UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE BY

COURSEWORK AND DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF CANDIDATE: KIYAO, Fadhili. 2009-06-00193

0
B.Sc. in Computer Science (UDSM-Tanzania)

2. NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Dr. Godfrey Justo

0
Computer Science Unit

3. UNIT/SCHOOL: Computer Science Unit / School of Informatics and

0 Communication Technologies

4. PROPOSED DEGREE: M.Sc. in Computer Science

5. TITLE: Enhancing access to voluntarily counselling services for HIV/AIDS

0 using internet and mobile phones devices. A case of Tanga Aids

Working Group (TAWG)

6.0 Introduction

6.1 General Introduction

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which can cause acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has shown a high degree of prevalence in

populations all over the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)

reports, it shows that about 33.4 Million people were living with HIV/ AIDS in the world

where 22.4 Million were from Sub-Saharan Africa to December 2008 (World Health

Organization [WHO], 2009).

Knowledge of HIV status has always had the potential for benefiting an individual’s

health and wellbeing and for helping to prevent the further transmission of HIV.

Knowledge of HIV status has been especially beneficial when it has enabled people to

access care, support and treatment, in the form of psychosocial support; home based care;

nutritional support; palliative care; treatment for opportunistic infections, tuberculosis

and sexually transmitted infections; and antiretroviral therapy (WHO, 2002).

Knowing HIV/ AIDS status is only possible if an individual undertakes HIV/ AIDS

testing, which is initiated by voluntarily counseling which prepares the individual to be

ready willingly to undergo the testing and know his or her status.

HIV testing has also been problematic in the context of clinical care. This is because, in

many places, HIV testing has reportedly either not been conducted at all as part of

clinical care or has been conducted without consent, confidentiality, counseling, the

provision of results or any follow-up care to benefit health. Even in places where people

with AIDS occupy more than 50% of hospital beds, almost none of these people have

been diagnosed as HIV positive or told that they have AIDS. Although this phenomenon
2
may result from fear that these patients will face discrimination or be denied health

insurance, etc., if they are diagnosed as having AIDS, it also appears to be a form of

medical denial that ultimately does not serve the best interests of these people or their

families or communities (WHO, 2002).

Development of mobile communication technology has created a new possibility for

information exchange capable of reaching great number of people than traditional wired

methods and internet. This technology has high potential to increase access to public

services in areas where infrastructure constraints exist (World Bank Conference, 2007).

Due to widespread mobile network coverage in Tanzania, many people possess mobile

phone and mobile devices are easier to learn and use. This provides an opportunity to

incorporate mobile services into the everyday lives of people.

The aim of this study is to investigate the current procedures of voluntarily and

counseling for HIV/AIDS, also to investigate how the existing information technology is

utilized to support Counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS. From this investigation a tool

will be developed basing on internet and mobile phone devices as tools of information

technology to improve the access to information and the counseling and testing of

HIV/AIDS in order to cover all gapes that face to face counseling is facing.

6.1.1 Information about TAWG

The Tanga AIDS Working Group (TAWG) is an innovative non-governmental

organization in Tanzania dedicated to caring for people with AIDS and reducing the

spread of HIV. The main Objectives of TAWG is: -

(i) To provide home-based care and support to people living with AIDS and their

families.

(ii) To collaborate with traditional practitioners.

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 (iii) To prevent the spread of HIV / AIDS through community-based education

Programmes.

(iv) To provide guidance and assistance to other organizations working on Aids

6.2 Statement of the Problem

TAWG is currently conducting a face to face counseling for the people who need to

know their health status for HIV/AIDS. Face to face counseling faces various limitations

as people are not able to reach counselor offices due to forbear of being thought that they

are affected with HIV or due to time constraints. And some people are interested to get

information before seeing the counselor face to face.

