TUTORIAL 1 - Solutions

1. A river discharges into a reservoir at a rate of 11300 m3/s, and the outflow rate from the reservoir
through the flow passages in the dam is 7080 m3/s. If the reservoir surface area is 100 km2, what
is the rate of rise of water in the reservoir?

Solution
d
Continuity equation: mCV   m o   m i  0
dt CS CS

dmCV
 Mass in the control volume is constant, so 0
dt
 Inlet port 1 = River flow rate =  m i  Q1
CS
 Outlet ports = Reservoir surface + Dam outlet =  m o  Q2  Qrise
CS
Substituting into the continuity equation: Q2  Qrise  Q1  Qrise  Q1  Q2

Qrise Q1  Q2 11300  7080

Hence, Vrise     4.2 10 5 m / s  0.152m / hr
A3 A3 100  (1000 )
2

2. Consider a channel of constant width b, one end of which is closed off. An incompressible fluid
falls uniformly into the channel at the rate of q m3/s per metre length of the channel. The profile of
the free surface of the fluid in the channel is defined by the depth h, which changes with x. One
can make the 1D approximation if the variation of h with x is slow. Develop a continuity equation
involving h for the flow in the channel assuming that q does not vary with time and that the flow
is steady. Next, develop a continuity equation for the case when q varies with time such that the
depth h (and velocity V) is a function of both x and t. Also, develop an equation for the free
surface profile when flow is steady. (Hint: use momentum equation)

1
Solution
In steady flow, there is no accumulation of fluid within the CV
  
Hence continuity equation : 
t CV
dV   V  dA  0
CS

For 1D, efflux of fluid across segment 2-3 of the CS = ρVhb, where V and h are the velocity and depth
at x respectively.
Influx across 1-2 = ρqx . Thus, Vhb  qx  0  Vh  qx / b
This is the form of continuity equation that governs the flow in the channel.
When q varies with time, the flow is unsteady. Hence we need to select a CV of infinitesimal width δx
at x. Since δx is small, the mass of the fluid contained within CV can be approximated as ρhb δx and
h
therefore the accumulation is b x .
t

The effluxes across various segments of the CS:

across 1-2 = -ρqδx
across 1-4 = -ρVhb
across 2-3 =  Vhb  [ b(Vh) / x]x
h (Vh) q
Substituting in the continuity equation gives  
t x b
Momentum equation gives another relation between V and h. If the flow velocity in the channel is
assumed to be essentially horizontal and the pressure distribution in the vertical direction may be

2
assumed to be hydrostatic and neglecting the shear stresses on the CV, the resultant of these forces
2
gh b   gh b 
2 2
gh b
  x on the right face.
x  
are: on the left and
2 2 2 
  
t   x  dA)
Momentum eq.: Fx  V x  d V  V (  V
CV CS

2 2  2 
Substituting, gh b  gh b    gh b x   [Vhbx]  V ( hVb)   hV 2b    bV 2h x 
   
2 2 x  2  t x   
 
Since there is no horizontal momentum flux associated with the fluid entering the top surface, on

 (Vh)  (V 2 h) h
simplification,    gh (a)
t x x
When q is a constant and the flow is steady, we have Vh  qx / b (b)

 (hV 2 )  ( h 2 / 2) h2
Eqs (a) and (b) give  g  hV   g
2
 C1
x x 2

gh0
2
 2q 2 
At x=0, V=0, h = h0, → C1  . Substituting: h 3  h02 h   2  x 2  0 . Gives free surface profile
2  gb 

3. How long would it take to fill a cylindrical shaped swimming pool having a diameter of 8m to a
depth of 1.5 m with water from a garden hose if the flow rate is 1 lps?

3
Solution
From application of conservation of mass principle to the control volume containing water only as
shown in the figure, we have
  

t CV
 d V    dA  0
 V
CS

dV V t
For incompressible flow,  Q  0   dV  Q  dt
t 0 0

t  

V D 2 h   82  1.5  1000 l / m 3 
 1260 min
Q 4Q 4  1 l / s  60 s / min 

4. Storm sewer backup causes your basement to flood at the steady rate of 2.5 cm of depth per hour.
The basement floor is 140 sqm. What capacity pump (in lpm) would you rent to (a) keep the water
accumulated in the basement at a constant level until the storm sewer is blocked off, (b) reduce
the water accumulation in the basement at a rate of 7.5 cm per hour even while the backup
problem exists?

