8.62 Chute Structure 147 8.7 Structural Design of Structures. 147 8.7.1 Spillway Structure 147 8.7.2 Spillway Bridge Pier 149 873. Spillway Bridge 153 8.74 Drainage Gallery 157 8.75 Chute Structure 157 References 159 Index 161-166 a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. Sedimentation Tank 15 Water level EL.34.725 9.01 Square TSO quare + = +1 Ground water table EL. 33.440 ‘nae ele Ut u i fost] | 4057 Tm} : ais i fy 15, | Less i we ' a |? ‘ 1 or Diameter ofnsribed i sire the design span, i D=30m . 0.46 “a6 Figure 2.1 GA, sedimentation tank 2.2 Design Data ‘The sedimentation tank is a rectangular cone shaped hopper structure of reinforced concrete construction @ The maximum size at ground level = 7.65 m x 7.65 m (inside) (ii) The minimum size at 6.828 m depth from ground level = 0.46 m x 0.46m (inside) (ii) Depth below ground level = 6,828 m, height of tank above ground level = 0.917 m () Thickness of wall assumed = 0.380 m Allowable steel stresses in direct or flewural tension for serviceability limit states fj, = 130N/mm? [for allowable maximum crack width w = 0.2 mm for deformed bars of (f,, = $00 Nimm?)] (see Figure 2.1) 2.3 Design Considerations ‘The bottom portion of hopper is assumed to be partially suspended from the massive rectangular peripheral beam acting a horizontal closed box sider So, half of hopper load is taken by box girder and the rest by the soil in contact of the hopper bottom 2. 3.1 Functional Aspects ‘The main functional aspects are to collect all the waste sludge from various sources and mixed a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. 34 Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulie Concrete Structures Heat transmitted through the wall from liquid to external air H=Cx (T= 1) xA ‘Therefore (,- T=, Ty «ex 4 = (2 +1) x 0.155 x 2903 x —S__ ° (8.3 x 2903) =33x 0185 x 3S = 780 83 Stress induced in concrete due to temperature difference. pwak,x ax Go = 42 x 10 x 6.85 x 10% x 5 x 10% = 1.7 Nimm?<2.2 Nimm? (Satisfactory) So, the concrete will not crack The tensile sires in stecl due to hoop tension: Total hoop tension at 4.7 m depth = 479.81 x 82 — 220 kim height Hoop stress, p- 1 = 420 86 Nimm? < 130 N/mm? 4 So, no extra reinforcement is needed for temperature stress, Refer to Figure 3.4 References [3.1] Eurocode 2:Part 1-3: Liquid retaining and containment structures [3.2] Burocode 2:Part 1-1: Design of concrete structures [3.3] National Annex-NA to BS EN 1992:3-2006. 4] BS 8007: 1987:Design of concrete structures retaining liquids [3.5] BS 8110: Part 2:1985: Structural use of concrete for special circumstances. [3.6] Faber and Mead, Reinforced conerete, E & EN. Spons, London, 1961 CHAPTERG A Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir in a Rural District Community 4.1 Brief Description ‘The service water reservoir is constructed to serve fresh potable water in a rural district community ‘The reservoir may either be buill partly or wholly sunk in the ground. The roof of fresh water service reservoir is usually covered with 30 cm to 75 em of surfed filling and is inaccessible to Lorries, so that only the dead load requires consideration. The service reservoirs are most frequently constructed of reinforced concrete. The advantages include (a) more uniform temperature of the water, (b) protection against pollution, and (©) prevention of growth of algae by excluding the sunlight Flat slab construction is generally recommended to provide clear spaces inside the reservoir, This kind of roof is not suitable for concentrated loads particularly heavy live loads of vehicle, In selecting the type of wall the excavation must be kept to a minimum, The cost ellective way is to construct the wall monolithic with the base slab assuming a part of base slab acting as a footing of the wall. Buried reservoirs should be designed for both maximum carth pressure on the outside of the walls when the reservoir is empty. and full water pressure on the inside of the walls. It will be unwise to rely on the earth filling part balancing the water pressure, since the filling may not have been placed at the time of the initial testing of the work for water tightness. Moreover in many soils, particularly clays, under conditions of drought, the