Online counseling basing internet or mobile phone devices provides an alternative to

traditional face-to-face counseling at a time when traditional methods are inaccessible,

inconvenient, or not preferred. Online counseling may be a useful alternative for people,

unable to make it to a counselor’s office, live in a remote area, have a disability, limited

time constraints, or would like to get an idea of how counseling works before seeing a

counselor face to face.

Knowledge of HIV infection is necessary to access many forms of HIV-related support,

care and treatment. As drugs become more affordable and political commitment and

financial resources in support of access rise, greater access to care and treatment,

including antiretroviral therapy, is becoming much more of a real possibility.

Programmes are in place to increase the access to antiretroviral drugs in general and in

particular, to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Further, where treatment, care and

support have become more widely available; stigma and discrimination, which have

always been disincentives to HIV testing, have reportedly decreased.

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Given that the changing landscape of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has resulted in new

opportunities as well as new imperatives to increase knowledge of HIV status, there is a

need to explore approaches to delivering HIV testing and counseling services.

6.3 Objectives of the Research

6.3.1 General objective

The objective of the study is to investigate the current procedures of voluntarily and

counseling for HIV/AIDS, and develop a tool to enhance voluntarily counseling and

access to counseling services using internet and mobile phone devices.

6.3.2 Specific Objectives

(i) To study the operations of the normal counseling services for HIV/ AIDS

(ii) To design a HIV/AIDS Counseling System and a model based on Mobile

phone SMS.

(iii) To implement a HIV/AIDS Counseling System and a Mobile phone based

System prototype that provides access to HIV/AIDS counseling services.

(iv) To validate the system implemented during the course of study basing on

TAWG services

6.4 Research Questions

The following are some research questions that will be answered by this study:-

(i) What are the existing problems facing the face to face counseling system for

HIV/AIDS?

(ii) How can ICT be used to enhance/ facilitate counseling services for HIV/

AIDS?

6.5 Significance of the study

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This research will address the importance of using Information and Communication tools

as one of the way to improve access to information relating to HIV/ AIDS. Hence

encourage people to attend the newly designed voluntarily counseling and testing for

HIV/ AID since most people are avoiding to visit counseling and test due to forbear of

people to think that there are affected since these services will be available anywhere

6.6 Literature Review

6.6.1 AIDS Counseling services in Tanzania (Limitations faced)

Provisions of HIV/AIDS counseling services in Tanzania started in 1988. In 2001,

ANGAZA Program received a grant from USAID to enhance counseling and testing

services in the country. However, Tanzania indicator survey of 2003-2004 indicated that

15% of people aged 15 to 49 years tested HIV. A national HIV testing campaign was

realized as one of the approaches for scaling up counseling and testing services as entry

to HIV prevention, care and support services. ANGAZA Program supported launch of

campaign in mid July 2007 and scaling up the campaign in the country.

The number of VCT sites has increased considerably during 2003 – 2007 implementation

period. There were 1,027 VCT sites by the end of 2006, compared to 289 in 2003. This

number includes sites in health facilities and stand alone sites. The geographic

distribution of VCT sites is still inequitable, with an urban bias, although all districts

have at least 4 sites. The number of clients counseled and tested has increased to 680,520

in 2006, up from about 140,000 in 2003. (NMSF, 2007)

Despite this considerable roll-out of service availability, the uptake of VCT in the

country is still quite low. According to the Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicators Survey (THIS)

2003/04, only about 15% of men and women are reported to have ever undertaken an

HIV test. Women and men living in urban areas are two to three times more likely to
6
have been tested than those in rural areas. One of the reasons for the low uptake is related

to limited access to VCT services, particularly in the rural areas. Low public awareness

about the benefits of knowing one’s HIV status, insufficient human resources with skills

in counseling and fear of stigma are also barriers to increased VCT utilization and the

lack of care and support after HIV testing. The recent National voluntary HIV testing

campaign aims at increasing the number of Tanzanian who know their HIV status and

thus to take action to protect themselves and others

6.6.2 Computer Technology as a tool to improve Social Services

It is a good time to consider the power of current technological advances. Increasingly,

communication and information technologies have become part of our everyday lives.

