Tensile strength σUTS, or SU measures the engineering stress applied (to something such

as rope, wire, or a structural beam) at the point when it fails. It is an intensive property of
the material, which not only depends on the type of material but also the preparation of
the specimen and the temperature of the test.

Fig 1. A stress–strain curve typical of structural steel

1. Ultimate Strength
2. Yield Strength
3. Rupture
4. Strain hardening region
5. Necking region.

Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a material. It is also known as the
Young modulus, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus (though the Young's modulus is
actually one of several elastic moduli such as the bulk modulus and the shear modulus) or
tensile modulus. It is defined as the ratio of stress over strain in the region in which
Hooke's Law is obeyed for the material.[1] This can be experimentally determined from
the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the
material.

Stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. It is a measure
of the intensity of the total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal
surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces. It was introduced into
the theory of elasticity by Cauchy around 1822. Stress is a concept that is based on the
concept of continuum. In general, stress is expressed as

where

is the average stress, also called engineering or nominal stress, and

is the force acting over the area .
In any branch of science dealing with materials and their behaviour, strain is the
geometrical expression of deformation caused by the action of stress on a physical body.
Strain is calculated by first assuming a change between two body states: the beginning
state and the final state. Then the difference in placement of two points in this body in
those two states expresses the numerical value of strain. Strain therefore expresses itself
as a change in size and/or shape.

If strain is equal over all parts of a body, it is referred to as homogeneous strain;

otherwise, it is inhomogeneous strain. In its most general form, the strain is a symmetric
tensor.

Ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand.

Strain or reduced deformation is a mathematical term to express the trend of the

deformation change among the material field. For uniaxial loading - displacements of a
specimen (for example a bar element) it is expressed as the quotient of the displacement
and the length of the specimen. For 3D displacement fields it is expressed as derivatives
of displacement functions in terms of a second order tensor (with 6 independent
elements).

Definition: As used in yarn manufacture and textile engineering, tenacity denotes

the strength of a yarn or a filament of given size. Numerically it is the breaking force
in grams per denier unit of yarn or filament size (grams per denier, gpd). The yarn is
usually pulled at the rate of 12 inches per minute. Tenacity equals breaking strength
(grams) divided by denier. Generally synonymous to ultimate tensile strength.

Definition: In tensile testing, elongation is the increase in length of a specimen at

the instant before rupture occurs. Percentage elongation is expressed as the ratio
between the increase in distance between two gauge marks at rupture to the original
distance between the marks; the quotient is multiplied by 100.

The specific strength is a material strength divided by its density. It is expressed in

newton metres per kilogram, and is used for tensile strength as for compressive strength.
It is sometimes known as the strength-to-weight ratio. Materials with very high specific
strengths are widely used in aerospace applications where weight savings are more
important than material costs. Materials such a titanium alloys and carbon fiber are
widely used in these applications for this reason.

Another way to quote specific strength is breaking length: the length of the material (in
km) that could suspend its own weight (with a fixed cross-section). For this
measurement, the definition of weight is the force of gravity at the earth's surface
applying to the entire length of the material, not diminishing with height. (A space
elevator would need a material capable of sustaining 4,960 kilometers of its own weight
at sea level to reach a geostationary altitude of 36,000 km.[1] Individual carbon nanotubes
have achieved this strength, however only on a microscopic scale to date.)

Break strength is generally the tensile or compressive load required to fracture a sample