Solution
For a deforming CV that contains the water over the basement floor (as in the figure), the conservation
of mass principle leads to
  

t CV
 d V    dA  0
 V
CS

dh
Or for a constant fluid density and area (A): A  Qin  Qout  0 (1)
dt
For part (a), Eq. (1) leads to Qout  Qin

 140m 2  2.5cm / hr   3.5m3 / hr

dh
Qin  A
dt
Qout    1000l 
 3.5m3 / hr     58.33lpm
 60 min/ hr 
4
 dh
For part (b), Eq. (1) yields Qout  Qin  A
dt

 10 2 m 
Qout  58.33lpm  140m 2   7.5cm / hr     1000l  233.33lpm

 60 min 
5. A hydraulic jump is in place downstream from a spillway as shown in the figure. Upstream of the
jump, the depth of the stream is 0.6 ft and the average stream velocity is 18 ft/s. Just downstream
of the jump, the average stream velocity is 3.4 ft/s. Calculate the depth of the stream, h, just
downstream of the jump.

Solution
For steady incompressible flow between sections (1) and (2):

Q1  Q2
 V1 A1  V2 A2
 V1h1  V2 h2
V1h1
 h2 
V2
18  0.6
 h2   3.18 ft
3 .4
6. Calculate the force exerted by the water from the tap in your kitchen sink on a coffee cup held in
the flow when the tap is open to its maximum. Given that it took 5 seconds to fill a 1 liter
measuring jug.

Solution
5
Given that, it took 5 seconds to fill a 1 liter measuring jug, so the mass flow rate:
 H OV 1000  0.001
m  2
  0.2kg / s
T 5
The diameter of the orifice in the tap is 17mm and so the velocity of flow:
m 0.2
v   0.88m / s
A    0.017 2 
1000   

 4 
 vAB  0.2  0.88  0.176 N
Hence, the momentum of the water leaving the tap at AB is m
The water is turned through 180° in the cup and so emerges with a momentum of equal and opposite
 v AB  0.352 N
sign so that the total change in momentum is 2m

7. A water jet is deflected 60° by a stationary vane as shown in the figure. The incoming jet has a
speed of 30m/s and a diameter of 3cm. Find the force exerted by the jet on the vane. Neglect the
influence of gravity.

Solution
Assumptions: (1) Viscous effects are negligible, (2) Neglect gravitational effects
Since the pressure is constant, the inlet and outlet speeds are the same. Also, from continuity,
1  m
m 2  m

The control volume selected is shown in the sketch. The control volume is stationary.
d
Momentum Equation:  F  dt  vdV   m ovo   m i vi
CV CS CS

Force vector :  F   Fxi  Fy j

d
Evaluating the momentum:  vdV  0 (Constant CV)
dt CV

6
  m ovo  m v cos 60 i  m v sin 60  j
CS

 m i vi  m vi
CS

0.032
Momentum flow rate: m v  Av 2  1000     30 2  636.3 N
4
Linear Momentum:

   
Fx  m v 1  cos 60  636.3  1  cos 60  318.5 N
Fy  m vsin 60   636.3  sin 60   551N
 

 F j e t 318.5i  551 j N

The force of the jet on the vane (Fjet) is opposite in direction to the force required to hold the vane
stationary (F).

8. Flow of a viscous fluid over a flat plate surface results in the development of a region of reduced
velocity adjacent to the wetted surface as shown in the figure. This region of reduced flow is
called a boundary layer. At the leading edge of the plate, the velocity profile may be considered
uniformly distributed with a value U. All along the outer edge of the boundary layer, the fluid
velocity component parallel to the plate surface is also U. If the direction of velocity profile at
1/ 7
u  y
section 2 is   develop an expression for volume flow rate through the edge of the
U  
boundary layer from the leading edge to a location downstream at x where the boundary layer
thickness is δ.