The use of computers is increasing day by day, because they are used in many fields to

make our lives easier (Bayhan, Olgun, and Yelland, 2002). Computers can present crucial

information and offer effective tutorial (An instructional book or program that takes the

user through a prescribed sequence of steps in order to learn a product) instruction

(Cammarata, 2006). Computers also connect us with other people, store vast amounts of

data, and provide us with access and entertainment (Yelland, 2002).

6.6.3 Computer Technology in Education and Learning

Computer technology has important transformative effects on society (Logan, 1995). It

provides concrete experiences, helps children control the learning experience (Papert,

1998), and supports children's development in all domains, as they use computers to

investigate questions, solve problems, explore, and manipulate objects on a screen

(Dodge, Colker, and Heroman, 2003). For example, children can use computers to

investigate questions by using a program that teaches number concepts. Such a program

might allow children to create "monsters," for example, by adding the right number of

body parts. Also, children can explore with computers, using software programs that

label vocabulary with pictures, written words, and spoken words. Such software
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programs often verbally identify an object when the child clicks on it. Some software

programs allow children to match pictures of images to their beginning letters (Dodge et

al., 2003).

Approaches to the use of ICT in education are presented within the context of education

for a multidisciplinary human services workforce. A range of approaches are considered

predominantly using a “blended approach” of ICT and face to face delivery. These

include creating and sustaining community in a virtual environment to develop inter-

professional skills. A focus of skill development is on reflective practices using online

role-plays and group work principles and processes in virtual situated learning

environments. Issues for professional practice cultures in the online environment are

considered within a global context (Martin, Jennifer and Hawkins, and Linette).

6.6.4 Computer Technology in Health

Information and communication technologies have changed the face of the world we live

in. ICT enables people to communicate with family, friends and colleagues around the

world instantaneously, gain access to global libraries, information resources, and

numerous other opportunities. ICT may also bring an improvement in health care

delivery systems. So, we may define Information and Communication Technology as one

of the driving forces of globalization ICT encompasses the broad spectrum of

communication technologies from radio, film, television, press, and telephone along with

more participatory forms such as theatre, video or storytelling. It also focuses on the

electronic end of the spectrum such as e-mail, the Internet, mobile phones and digital

video.

The science and practice of health or medical informatics changed radically in the late

1970s and early 1980s when computer use began to become increasingly common in
8
healthcare environments (Shortliffe and Blois 2006). Since then, improvements in the

speed and processing power of computers, computer networks, and the Internet has led to

increased accessibility and availability of information for healthcare professionals to

support their decision-making processes (Vimarlund et al 2008; Rose 2005; Winkelman

and Leonard 2004; Chamorro 2001). According to Hassett (2002): “A health information

system (HIS) encompasses a wide array of applications and information systems that are

linked or interfaced. A HIS supports the provision of care to patients and the business

aspects of the healthcare organization by communicating information.” It is now hard to

imagine healthcare without information and communication technology (ICT) based

applications for both the accumulation and interchange of clinical information

(Ammenwerth et al. 2004). This is in part because ICT-based applications have been

recognized as enablers. This means that they are tools that offer solutions to the problem

of the increasing accumulation of patient data (Timpka et al 2007; Andersen et al. 1994;

Friedman 1996). Due to their central role in enabling ubiquitous access to information,

ICTbased systems ensure a more efficient use of healthcare organizations’ scarce

resources (Harrison et al. 2007; Rahimi et al 2008; Pardes et al. 2006).