soil will shrink away from the structure creating an appreciable gap between soil surface and structure 36 Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulie Concrete Structures 4.2. The Basic Dimensions of the Reservoir (@ The underground reservoir is 400 mm below finished ground lovel and an overburden of soil of about 400 mm Gi) The inner dimension of the reservoir is 20.0 m x 20,0 m x 4.0 m high from base slab to the underside of roof slab with spacing of internal columns of 5.0 m. (iii) The vertical wall is constructed to span vertically monolithic with the base and roof stabs. (iv) The base and roof slabs are of flat slab construction fo clear space within the reservoir, (v) Top-water level is 3.7 m (free board) of base slab. (vi) Maximum ground water level is 400 mm below finished ground lovel in rainy season, (vii) To attain maximum impermeability of water through the concrete, the maximum crack width shall not be more than 0.2 mm (refer to Figure 4.1) je 25.0 m 25.0 m square inside dimensions +} Je — 5.0 mye 5.0m—e— 5.0m —e— 510m —>} aR TE T é + tteeceeeal Th] TL 4.0m * x Thickness of drop = 380 mm 250 mm roof slab 4400 mm thick wall fi tions “450 mim base Foundation lab 130 mm 150mm splay \g) 8 Figure 4.1 GA. underground potable wat 4.3 Functional Aspect ‘The underground reservoir is to primarily supply potable fresh water to the local public community. Every care shall be taken to design and maintain the reservoir so that it does not get polluted and contaminated by leakage through the reinforced concrete structure. It will be environmentally friendly by constructing below ground level with overburden soil covering higher than the normal ground level in accessible to traffic and finally turfing. The whole reservoir is protected by barrier to avoid human contamination, 4.4 Alternative Arrangement to Place the Reservoir on High Elevated Support ‘The water tank or reservoir may be constructed on elevated support (see Gray and Manning) [4.1] ‘The construction of elevated support and the reservoir may be costly compared to the underground 4 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 37 reservoir. The maintenance becomes sometimes difficult in rural areas. The temperature of water becomes high in summer season that may cause trouble to the public. Considering the above points, it is advisable to construct the underground reservoir. 4.5 Ground Conditions Ground explorations were carried out and soil samples were tested in the laboratory: The results were recorded in a tabular form (see Capper and Cassie) [4.2] From the test results the bearing capacity of soil at the foundation level was calculated as 200 kNim2, ‘The ground is flooded seasonally. So, the maximum water table reaches at 25 em below the original ground level, 4.6 Selection of Construction Materials Generally, two main types of materials used in containing potable fresh water, namely concrete and stcel. In recent years high density polystyrene material is in use in holding potable water tanks. But durability of this material in extreme weather conditions is questionable. The fresh ‘water tanks made of stecl plates is durable provided regular maintenance is carried. Considering all the above points, reinforced concrete reservoir is recommended. Therefore, we shall adopt reinforced concrete reservoir as the alternative and better construction material. 4.7, Basic Principles in the Structural Analysis and Design ‘The analysis and design shall be based on the following codes: (a) Burocode EC 2: Part 3-Design of concrete structures: liquid retaining and containment structures [4.3] with conerete grade C35 of minimum characteristic compressive cylinder strength, fg = 35 Nimm? at 28 days (b) Eurocode EC 2: Part 1-Design of concrete structures; general rules and rules for buildings [4.4]. (©) BS 8007:1987: Design of concrete structures for retaining aqucous liquids [4.5] 4.8 Design Considerations in the Analyses along with Construction Stages 4.8.1 Basement Wall (i) Design considerations ‘The wall shall be analysed in three stages after the construction of basement slab: + Stage 1 Consider the wall to be acting as a cantilever during the initial construction stage ‘without top slab and no load from roof