What is Windows??

definition -

Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft that, together with some
commonly used business applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel, has become a de facto
"standard" for individual users in most corporations as well as in most homes.
The original 1985 version of Windows introduced to home and business PC users
many of the graphical user interface (GUI) ideas that were developed at an
experimental lab at Xerox and introduced commercially by Apple's Lisa and
Macintosh computers.

Types of Windows:-

1. Fixed – This type of window cannot be opened. It is usually inexpensive and

suitable for higher windows that won’t be opened anyway.

2. Double hung – One of the most common windows and a great window for a period
home. The window consists of two sashes that move up and down. Only half of the
window can be open at one time.

3. Casement – Another common window, casement windows are hinged vertically to swing
in and out like a door and operated with a crank.

4. Awning – Awning windows are similar to casement windows but are hinged
horizontally.

5. Jalousie – Jalousie windows are horizontally placed narrow strips of glass, lowered by
crank. Out of favor today, they were very popular in the mid-century.

6. Sliding – Sliding windows move on top and bottom tracks. They are very common and
can be inexpensive.
 7. Paladian – A paladian window consists of group of three windows with an arch over the
center. These windows have become very popular in the last decade. They provide visual
interest and drama to a home.

8. Picture – Picture windows are especially popular in ranch-style homes. They are large
fixed windows flanked b y 2 casements or double-hung windows.

9. Clerestory – Clerestory windows were especially popular in Craftsman homes. They

consist of a strip of small horizontal panes set high on a wall.

10. Elliptical or Arched – Elliptical or arched windows often placed above double hung or
fixed windows in today’s new homes.

Elements of Windows:-See Save page

History of Windows:-

In 1975, Gates and Allen form a partnership called Microsoft. Like most start-
ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge vision—a computer on every desktop
and in every home.

In July 1980, IBM approaches Microsoft about a project code-named "Chess."

1982–1985: Introducing Windows 1.0:: Microsoft works on the first version of a

new operating system. Interface Manager is the code name and is considered as the
final name, but Windows prevails because it best describes the boxes or computing
“windows” that are fundamental to the new system. Windows is announced in 1983,
but it takes a while to develop. Skeptics call it “vaporware.

1987–1992: Windows 2.0–2.11—More windows, more

speed ::On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and
expanded memory. With improved graphics support, you can now overlap windows, control the
screen layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work. Some software developers
write their first Windows–based programs for this release.

1990–1994: Windows 3.0–Windows NT—Getting the

graphics ::On May 22, 1990, Microsoft announces Windows 3.0, followed shortly by
Windows 3.1 in 1992. Taken together, they sell 10 million copies in their first 2 years, making
this the most widely used Windows operating system yet. The scale of this success causes
Microsoft to revise earlier plans. Virtual Memory improves visual graphics. In 1990 Windows
starts to look like the versions to come.

Windows now has significantly better performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and
improved icons. A new wave of 386 PCs helps drive the popularity of Windows 3.0. With full
support for the Intel 386 processor, programs run noticeably faster. Program Manager, File
Manager, and Print Manager arrive in Windows 3.0.

1995–2001: Windows 95—the PC comes of age (and don't

forget the Internet) :: On August 24, 1995, Microsoft releases
Windows 95, selling a record-setting 7 million copies in the first five weeks. It’s the most
publicized launch Microsoft has ever taken on. Television commercials feature the Rolling
Stones singing "Start Me Up" over images of the new Start button. The press release
simply begins: “It’s here.”

1998–2000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me::

Released on June 25, 1998, Windows 98 is the first version of Windows designed specifically for
consumers. PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes where you can get online are
popping up. Windows 98 is described as an operating system that “Works Better, Plays Better.”

With Windows 98, you can find information more easily on your PC as well as the Internet.
Other improvements include the ability to open and close programs more quickly, and support
for reading DVD discs and universal serial bus (USB) devices. Another first appearance is the
Quick Launch bar, which lets you run programs without having to browse the Start menu or look
for them on the desktop.

2001–2005: Windows XP—Stable, usable, and fast:: On October

25, 2001, Windows XP is released with a redesigned look and feel that's centered on
usability and a unified Help and Support services center. It’s available in 25 languages.
From the mid-1970s until the release of Windows XP, about 1 billion PCs have been
shipped worldwide.

2006–2008: Windows Vista—Smart on security ::

2009–Today: Windows 7 and counting...

What is File Manager??

File Manager is a file manager program bundled with releases of Microsoft

Windows between 1990 and 1999.[1] It was intended to be a single instance
graphical interface, replacing the line commands of MS-DOS to manage the user's
files. File Manager was retired in favor of Windows Explorer with the release of
Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0.

What is Program Manager??

Program manager is the main window of Microsoft Windows 3.x that allows users to
execute all the programs on their computer. Users familiar with later versions of Microsoft
Windows such as Windows 98 can think of program manager as the desktop of Windows 3.x.
Below is an example of what Windows Program Manager looked like

Program manager is still available in all versions of Microsoft Windows. Users running
Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, or XP can open program manager by clicking Start / Run and typing
progman and clicking ok. The file is known as progman.exe and is located in the root directory
of Windows, deleting this file will cause problems with your computer.