6.6.5 Trust Management in online counseling services

For the Internet it is necessary to establish a foundation of trust among the participants, in

order to be accepted as a viable platform, where the big companies can migrate their

current desktop software applications. Trust is often mentioned in the context of e-

commerce and has been developed over time through the formation of appropriate

policies, procedures and practices to safeguard transactions and company assets (Furnell,

M. S et al, 1999). The objective of security should be to manage risks by anticipating

what is probably going to happen and limiting the risk exposures that could injure an

organization's reputation. Perfect security is hard to achieve, infinitely expensive and

often not a rational goal (Singhoi, A, 2000)

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6.6.6 Computer Technology in HIV/ AIDS Fighting (Related works)

This section reviews some of the existing ICT services that are available which relates in

one another to the campaign against HIV/AIDS. The following are some of the exiting

services:-

6.6.6.1 Online counseling platform for Mexican University

It integrates the database and communication tools needed to administer access and

disseminate information between Course tutors and their students. On the student screen

contains a number of features like a calendar where students can solicit and then program

personal sessions with their tutors. Aims at providing students with the opportunity to

reach their personal and professional growth and contribute to their ultimate success.

6.6.6.2 Grace Tree Counseling services

Provides counseling services on Grief and loss issues, Survivors of family suicide,

Depression and anxiety, marital and relationship issues, separation and divorce recovery,

sexual abuse and incent and sexual addiction and abuse.

6.6.6.3 Ask the internet therapist services

Have therapists who are committed to working with people who are interested in

improving their overall mental health, reducing anxiety, and enhancing relationship

skills. Our online counselors are skilled in the areas of relationship counseling, love

addiction, codependence, stress, assertiveness, dysfunctional family counseling, and

chemical dependence counseling. We are confident that we can assist you in making the

connection with your loved ones more rewarding and meaningful.

6.6.6.4 ICT – based HIV/AIDS education

ICT-based HIV/AIDS education and counselling services have been developed in various

African countries, such as Uganda and Tanzania (Bloome 2001; Duveskoq 2008). The

existing e-learning approaches for HIV/AIDS education provide limited educational

services to children with most solutions presenting static online content, carton-based
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stories and social networks using email as a means of communication (Bada and Suhonen

2008). There is need to have a conceptual and pedagogical design of e-learning

environment, which is aimed to provide a fresh perspective to the HIV/AIDS education

and counselling services for Tanzanian. The design of TAWG online counselling service

will provide the way forward to have an application that can cover all needed areas for

Tanzanians.

6.6.7 Technological requirement

On their study on Pedagogical and Conceptual design of An E-Learning Environment for

HIV/AIDS in Uganda (NetAIDS), Bada and Jarkko (2008) proposed the following

conceptual design framework for NetAIDS environment

6.6.8 Different Approaches to Systems Development

Systems Development

Systems analysis is all about getting a detailed understanding of information relating to a

proposed system collected previously (Avison and Shah, 1997).

The phases of systems development are feasibility study, analysis, design,

implementation, testing and maintenance .These phases of project development are the

standard phases used more or less in all texts on systems analysis and software

engineering. It is generally referred to as the Linear Life Cycle (Pressman, 1992).

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Alternative methods of Systems Development:

There have been many criticisms of the Linear Life Cycle. Thus, the Linear Life Cycle is

looked on as way too simplified for the complexities of the real world. The following are

some of the alternatives available to the simple Linear Life Cycle model.

Prototyping

Gerri (1999) define a Prototyping as “the process of building a model of a system”. In

terms of an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers build

an information system that intuitive and easy to manipulate for end users. Prototyping is

an iterative process that is part of the analysis phase of the cycle (Gerri, 1999).

With prototyping the user feedback gained from developing a physical system that the

users can touch and see facilitates an evaluative response that the analyst can employ to

modify existing requirements as well as developing new ones (Gerri,1999).

There are number of the advantages of the prototyping but some of them are reduced time

of system development and decreases of cost in development process. Prototyping results

in higher user satisfaction and expose developers to potential future system requirement

(Gerri, 1999).

The negative side of the prototyping includes the dangerous of the system being left in

insufficient analysis. According to (Gerri, 1999) argues that now there is widespread use

of prototypes of its advantage of inherently increase the quality and amount of

communication between the developer/analyst and the end user.

A Spiral Model

This model aims to combine the best elements of the Linear Life Cycle and Prototyping

but adding the new element of risk analysis (Pressman, 1992).