slab. 38° Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures + Stage 2 The top slab is constructed only, thus the wall will be assumed to act as a propped cantilever + Stage 3. The whole structure is completed. (ii) Analysis at stage 1 (a) Provide the pumping arrangement around the periphery of basement structure to down the water table to the underside of basement evel to facilitate the construction, (b) Excavate up to the base level with 1:1.5 slope (I horizontal: 1.5 horizontal) (6) Construct the base slab over 75 mm blinding concrete (a) Construct the wall in stages. (c) Fill the remaining excavated part between structure and soil face and consolidate behind the wall with selected fill and bottom 600 mm with graded gravel to act as a drain. (Continue the pumping out of water with close monitoring of the water table. (g) Assume 10 kN/m? surcharge at ground level (h) Consider the wall as cantilever retaining wall. Horizontal soil pressure caleulations Assume ¢” = Angle of intemal ftiction = 30° % X 9.81 = 19.62 kNim® say 20 Nim? 1%, = water density = 1 x 9.81 = 9.81 KNim® say 10 kNim® ‘i= height of the wall constructed from the top of the base slab = 4.0 m soil density Groundwater table is always kept below the base slab (5.15 m from ground level). ‘The maximum soil pressure at 4,0 m from ground level, (1=sin30°) XXYy = 033 x - 2 Pa er singgey XP XZ4 = 033 4.0 x 20 = 26.4 KN Horizontal component of pressure due to surcharge In addition, the wall is subjected to surcharge due t0 construction vehicle movement = w, = 10 kNim? Horizontal component of surcharge, _ d=sin30°) (1 sin30°) Xw,= 0.33 «10 = 3.33 KNim? Moment Moment due to the above horizontal pressures, ‘The maximum bending moment at the base of cantilever wall h 1 2 M,= Py 5 XH 3 +P F (4.0) 4.0 6 = 96.8 KN m = 264 x +33% 4 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 39 With partial safety factor, yg, = 1.35 for soil [see EC EN 1990-2002 (E)] Ultimate design moment, Mz, = 1.35 x 96.8 = 130.7 KN m To check stability against floatation Assume the pumping is temporarily stopped due to unforeseen circumstances. The water level has risen to the ground level, In this ease, to check the stability of the structure against floatation: Vertical dead loads Assuming weight of conerete 24 Nim? Weight of the wall of 400 mm thick = 20.4 x 4 x 4.0 x 0.4 x 24 = 3133 KN Weight of base slab = 208 x 208 x 045 x24 = 4673 KN Total = 7806 kNL Net uplift = 4.00 10 x 20.8 x 20.8 = 17306 KNT So, the structure floats ‘Therefore, under any circumstances the water table must not be allowed to rise 1.6 m above the bottom of base slab (2.85 m below ground level), A careful monitoring of water table should be observed so that the structure does not float in case the pumping stopped temporarily (i In the 2nd stage of construction, the following steps are taken: i) Analysis at stage 2 (a) The roof slab is constructed with the wall so that the whole structure is complete, and the wall is assumed to behave as camilever. (b) Assume the pumping of groundwater stopped and the water table gradually returned 10 the ground level, To check stability against floatation Vertical dead loads: Base slab (assumed 450 mm thick) = 20.8 x 20.8 x 0.45 x24 = 4673 KN Wall (assumed 400 mm thick) = 20.4 x 4x 4.0.x 0.4 x24 = 3133 KN Roof slab (assumed 250 mm thick) = 20.8 x 20.8 x 0.25 x24 = 2596 kN. ‘Total = 10402 kN Internal supporting columns = 9x04 x04 x4 x24 35 kN Total = 10437 kN Net uplift = 17306 kN So, the structure Moats, ‘Therefore, the pumping must be continued to keep the groundwater down, (iv) Analysis at stage 3 Design considerations In stage 3, consider the whole structure as complete. The soil overburden is placed, consolidated and turfed with natural grass and this overburden must not be allowed to remove in any circumstances, 40 Anaiysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures Loadings Vertical dead loads From structure = 10437 kN Weight of overburden soil = 20.8 x 20,8 x 0.45 x 20 = 3894 KN Total = 14331 NU Net uplift = 17306 KNT So, the structure floats when the reservoir is empty ‘Thorefore, to avoid any’ uplift condition extend the base slab 1.0 m beyond the outer face of wall to act as a heel. Theoretically the mass of soil