What is Start Menu??

The Start Menu and Start Button are user interface elements used in the later versions
of the Microsoft Windows operating systems and in some X window managers. The Start
Button provides a central launching point for application and tasks.
On Windows operating systems before Windows Vista, the Start Button consists of the word
"Start" and the Windows Logo (the word "Start" was localized for each different language
version of the system, for instance reading Avvio in Italian). On the Windows Vista and
Windows 7 desktop, the word "Start" has been replaced by a blue Windows "orb" logo.[1]
However the user can revert to displaying the word "Start" and the Windows Logo by setting the
theme to Windows Classic.

Traditionally, the Start Menu provided a customizable nested list of programs for the user to
launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and
access to the system settings.

What is Recycle Bin??

The Recycle Bin provides a safety net when deleting files or folders. When you delete
any of these items from your hard disk, Windows places it in the Recycle Bin and the Recycle
Bin icon changes from empty to full. Items deleted from a floppy disk or a network drive are
permanently deleted and are not sent to the Recycle Bin.

Items in the Recycle Bin remain there until you decide to permanently delete them from your
computer. These items still take up hard disk space and can be undeleted or restored back to their
original location. When it fills up, Windows automatically cleans out enough space in the
Recycle Bin to accommodate the most recently deleted files and folders.

If you're running low on hard disk space, always remember to empty the Recycle Bin. You can
also restrict the size of the Recycle Bin to limit the amount of hard disk space it takes up.

Windows allocates one Recycle Bin for each partition or hard disk. If your hard disk is
partitioned, or if you have more than one hard disk in your computer, you can specify a different
size for each Recycle Bin.

What is Printers Program??

 some command for all windows programs:-

Accessibility Controls access.cpl

Accessibility Wizardaccwiz

Add Hardware Wizardhdwwiz.cpl

Add/Remove Programs appwiz.cpl

Administrative Toolscontrol admintools

Adobe Acrobat (if installed) acrobat

 Calculator calc

Tasl Lists tasklists

Office Shortcut Bar:-

The Office Shortcut Bar is not available in Microsoft Office 2003. However, you can use the
Windows XP Start menu or the Windows Quick Launch bar in Windows XP or Windows 2000
to quickly open an Office program, file, or folder.

Add an Office program, file, or folder to the Windows Start menu

The following instructions are for the Windows XP Start menu style. If you are using the
Windows Classic Start menu style or Windows 2000, see Help in Windows.

Add an Office program to the Windows Start menu

1. On the Start menu, point to All Programs, and then point to Microsoft
Office.
2. Right-click the Office program you want to add to the Start menu, and then
click Pin to Start menu.
3. Repeat the steps above for additional programs you want to add to the Start
menu.

Tips

• You can remove a program from the pinned items list by right-clicking the
program and then clicking Unpin from Start menu.
• You can change the order of the programs on the pinned items list by
dragging a program to a new position.

Add a file or folder to the Windows Start menu

• In My Computer or Windows Explorer, click the file or folder you want to

add, and then drag it to the Windows Start menu.

For more information about customizing the Windows Start menu, see Help in Windows.

What is Database Mangement??

A database management system (DBMS), sometimes just called a database manager, is a

program that lets one or more computer users create and access data in a database. The DBMS
manages user requests (and requests from other programs) so that users and other programs are
free from having to understand where the data is physically located on storage media and, in a
multi-user system, who else may also be accessing the data. In handling user requests, the DBMS
ensures the integrity of the data (that is, making sure it continues to be accessible and is
consistently organized as intended) and security (making sure only those with access privileges
can access the data). The most typical DBMS is a relational database management system
(RDBMS). A standard user and program interface is the Structured Query Language (SQL

). A newer kind of DBMS is the object-oriented database management system (ODBMS).

A DBMS can be thought of as a file manager that manages data in databases rather than files in
file systems. In IBM's mainframe operating systems, the nonrelational data managers were (and
are, because these legacy application systems are still used) known as access methods.

A DBMS is usually an inherent part of a database product. On PCs, Microsoft Access is a

popular example of a single- or small-group user DBMS. Microsoft's SQL Server is an example
of a DBMS that serves database requests from multiple (client) users. Other popular DBMSs
(these are all RDBMSs, by the way) are IBM's DB2, Oracle's line of database management
products, and Sybase's products.

IBM's Information Management System (IMS) was one of the first DBMSs. A DBMS may be
used by or combined with transaction managers, such as IBM's Customer Information Control
System (CICS).

Related glossary terms: relational database, OLE DB (OLEDB or Object Linking

and Embedding Database), flat file, Fast Guide: SQL Server 2000 commands,
comma-separated values file (CSV), information, full-text database, DDBMS
(distributed database management system), relational database management
system (RDBMS), Quiz: Database Basics