Object Orientation (OO)

Object orientated systems development requires the developer to think in terms of objects

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and object classes (Avison and Shah, 1997). This means that every attribute of a system

is modeled just like it is in reality.

7.0 Methodology

7.1 Methods

The following are techniques which will be used in the analyze of the current

system of the flow and processing of information on HIV/ AIDS Counseling

services Accurate information about HIV/ AIDS.

7.1.1 Primary source of data.

Observation

The observation will be made on how the face to face voluntarily counseling for

HIV/AIDS is conducted how it can be modeled to cover distance counseling

services. The main advantage of this method is that subjective bias is eliminated, if

observation is done accurately. Secondly, the information that is obtained under

this method relates to what is currently happening; it is not complicated by either

the past behaviour or future intentions or attitudes. Thirdly, this method is

independent of respondents’ willingness to respond and as such is relatively less

demanding of active cooperation on the part of respondents as happens to be the

case in the interview or the questionnaire method (Kothari, 2008).

Interview

The general questions will be asked from client that will help in collecting the user

requirements. Most of prepared questions are open-end question in order to explore as

much as information from the client. Also unstructured interview technique will be used

as it is characterized by flexibility of approach to questioning. Unstructured interview do

not follow the system of pre-determined questions and standardized techniques for

recording information. In a non-structured interview, the interviewer is allowed much

greater freedom to ask, incase need, supplementary questions or at times he may omit
13
certain questions if the situation so requires (Kothari, 2004). To analyze the data

collected from open-end questions, qualitative analysis methods will be used where data

will be examined and compared. The meaningfulness of the data will be determined by

established goals and objectives of the research.

7.1.2 Using a secondary source of Data

The review of the literature from previous research on how other countries process

their online counseling services will be conducted. Other document for HIV/AIDS

counseling services will be reviewed.

7.1.3 Software requirement analysis

This will involve the following activities; develop the understanding of the

application domain and Interact with the stakeholders in the system like Ministry of

Health and Social welfare, Tanga region Medical Officer, Counselors and the

community as whole to know their requirements.

7.2 Materials

On designing the system, MySQL DBMS will be used to implement the database

schema, the PHP scripting language for creation of the user interface and link to

database. Apache will be used as a web server. The reason for choosing the above

tool is because they are open source. (i.e. free to use)

7.3 System Testing

The unit test will be done first and after integration of different units, the whole

system will be also tested. The system testing will be conducted to identify the

correctness, completeness, security and quality of developed computer software.

Testing will be performed on behalf of the stakeholders that are intended to reveal

quality related information about the product with the respect to the context in

which it is intended to operate.

8.0 Research Gap

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Online counseling provides an alternative to traditional face-to-face counseling at a time

when traditional methods are inaccessible, inconvenient, or not preferred. Online

counseling may be a useful alternative for people, unable to make it to a counselor’s

office, live in a remote area, have a disability, limited time constraints, or would like to

get an idea of how counseling works before seeing a counselor face to face. This research

is expected to cover the gap which is not covered by face to face counseling.

9.0 Research Contribution

This is expected to contribute much not only in the field of computer but also to the

community.

9.0.1 Contribution in the field of Computer Science

A new tool will be developed which will b used as a platform for other computer scientist

to do other researches based on it.

9.0.2 Contribution to other fields

This research is expected to produce much contribution to other field like Health Science

and counselling area as it will provide them with a new tool for their daily activities

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10.0 References:

Ammenwerth, E., Brender, J., Nykanen, P., Prokosch, H. U., Rigby, M., Talmon, J.,

2004. Visions and strategies to improve evaluation of health information systems.

Reflections and lessons based on the HISEVAL workshop in Innsbruck.

International Journal of Medical Informatics, 73(6), p.479–491.

Andersen, J.G., Aydin, C.E., Jay, S.J., 1994. Evaluating Healthcare Information

Systems: Methods and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publication.