7
Solution
From application of conservation of mass principle to the control volume in the figure, we have
 
m b1  m 2   V  dA
A2
 
For incompressible flow, Qb1  m 2   V  dA
A2

   y 1 / 7 
Qb1    (u )  dA     U     d A
   
A2 A2  
y y
A2  l  when y  0   0 and y     1
 
 1
 y
   ld   
dA
A2 0
1 1/ 7
 y  y
 Qb1  Ul    d 

0   
7
where l is the width of the plate and thus Qbl  Ul
8

9. A flat plate is being towed longitudinally at 5 m/s in an otherwise stationary water and it is
observed that at the leading edge, velocity profile is uniform with respect to the plate. At the
trailing edge the profile is triangular up to a distance 5 cm from the plate surface and then remains
constant. Estimate the drag on the plate.

Solution
8
Instead of being towed through stationary water, it is assumed that the plate is fixed and water is
moving at the same speed of that of the plate, i.e., 5 m/s.
Consider ABCD as the CV. The velocities at the leading and the trialing edges are different, so QAD >
QBC
Q = QAD - QBC = amount of mass efflux which is going out of the CV through AB and CD.
Assume the flow is steady and incompressible,
  
Conservation of mass:  t dV    dA  0
V
 CS
CV
is zero
 
 V  dA  0
CS
  
 (V  nˆ )dA   (V  nˆ )dA   (V  nˆ )dA  0
AD DC  AB BC

5iˆ   iˆ 0.11 Q  2  V iˆ  iˆdy 1  0

0.05

x
0

Neglecting the thickness of the plate

0.05
 5  0.1  Q  2  100 ydy  0
0
0.05
y2 
 0.5  Q  200   0
2 0

 0.5  Q 
200
0.052  0  Q  0.25m3 / s
2
Applying momentum equation,
  
 Fi   V V  nˆ dA  
CS

 
  V V  nˆ dA  Fs  FB  Fext
CS
surface and body forces  0; Fext   Fdrag

    
   
Fdrag  1000    V V  nˆ dA   V V  nˆ dA   V V  nˆ dA  
 AD DC  AB BC 
 0.05 
 1000  5  5i  i  0.11  Q  5  2  U xU y dy 
ˆ ˆ
 0 
 0.05 
 1000   2.5  1.25  2  (100 y ) 2 dy 
 0 

9
  2  10 4 
Fdrag  1000   2.5  1.25   0.053   416.67 N
 3 
10. Consider a cylindrical CV in a circular pipe carrying a fully developed laminar flow as shown. A
uniform pressure p1 acts on the face AB and similarly a pressure p2 acts on the surface CD. A
shear stress τ acts on the curved surface. Apply the momentum equation to obtain
p1  p2 r
 
2 L
dVs
Using the relationship    between the shear stress and the velocity gradient, and
dr
assuming that (p1-p2)/L = constant, obtain the velocity profile.

Solution

 F2   p1  p2 r 2  2rL
 F2   VZ V  dA
CS

For areas 1 and 2, Vz is same. So in the closed integral term we get two contributions,one
positive and one negative, thus the term is zero.
p1  p2 r V
    z
2 L r
p  p2 r 2
Vz   1 C
2L 2
at r  R, Vz  0

 Vz 
4L

p1  p2 2 2
R r 

10
11. If the cylindrical CV in the previous question is replaced by a cylindrical shell, obtain the
relationship between p and τ.

Solution

 F2   V V  dA
CS

As in (a), The closed integral is zero as there are two opposite contributions, one by an element of
left, other by corresponding element on right.
F  p  2rr   p  p 2rr     2 r  r z   2rz  0
neglecting zr
rrp  z r  r 
dp 1 d
 (r )
dz r dr
d
assuming  constant
dr
K r dp
 
r 2 dz
at r  0,     K  0

   p1  p2 
r
2L
12. Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in the figure. At a location downstream from the
junction (before the two streams completely merge) the non-uniform velocity profile is as shown.
Determine the value of V.

11
Solution
From application of conservation of mass principle to the control volume in the figure, we have
m 1  m 2  m 3  m 0.8V  m V
 A1V1  A2V2  A0.8V 0.8V  AV V

A1V1  A2V2
V 
A0.8V (0.8)  A2
50  3  3  80  5  4
V   3.63 ft / s
30  6  0.8  70  6

12