Contents:

 Intro : What is an Engine?

 Why Different Configuration?
 Types of engine configuration.
 Single-cylinder engine.
 Multi-cylinder engine.
 Firing order .
 Inline cylinder engines.
 V configuration engine.
 W configuration engine.
 Conclusion: The future of engines
 Bibliography
What is an engine?

 Any device which can convert heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy is
known as engine or heat engine.
 Engine is the heart of an automobile!
 Internal combustion engine is the most commonly used engine.
 Main engine components are Piston, crank shaft, camshaft, inlet and outlet valves,
spark plug(petrol engine), fuel injector(diesel engine) etc.
 Engine performance parameters are engine speed, thrust, torque, power, efficiency.
 Engine are classified based on the fuel type, no. of stroke, speed, number of
cylinders, piston layout etc.
 Engine

 The first commercially successful automobile, created by Karl Benz,

added to the interest in light and powerful engines.
 The lightweight petrol internal combustion engine, operating on a four-
stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for light automobiles,
while the more efficient Diesel engine is used for trucks and buses.
 The use of internal combustion engine is due to the improvement of
engine control systems (onboard computers providing engine
management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection).
Forced air induction by turbocharging and supercharging have increased
power outputs and engine efficiencies
 Diesel engines are also 40% more fuel efficient than comparable
gasoline engines.
ENGINE
Why different configuration?

 During the 20th century, a trend of increasing engine power occurred.

 Design changes incorporated all known methods of raising engine capacity,
including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency,
increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the rate at which the engine
produces work.
 The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine
vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V
and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements.
 This produced more economical engines with earlier four-cylinder designs rated
at 40 horsepower (30 kW) and six-cylinder designs rated as low as 80
horsepower (60 kW), compared with the large volume V-8 American engines
with power ratings in the range from 250 to 350 hp, some even over 400 hp.
 The 1970s and 1980s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy,
which caused a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as
five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency.
Fact!

 The largest internal combustion

engine ever built is the Wärtsilä-
Sulzer RTA96-C, a 14-cylinder, 2-
stroke turbocharged diesel engine
that was designed to power the
Emma Mærsk, the largest
container ship in the world. This
engine weighs 2,300 tons, and
when running at 102 RPM
produces 109,000 bhp (80,080 kW)
consuming some 13.7 tons of fuel
each hour.
 109,000bhp is like 91 Bugatti
grand sport engines running at the
same time!(This car is the highest
horse power production car).
Types of engine configuration

Engine

Reciprocating
Radial engine
piston type engine

Single cylinder Inline V W Wankel

Single-cylinder engine

 A single-cylinder engine is a basic configuration of an internal combustion engine.

 Single cylinder engine works on 2-stroke or 4-stroke.
 2-Stroke engines production is stopped due to very low fuel economy, due to the
combustion of exhaust gases and the escape of fuel. The exhaust is rich with
carbon and unusually high amounts of carbon monoxide.
 All the engines currently produced are four-stroke engines.
 The major advantage of two stroke over four stroke is the power stroke, in two-
stroke engine every half cycle produces power stroke, whereas in four stroke
engine only one in four stroke is a power stroke. So the power-to-weight ratio is less
in two-stroke engine.
 Motorcycles, auto rickshaws, dirt bikes, mopeds use single cylinder four-stroke
engine.
 Single cylinder engines are not usually used in cars or trucks because of its low
engine speed and hence lesser power.
Multi-cylinder engine

 A multi-cylinder engine is a reciprocating engine with more than one cylinder.

 It offers a wide number of advantages over single cylinder engines.
 Main advantage over single cylinder is that multi-cylinder can deliver higher revolutions per
minute(RPM) for equal displacement.
 There are two, three, four, five, six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, twenty and twenty-cylinder
are the major production engines.
 The different configuration in a multi-cylinder engine are flat H, V and W.
 V and W type configuration are widely used in supercars.
 Engine makers prefer to make even number of cylinder so that it’s easier to balance out the
mechanical vibrations.
 An odd number(3-9) of cylinders is necessary in a basic single row four stroke engine so that the
firing order is in such that every other cylinder fires as the crankshaft rotates.
 Firing order

 The firing order is the sequence of power delivery of each cylinder in a multi
cylinder reciprocating engine.
 This is achieved by sparkling of spark plugs in a gasoline engine in the correct
order or by the sequence of fuel injection in diesel engine.
 When designing a multi-cylinder engine, choosing an appropriate firing order is
important.
 It influences in minimizing vibration, improving engine balance and most
importantly the crankshaft design.
 For example, in a 4 cylinder engine the firing order could be 1-2-3-4 or 1-3-4-2, 1-
3-4-2, 1-4-3-2 and so on.
 In a four cylinder engine the firing interval is (720/no. of cylinders) 720/4 =
180’
Inline cylinder engines

 The most commonly used type of configuration in modern cars.