Avison, D., Shah, H. (1997). The Information Systems Development Life Cycle: A First

Course in Information Systems, McGraw-Hill International, UK. Gerri A. (1999).

Prototyping. Retrieved November 4, 2010 from

http://www.umsl.edu/~sauter/analysis/prototyping/intro.html

Bada, J. K and Suhonen, J. (2008). Towards ICT-based Education and Counseling

Support System for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Uganda. In Proceedings of

Technology for Innovation and Education in Developing Countries. 31st July – 2nd

August 2008, Kampala Uganda.

Bayhan, P., Olgun, P., and Yelland, N. (2002). A study of pre-school teachers' thoughts

about computer-assisted instruction. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 3(2),

298-303

Blome, A. (2001). Schools Think about HIV/AID. A World Links online Collaborative

Project TechKowgia, July/August 2001. Retrieved 20th October, 2010 from

http://www. Techknowlogia.org

Cammarata, L. (2006). Instructional computer programmes and the phonological deficits

of dyslexic children. Unpublished master's dissertation

, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Rutherford, NJ.

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Dodge, D., Colker, L., and Heroman, C. (2003). The creative curriculum for preschool.

Washington, DC: Teaching Strategies.

Duveskog , M. (2008). Website of Sura ya UKIMWI Environment. Retrieved November 3

, 2010 from http://www. Surayaukimwi.com

Furnell M. S. and Karweni T. Security implications of electronic commerce: a survey of

con-sumers and businesses. Internet Research: Electronic Networking and Policy,

(5):372{382,1999.

Harrison, M.I., Koppel, R., Bar-Lev, S.H., 2007. Unintended Consequences of

Information Technologies in Health Care – An Interactive Sociotechnical Analysis.

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 14(5), p.542-549.

Hassett, M.M., 2002. Applications for health care information systems. In S.P.

Englebardt and R. Nelson, ed. Health care informatics: an interdisciplinary

approach. Missouri: Mosby. CH. 7.

Increasing access to HIV testing and counseling: report of a WHO consultation, 19- 21

November 2002, Geneva Switzerland

http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009/JC1700_Epi_Update_2009_en.pdf accessed

16th august 2010

Informatics: form foundations to applications to policy. Washington DC. 8-12 November

2008.

Information Communication Technologies for Human Services Education and

Delivery: Concepts and Cases

IRMA International Conference. (2006). Online counseling platform for Mexican

University. Emerging Trends and Challenges in IT management, 337 – 340

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and Techniques (Second Revised

Edition). New Delhi. New Age International.

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Logan, R. (1995). The fifth language: Learning a living in the computer age. Toronto,

Canada: Stoddart.

Papert, S. (1998). Technology in schools: To support the system or render it obsolete?

Milken Exchange on education technology. Retrieved April 24, 2008, from

www.mff.org/edtech/article.taf?_function=detailandContent_uid1=106

Pardes, H., Lehmann, H.P., Abbott, P.A., Roderer, N.K., Rothschild, A., Mandell, S.F.,

Ferrer, J.A., Miller, R.E., Ball, M.J., 2006. Aspects of Electronic Health Record

Systems (Health Informatics). New York: Springer-Verlag Inc.

Pressman, R.S. (1992). Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach (Third

Edition), McGraw-Hill, inc., USA.

Rahimi, B., Moberg, A., Timpka, T. and Vimarlund, V., 2008. Implementing an

integrated computerized patient record system: Toward for an evidence-based

information system implementation practice in healthcare. In AMIA (American

Medical Informatics Association), AMIA Annual Symposium, Biomedical and

Health

Rose, A.F., Schnipper, J.L., Park, E.R., Poon, E.G., Li, Q., Middleton, B., 2005. Using

qualitative studies to improve the usability of an EMR. Journal of Biomedical

Informatics, 38(1), p.51-60.

Shortliffe, E.H., and Blois, M.S., 2006. The Computer Meets Medicine and Biology:

Emergence of a Discipline. New York: Springer.