contained within the area in counterbalancing the uplift may be taken equal to a line 60° from the base line to the ground surface, But from the practical point of view the mass of soil over the heel shall be taken to counterbalance the uplift In this condition, the additional vertical weight of mass of soil w= 47 x 218 x4 x 1x 20 = 8197 kN lo check the stability against floatation Vertical dead loads: From structure + overburden soil = 14331 kN From weight of soil over the heel = 8197 KN Total vertical load 12528 KNU Net uplift = 22.0 x 22 x 4 x 10 = 19360 kNT Factor of safety against floatation 22528 19360 (Minimum allowable safety factor = 1.1) (Safe) To calculate the horizontal pressures on wall at f= [4.0 ~ 0.15 (splay)] = 3.85 m depth below ground level, ie. at 0.15 m from the top of the base slab. Consider 1 m length of wall and the water table at ground level. Assume the reservoir empty os 16> 11 (a) Soil pressure (submersed) (= sin30°) 1 Py ape MAX (La ~ Fw) Fy x 3.85 x (20 - 10) = 2 Papin a0, AT T= X3.RS x (20 10) ~ 12.8 Ni (b) Surcharge w= 10 kNim? (=sin30%) 10 — > xwa— =3.33 ° P. (1+ sin 30°) 3 3 Na (©) Water pressure Py = % X= WO x 3.85 = 38.5 KNim? 13 kNim? Total (soil + water) pressure at 3.85 m depth, p=, +p,, = (12.8 +385 Moment Consider the wall fixed at base and hinged at top. 4 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 41 Referring to Stool Designers Manual (Sth ed.) published by The Steel Construction Institute, Berkshire, UK in 1992 for moment coefficients, we have Moment at base (3.85 m depth): 21 at 2 Moment duc to (soil + water) = 5%3% pI? = 72 x51.3X G85)" =50.7 Nm 15 “2 41 ¢3,33% (3.85)? =6.2 kNm 1 2 Moment due to surcharge = 5% Py XH 8 EM at 3.85 m depth = (50.7 + 6.2) = 56.9 KN m Moment at mid-height (approximately): ‘Moment due to (soil + water} xpxs 3xG.85"° 16.77 9 Pins 2 foment due to surcl dP = 3 x (3.85) =3.5 kN m Moment duc to surcharge = 735% Ds Xd? = 7553.33 % (3.85)? =3.5 KN E= 22.7435 = 262 kNm Ultimate design moment Referring to EC EN 1990:2002 (B) for earth and water pressure, partial safety factor, for soil and water pressure, yo, = 1.35; for surcharge, Yo, = 1.5 (see Eurocode I-Basis of structural design EN 1990-2002 (E)) [4.6] ++ Ultimate design moment at base (3.85 m depth) Mp, = (35 * 50,7 + 1.5 x 62) KN m 78 KN m Ultimate design moment at mid-height Mp, = (1.38 x 22.7 + 1.5 x 3.5) KN m= 36 KN m Axial load on wall DL from roof slab (assumed 250 mm thick) = 2.9 x 5 x 0.25 x ed 450 mm thick) DL from overburden soil from roof (assu 20 = 29.5 «045 x 5 = 26 kNim rum Self weight of wall (assumed 400 mm thick) = 10x04 x 4x24 = 384 Nim Total DL = 79.4 kN/m run With partial safety factor, 7g, = 1.35 Ultimate load/m run on wall N, Refer to Figure 4.2 135 x 79.4 = 107 KN 42 Anaiysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures Wallhinged at of Goundyater table Bomm wol overmurden Nig LOTRN aoe 280-mm root slab += 400 mn wall 40m Inside of tank assumed empty El TT. 130 mm TREN m }33KNin) E385 KN! J 12 gn? 450 mm base stab ["Timate'| Surcharge” Water” Soi ‘moment pressure pressure diagram Figure 4.2 Soil and water pressure and moment diagrams on seservoir Wall Design of section at base of wall (3.85 m depth from top): (a) Jn ultmate limit state design method This wall is subjected to ultimate moment, Myy = 78 KN m ultimate axial thrust, Ny = 107 kN So, the wall shall be treated as a column (1000 mm x 400 mm) subjected to axial thrust and moment ‘Assumed: wall thickness = 400 mm Effective thickness, 1 4,= 400 ~ cover ~ diameter of distribution bar ~ > main bar = 400-40 = 10-2 2344 mm 2 1M gs 7” 400 Ne 97x —10_ @xn {1000 400) Met 7g, 10° _ ggg Oxi) ‘1000 x 400") Referring to Chart 43 of BS 8110; Part 3:1985 With £,, = 45 Nimm? and /, = 500 N/mm? 1 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 43 1004, (xn) But minimum % of total reinforcement should not be less than = 0.4 (A,, for both faces) Ay. = 04 x 1000 1600 mm? 100 For cach face = 4, /2 = 800 mm? Use: T16 @ 200 cle cach vertical face (A, provided = 1005 mm?) Horizontal distribution bar: T10 @ 150 e/¢ to control early-age thermal crack (b) In serviceability limit state design To design the section against cracking: At a section just above the splay in the wall