 In inline engine or straight engine all the cylinders are arranged in a row.
 Inline four engine is the most common configuration.
 Cylinders are arranged next to each other - in a straight line
 Cylinders sit on top of the crankshaft
 Simple construction: a single cylinder head, cylinder bank and valve train
 Contains relatively lesser moving parts than the other engine configurations
 Typically a single exhaust manifold
 Instead of inline six engines car manufacturers prefer V6 configuration, so that engine is
more compact.
 An even-firing inline-four engine is in primary balance because the pistons are moving
in pairs, and one pair of pistons is always moving up at the same time as the other
pair is moving down.
 The most common firing order is 1-3-4-2.
 The firing order is used for better engine balancing.
Some famous examples of inline
cylinder engines produced.
 BMW S1000RR is equipped with a water cooled inline four engine.
 Kawasaki H2 and H2r has a supercharged DOHC inline four engine.
 2015 Mercedes-Benz GLA 45 AMG / CLA 45 AMG, 2.0L turbo which
currently is the most powerful series-production four-cylinder engine
in the world. With a output of 355 horse power!
 Beneli TNT300 is the smallest(only 300cc) multi cylinder(Inline 2)
production engine.
 V configuration engine
 In a V engine, the cylinders and pistons are arranged in such a way that it appears to be in a V shape.
 The first V engine was built in 1889.
 V configuration reduces the length, weight and height compared to equivalent inline configuration.
 Cylinders are located in a V-angle, on either side of a common crankshaft
 The angle of the V varies between manufacturers, although ones where the V angle is 90 degrees is preferred in some
racing applications.
 Denoted by the numbers of cylinders, a V-configuration engine is a V6, V8, V10 or V12. The V2- used in motorcycles, is
called a V-Twin.
 Note that the V16 engine is no longer used in automotive applications, since its smaller siblings - the V10 and V12
provide similar output characteristics, at far lower costs
 Higher the number of cylinders, closer does that car get to being a supercar- with the V12 engined cars occupying the
highest pecking order in a car's society!
 2 exhaust manifolds
 V engines are more compact compared to straight engines with same no. of cylinders.
 Contains more moving parts, resulting in higher cost/complexity. Weight. The same technicality above makes a V-
engine heavy.
  Inline engines have Lighter design : One set cams, no
balance shafts, whereas V engines are more complex due
to separate cams for each side and Balancing shafts.
 Inline engines are naturally balanced, whereas in V engines

V vs inline balancing shafts are used.

 Since V engines are more complex to build and hence
engine more costlier than a inline engines.
 V engines are compact. Lesser in length, weight, height
compared to equivalent inline configuration. Length
required to house a inline 6 engine can house a V12
engine.
Famous V configuration engines.

 Ford GT has twin-turbo V6 engine with 600 horsepower, is the fastest V6 engine
car.
 Honda NSX: created disruptive change in the automotive world, and came with a 3
Liter V6 that knew no upper rev limits (literally)!
 The fastest Chevy Camaro muscle car ever made: the 2012 Camaro ZL1, came with
a 6.2 liter supercharged V8
 The Lamborghini aventador S has 6.5L 60˚ V12 engine.
 Bugatti Veryon is the only production car equipped with V16 engine.
 Ducati Panigale is equipped with a V4 engine.
W configuration engine.

 A W engine is a type of reciprocating engine arranged with its cylinders in

a configuration in which the cylinder banks resemble the letter W, in the
same way those of a V engine resemble the letter V.
 This is an extremely un-common engine configuration, with VW currently
the only manufacturer of the W-type engine - the W16. This is a rather
famous engine, used in the world-record shattering Bugatti Veyron
hypercar, with 10 radiators, not less!
 Configuration:Cylinders are arranged in the shape of a W (or 2 tight Vs)
 4 cylinder banks sharing a single crankshaft
 2 cylinder heads, 2 camshafts
 The first W engine was built in 1906.
 The original W12 engine used three banks of 4 cylinder coupled to a
common crankshaft with 60˚ between banks.
 W engines are shorter but wider than V engines.
 Disadvantages: Higher operating temperatures, Complexity, Cost.
Legendary W16 engine

 W16 is a 16 cylinder internal combustion engine with four bank of 4

cylinders coupled to a single shaft.
 Volkswagen is the only automotive manufacturer producing the W16
engine.
 Bugatti Veyron and Bugatti chiron are the only production cars using
the W16 engine.
 Bugatti chiron is Quad-turbocharged 8L W16 engine. Packed with a
staggering 1500 horses!!
 It set a world record of 0-400-0 in just 42s which was broken by
Koenigsegg agera RS(0-400-0 in 36.44s) which is equipped with a 5L
V8 engine.
 Bugatti chiron is going to cost you mind-blogging ₹420000000.
 The other cars to have used a W-engine, all from the VW Group, were
the Passat (W8), while the Phaeton, Touareg, Audi A8 and Bentley
Continental GT all used a W12.
Conclusion : The future of Engines.

Over the past several years, the automotive industry has seen lot of advancement. Energy
storage, electric drive systems(TESLA) and fuel cell technology. But a New York Times report says
“Internal Combustion is not dead yet”.
Elon Musk says “I think things are going to grow exponentially. There’s a big difference
between 5 and 10 years. My guess is probably in 10 years more than half of new vehicle production is
electric.”.
The Internal Combustion engine will remain to be an integral part of Transportation of goods
and people in the foreseeable future.
That doesn’t say that things are going to remain the same. The engine is undergoing a
significant evolution, as new fuel technology, emission standards are pushing the development of
new technologies on a unpredictable scale towards the theoretical limits of engine operation.

The future is not something we await for, it is something we create. 

Bibliography

 www.google.com
 www.Youtube.com
 www.maxbout.com
 www.autoanything.com
 www.Autobytel.com
 www.Difference.net
 www.mechanicalbooster.com
 www.asme.org