Singhoi, A. Goriska eregion a new vision that can be accomplished by educating citizens

and improving e-security. Preceeding of the fifteenths Blend Electronic Commerce

Conference, pages 629{635, 2000.

TACAIDS et al. (2005). Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey 2003-04. Dar es

Salaam, Tanzania

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The United Republic of Tanzania, Prime Ministers Office, The second national multi –

sectoral strategic framework on HIV and AIDS (2008 – 2012) second edition Dar

es Salaam October, 2007

Timpka, T., Bång, M., Delbanco, T., Walker, J., 2007. Information infrastructure for

inter-organizational mental health services: an actor network theory analysis of

psychiatric rehabilitation. Journal of biomedical informatics, 2007. 40(4), p.429-37.

Vimarlund, V., Olve, N.G., Scandurra, I., Koch, S., 2008. Organizational effects of

information and communication technology (ICT) in elderly homecare: a case

study. Health Informatics Journal, 14(3), p.195-210.

Winkelman, W.J., Leonard, K.J., 2004. Overcoming Structural Constraints to Patient

Utilization of Electronic Medical Records: A Critical Review and Proposal for an

Evaluation Framework. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,

11(2), p.151-161.

Yelland, N. (2002). Playing with ideas and games in early mathematics. Contemporary

Issues in Early Childhood, 3(2), 197-215.

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11.0 Other Relevant Information

11.1 Estimated Budget

Item No Items Cost(Tshs)

1 Data collection, Analysis Design and implementation 1,700,000/-
2 Dissertation Report Writing 500,000/-
3 Stationary 800,000/-
4 Transport (Dar es Salaam – Tanga – Dar es Salaam) 780,000/-
and Accommodation
5 Internet Modem (1 Unit) and Internet Access 600,000/-
6 Contingence 300,000/-
Total Budget Costs 4,680,000/-
Table 1: Estimated budget

11.2 Research Schedule

Activity 2010 2011

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Data
collection

Data
Analysis
System
Design
System
Implementat
ion
Report write
up and
submission
Table 2: Research Schedule

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Date………………………
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Kiyao,
Fadhili
(2009-06-
00193)
SUPERVISOR COMMENTS:
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Signature:………………………………………Date:……………………………

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 Comments from the first presentation held on 01/12/2010

SN COMMENTS COMMENTED IMPLEMEMENTATION

BY
1. Research title “ICT as a tool to enhance Dr. Justo Title rephrased to

voluntarily counseling and testing for HIV/ Dr. Lungo “Enhancing access to voluntarily

AIDS in Tanzania; A case of designing an Dr. Mercy counselling services for HIV/

online TAWG HIV/AIDS Counseling System” AIDS using internet and mobile

needs to be rephrased as the term ICT is a more phones devices. A case study of

general term rather be specific whether it is a Tanga Aids Working Group”

web based, sms based or any other ICT

component
2. No methodology/ or shallow details thereof Dr. Justo Methodology part has been

reviewed
3. Statement of the problem does not clearly state Dr. Mercy Has been reviewed to focus the

the problem you want to solve or there is no Dr. Justo problem to be covered (Section

direct link from the title to the problem to be 6.2 of the proposal)

solved
4. Some observations on HIV/AIDS statistics Dr. Justo Now the proposal includes

included seems to be old, try to find current current updated literature reviews

status and statistics and statistics

5. The proposed architecture in the Section 7.5 Dr. Justo Has been included in the

(Software Architecture) Should be included in literature review

the literature review and state where you have

inherited from
6. Schedule of activities and Budget should include Dr. Lungo Budget (item 11.1) and Research

relative expenses and real time we have; should Schedule (item 11.2) has been

not be imagined updated to include real situation

7. References need to be straightened; use of Dr. Lungo “and” has been used instead of

Comma in citations and uniformity in using “&” and uniformity and the use

“and” and “&” of comma in citation has been

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 observed

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