service moment, M, = 77 KN m with characteristic axial tensile strength in concrete, /. = 2.2 N/mm? and mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete. /.,, = 3.2 N/mm? M, 10° 2 Ato xq = 29 Nim fg = 22 Nin bl <= 3.2 CS) {rmoxe9?) Therefore, the section is accepted. But the section should be checked for allowable crack width = 0.2 mm (See Figure 43) Wall hinged at root kw Groundwater able 0mm soi] verano S250 mm roof slab fe} 400 min wall s6kNm— T10@ 150 cl both faces 40m le 16 @ 200 cfc both faces Inside of tank assumed empty $= 150 mp SEE s0 mm base sab >) TREN m Ultimate | Surcharge * Water” Soft omen pressure pressure diagram Figure 4.3 Reservoir wall-reinforeement details 44 Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures To check for shear stress in the wall Ultimate shear just above the splay (at a depth of 3.85 m from the top) due to soil and water pressures y, Ultimate shear at a depth of 3.85 m from the top due to surcharge V,= 15 x B.33 x 3.85) = 19 kN Shear at a distance f, (340 mm) from splay due to water and soil pressures 123 KN 18 kN ‘Therefore, total ultimate shear, V,, = (123 + 18) kN = 141 kN 10° . 18 *(1000 x 0.95 x 340) felon? Vow ex Ultimate shear stress, where 2 = 0.95 d (approximately) 1 005, (bxd) oo * > - =77 x10 __ = 245 Nim? < 0,8 /,< 0.8 x $00 < 400 Nim? Lae ~7*Go0s x3 s fe 245 ain in steel, ¢, = 2#=——-> — Surain in steel & = = Daa Str it a depth ¢ fi = 0.0012 a, rain ata dopih from top, «, = 0.0012 x Sy = 014 x¢- 0.0014 [1000 x (400 ~ 84) Bx E,% A,X, - 01 [3% 200 x 1000 > 1005 % (340 —84)] erage strain at the level where the cracking is being considered 40014 ~ 0.00065 = 0.00075 1002 + 602))5— 8 = 109 mm istance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar 10 mm = minimum cover to the tension steel 4- ‘Therefore, crack width, BX ae, XEq) (35109 0.00075) fen eT (400 - 84) So, the value obtained is 8: = 0.11 mm < 0.2 mm (maximum allowable) factory, 4.9 Design of Roof Slab 4.9.1 Design Considerations ‘The slab can be analysed as flat slab construction. This type of construction provides unobstructed clear head room to work and in the maintenance, 46 Anatysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Conerete Structures ‘There are two ways of analyzing the flat slab (a) Empirical method (b) Frame analysis method. (a) Empirical method The following conditions must be satisfied for adopting the empirical method ‘There should be at least 3 pancls in cach direction ‘The sizes of panels should meet to the requirement so that the ratio of length to breadth of panel does not exceed 1.33 In our case the above conditions are satisfied. But Eurocode does not mention to use the ‘empirical method. So, we adopt the frame analysis method. (b) Frame analysis method Referring to the code, the following procedures are adopted in the analysis; The flat slab is divided longitudinally and transversely into a series of frames column strip and strip of slab. In square panels, the length of span is the distance between the centres of columns considered. The slab width is divided into column strip and middle strip. ‘The colum strip is equal to half of the panel width along the centre line of columns, and the middle strip is equal to half the width of panel The frame consists of a slab of width equal to the full width of the slab from centre to contre of columns at right angles to the direction of span. The columns below the slab under consideration shall be assumed fixed at their far ends, thus constituting a simplified sub-frame The frame stiffness of the slab shall be the second moment of the area of the whole width of the slab and for the column the moment of inertia of the column. In calculating the stiffness of the slab the drop may be ignored if their smaller dimension is less than one-third of the dimension of the panel. The frame analysis shall be carried out in its entirety by Hardy Cross method or any other suitable clastic method. ( Design data Consider a transverse or longitudinal (both are of the same dimensions) sub-frame. Referring to Figure 4.1 + Width of slab = spacing of main frame = 5.0m + Ist span from left = 5.0 m + 2nd.span from left = 5.0 m + 3rd span from left = 5.0 m Height of column from basement = 4.0 m + Slab thickness Referring to code: Minimum standard fire resistance REL 60 (60 minutes), minimum slab thickness should be 180 mm . Assume that the roof slab thickness = 250 mm 4 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 47 + Size of drop The dimension shall be 1/3 of smaller panel dimension (5.0 m X 5.0m): ie. minimum size of drop = 1/3 x 5.0 = 1.66 m Assume that the size of the drop = 1.7 m x 1.7 m + Depth of drop minimum depth of drop from the top = D,= 1.5 xD = 1.5 x 250 375 mm Assume thickness of the drop = 380 mm, + Width of column strip = 1/2 spacing of frame = 5/2 = 2.5 m + Width of middle strip = 1/2 spacing of frame = 5/2 = 2.5 m Loadings Dead loads (G,) 250 mm slab = 0,25 x 24 = 6.0 kN/m? 380 mm drop = (038 0.25) x 1.7 x 42 x24 = 1.8 kNin? 0.45 x 20 9.0 N/m? Total dead loadm®, G, = 168 kNimm 450 mm overburden soil Imposed load Assume that the roof slab is inaccessible. So, no imposed load is considered. With a partial factor for dead load, Yo, = 1.35 Design ultimate load/m?, WH Gx Ya W= 16.8 x 1.35 = 22.7 kNim? Design ultimate load on 5.0 m width of slab = 5 x 22.7 = 113.5 kNim (iii) Analysis + Ultimate design moment calculations Consider @ panel transverse or longitudinal of width = 5.0 m contre to centre of column (sce Figure 4.4). ‘Assume the panel simply supported at ends and continuous over the interior columns, Ultimate moment at about mid of end span = 0.075 x 113.5 x S?= 213 KN m (where 0,075 = moment factor) Ultimate moment at first interior support ~ 0.086 x 113.5 x 5 (vhere, 0.086 = moment factor) + Distribution of design moment in panels of fat slab For Column strip 2.5 m wide: Negative moment at support = 75% of support moment = 0.75 x 247 = 185 kN m Positive moment at mid-span = 55% of mid-span moment = 0.55 x 213 = 117 KN m For middle strip 2.5 m wide Negative moment at support Positive moment at mid-span 247 KN m 25 x 247 = 62 KN m O45 x 213 = 99 KN m 25% of support moment 45% of mid-span moment Design of section Consider the column strip with width 6 = 2500 mm Moment at support Negative moment at support (from previous calculations), Mj, 185 kN m Depth of drop, D, = 380 mm 48 Anaiysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures Opening for : : entry inthe Midae strip B Column strip. * t JSS Leohimnt 4 30 fe bottom and op of dA stip 4 Miata st T12 @ 130 cic top over drop | ms, ‘estan in t Midate sr : @ : T12,@ 150 ee}bottoni column’ strip | | 2500 fal Colum sti Mia strip 000 Forsestons AandB,| iaaid’ "faa ie [id see Figure 45; SP stam SP fotumn 8? oglu P stip stip stip 5000 —ole— 5000 —wl4— 5000 He 000 Figure 4.4 Reinforcement details of roof flat slab, Effective depth, d, = 380 — 6(1/2 bar diameter) ~ cover 80~6 (assumed 12 mm diameter) - 40 (considering crack width limitation) 34 mm My 185 x10° — Ht. 15x10" —__ 019 (xd; xf) (2500x334? x35) and 6= 1 Assuming the percentage of redistrib K = 0.156 Since K'< XK" compression reinforcement is not required, dovlemal = afoss(o2s oats ] 09 = 0,97 d but should not be more than 0.95 d. 49 4 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir in a Rural District Community 0100s —»4—— 00s ——r—— 01108 ——4e— 0008 — 9.051 BOLL dus | fits] | dus 9 j*— 0005 —r4¢—— 000s ——+e—— 0005 ——#t¢— 0005 —> 0sz ose sz ans 00 ‘ dhs 09 . — f cr 9051 CLL Soost ® cin t aos Dal nme [ i D quis joo - - - =e e199 051 DCL 50 Analysis und Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures My 087% fu x2) = 18510 =1340 mm? (0.87 x 500 X0.95 x34) ‘Therefore, Aja = 20 = 536 mm” Minimum reinforcement required as per code = 026% fx fe 5 334 = 0.26 x 32x 1900 x 334 500 556 mm? > 536 mm? where Fogg = mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete = 3.2 N/mm? b= assumed width of slab = 1000 mm 4, = effective depth of slab = 334 mm £4 = characteristic yield strength of reinforcement = 500 N/mm? Adopt: T12 @ 150 mm at support (A,, provided = 754 mm?) Moment at mid-span, Mp, = 117 KN m Consider, slab thickness D = 250 mm (without drop) Effective thickness, d, = 250 ~ 6 (1/2 diameter of reinforcement) + cover 50 - 6 - 40 = 204 mm Mey _ M710 (fue 2) (500 0.95 x 204) 1207 — sesamt p= 201 2685 mm? Afr 25 83. Adopt: T12 @ 150 c/e at bottom (A, provided = 754 mm?) Next consider the middle strip: Positive moment at mid-span = 99 kN m Effective thickness, d,, = 204 mm M, 99x 10° Ga x2 600x095 204) = 1022 mm? A 1022 109 mm? Aim = A Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir in a Rural District Community 51 4, As per code minimum reinforcement of steel = 0.26 X fy, Xb, X Sn 204 126 x 3.2 x 1000 x 500 39 mm Adopt: T10 @ 150 c/e bottom and top (As provided = 523 mm?) For reinforcement in other direction: provide the same as described above (See Figure 4.4) (¥) To check for punching shear Consider the shear perimeter at a distance 2 x d, 2 xd, + 0) x4 = 2 x 334 + 400) x4 = 4272 mm from the face of column where 334 mm. width of column (assumed size of column) = 400 mm x 400 mm Punching shear along perimeter, Veq = wx (5.0. 5.0 ~ 1,068 x 1,068) = 22.7 x (25 - 1.14) = 541.6 KN Punching shear stress, Vey S41.6 x10" S416 x10 = 938 N/mm? 4, Xd, 4x 1068x334 Percentage of steel, A,x100__ 754x100 1000x334 1000334 12 bx pS 038 0.12 x LTT x (0.23) x (35) 42 Nimm? > 0.38 N/mm? = 14{2) a4 (2) oa7 d 334 where, ‘Therefore, no shear reinforcement required. (vi) Next, consider the panel at right angles to the transverse one. of the same dimension and loading as the transverse one, the same rei be provided (see Figure 4.4). Since the panel is forcement shall 4.10 Design of Foundation Slab 4.10.1 Design Considerations + The foundation slab shall be analysed as flat slab subjected to soil pressure, + The flat slab panels shall be divided imto transverse and longitudinal strips at right angles to each other of width equal to the spacing of columns a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book. 1 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 58 4.10.3 Analysis Ultimate design moment calculations Consider a transverse panel of width = 5.0 m ‘Assume the panel is continuous over columns and hinged at end wall supports, Ultimate design upward soil pressure on $m wide = 45 x 5 = 225 kim length Nogative ultimate design moment at first interior suppor, M, = 0.086 x 225 x 5? = 484 KN m Positive ultimate design moment near middle of end span My, = 0.075 x 228 x $2 = 422 KN m Distribution of design moment in panels of flat slab Apportionment between column and ‘middle strips expressed as percentage of the total negative or positive design moment, So, for column strip of 2.5 m wide 75% of 484 KN m 55% of 422 KN m Negative moment at support Positive moment at mid-span 0.75 x 484 = 363 kN m 0.55 x 422 = 232 KN m For middle strip of 2.5 m wide: 0.25 x 484 = 121 KN m 190 KN m Negative moment at support Positive moment at mid-span = 0.45 x 422 = 4.10.4 Design of Section (i) Consider the column strip of 2.5 m wide Al support Design moment M,., = 363 kN m ‘Assumed depth of slab, D = 450 mm Effective depth, d= 450 ~ 40 (cover) ~ & (1/2 bar diameter) = 402 mm Mes 363 x10° (xd? xf) (2500% 402? x35) 025 198 d 2 = Sued -353 K)"1=Lt1+ 1 -3.53% 0025) but should not be greater than 0.95 Mex 363 10° (0.95%d xf.) 0.95 x402%500) 1901 2s = 1901 mm? 740 mm? Aim = 54. Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures Adopt: T16 @ 200 ele bottom (A, provided = 1005 mm?) At mid-span design moment, My, = 232 kN m 232x10° A= Ms 88 X10" __ 895 rue? O95xdx fn) (0.95 x 402 x500 21s 2 im = 2 =486 mm Ade="o8 Adopt: TI2 @ 150 cle top (A, provided = 753 mm?) (ii) Next, consider the middle strip of 2.5 m wide Al support design moment = 121 kN m I21x10° 95 xan2x50) Adopt: T12 @ 150 cle bottom (4, provided = 753 mm?) At mid-span design moment = 190 kN m 19010 = 995 mm? (0.95 x 402x500) =398 mm? om 25 Adopt: T12 @ 150 ele top (A, provided = 753 mm?) (see Figure 4.6), 4.10.5 Check for Punching Shear Shoar perimeter at a distance 2 x d from the face of column = 4x [2x2 x d+ ef =4 (x 402 + 400) = 8032 mm Each face of the punching side, | = 4x d+ ¢= 4 x 402 +400 = 2008 mm where size of the column = 400 (assumed) Punching shear along the perimeter timate upward soil reactions x (area supported by column ~ area of column) Vigg X (3.0 X 8.0 — 2.08 x 2.08) = 45 x 20.67 = 930.3 KN Punching shear stress, Ves 930.3 x10" . eee ans ° "uu ~ Gated) ~ x 2008x403) > NO 4 Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 55 Middle Column Middle Column Middle Column Middle sp | sin | ati | sip | tip | sip | tip T16.@ 200cle bottom TI2@ 150, =F inidate top and Boitom | T16@200cle ‘otto Midale TI@1s0ee stip top and bottor + Columa, snp Midale |_| sip |__| Columa Sip 1000 fF] Reinforcement details: Plan Tew Midale strip ad TI2@ 150¢/e 400 mim wall TI2 @ 150, t0p }— Column 404» 400 Foundatign Mab 1000 000 Cofumn rip ‘116 @ 200;v0 450 Section over column, Figure 4.6 Reinforcement details foundation slab A, x10 __ 1005x100 a= 0.25 (xd) (1000 402) p= percentage of steel Allowable shear stress, Vg OD KX pO x £238 5G Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Structures where (my =1-(22) =17182 d 402 0.12 LTE x (0.25) (35) = So no shear reinforcement required (see Figure 4.6). 4.10.6 Check for Crack Width ‘The crack width shall be calculated on the serviceability limit state n The design service stress J, = 08 % fy = 0.8 x 500 = 400 Nimm? Maximum —ve service moment over the support /m, 363 08 kNém ** @S5x135) — A, provided = 1005 mm? Assume, elastic modulus of concrete, 30 KN/mn elastic modulus of steel, E, = 200 kN/mm? In the assessment of strains, the modulus of elasticity of concrete should be taken as half the instantaneous value. A 1008 (xd) (1000410) where d = D ~ cover = 450 ~ 40 = 410 mm 0023 «133 p 0.0023 Neutral axis depth, xed x (-a,x p+ [a,x px (2+ a, x pi}? = 410{-0.03 + [0.03 x (2 + 0.03)1}°° = 410 x 0.217 = 89 mm Lever arm, 3x410 a} siox{1 [ = I] -s10<0928= 380.8 362m A Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir ina Rural District Community 57 Therefore, stress in s 108% 10° ——~—__= 281 N/mm? (fmm? (1005 x 382) SEN Nyy Assumed, 8, T20 bar; A,. = 2513 mm? Satisfactory Adopt: 8, 120 bars and T10 links @ 200 cfe (For details see Figure 4.7) References [4.1] Gray and Manning, Concrete water tower, Bunker etc., Concrote Publications Ltd, E & EN. Spon, London, 1964 [4.2] Capper, P. and Cassie, W., The Mechanics of engineering soil, E & F.N. Spon, London, 1969, [43] Eurocode 2: Part 3: Design of conerete structures, liquid retaining and structures [44] Eurocode 2: Part 1-1: Design of concrete structures. [4.5] BS 8007-1987: Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids [4.6] Eurocode: Basis of structural design, EN1990-2002(E), CHAPTERY Immersed Highway Tunnel Crossing a River 5.1 Introduction ‘This chapter discusses the theory and application vis-a-vis the analysis and design of a structure, addressing the behaviour of structural elements of an immersed highway tunnel crossing a river under the actions of external superimposed loads, earth pressures, water pressures, accidental loads over the roof of the structure and seismic loads. The water tightness and leakage of water through the structural members are of paramount importance in addition to the structural strength. So, the analyses and design of structural members shall be carried out as water retaining structure in compliance with Eurocodes. 5.2 Brief Description of Structure ‘The structure comprises a dual carriage way immersed highway tunnel with a continuous solid dividing wall together with approach ramps. The tunnel is provided with forced ventilation, artificial lighting and the standard scrvices and safety systems as required in this type of works. The internal faces of the tunnel walls and roof shall be provided with a protective surface coating. ‘The design life of structure shall be 120 years. The following are the dimensions of the structure: ‘The horizontal centre line distance of cach carriage way = L145 m ‘The vertical centre line height of tunnel = 8,60 m ‘Thickness of roof slab (assumed) = 1.2 m ‘Thickness of base slab (assumed) = 130 m 60 Analysis and Design Practice of Hydraulie Concrete Structures + Thickness of external walls of carriage ways (assumed) = 1.40 m + Thickness of dividing wall between carriage ways (assumed) = 0,70 m + The base slab is projected from the external faces of walls = 1.3 m + The roof slab in each carriage way is provided with splay = 2 m horizontal to 1 m vertical + Maximum and minimum river water tables are +6.20 m and -2.8 m respectively (see Figure 5.1). Maximum waterlovel 4-620 River Minimum waterleel_ J -280 33 woo “Kesamed TOO mam er earth (eden) Be level mm concrete “gag otection en = 9.56 860 asst" 1305 deccalie 1407] oa 9] 0 91] 4 —$

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