ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS ENGINEERING LAB

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRONICS III 2 hours

Dr. JAFAAR FAHAD A.RIDA

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Experiment No. 1

Experiment Name: Half wave rectifier with and without filters

Object: To observe the output voltage waveform for half wave rectifier with & without filter

Objectives: The student will be able to do the following:

1) Learn how to connect half wave rectifier circuit application of diode.

2) They are study D.C power supply circuit & checked the output voltage with and without
capacitor.
3) They are get output pure d.c voltage with used capacitor associated smoothing filters

Apparatus (Materials):

1) Power supply A.C voltage 60Hz, 12 V.

2) Diode 1BH62, Capacitor 100uf (polarity), Load Resistor 10kΩ.
3) Bread Board connection to fix all components circuit.
4) LED indicators to see output for flip flop circuit.
5) Oscilloscope to check and see waveforms for voltage output.
6) Jumper wires to contact each other.

Theory

A diode is made from a small piece of semiconductor material usually silicon in which half is
doped as a p region and half is doped as a n region with PN junction depletion region in between
them. The p region is called the anode and is conductive terminal. Then region is called cathode
is connected to a second conductive terminal.
P region P region N region
N region

Anode Cathode

Depletion region

A diode is a two terminal nonlinear device that performs differently under forward reverse bias.

Forward Bias Forward bias expresses connection between power supply (positive) terminal
with p region Anode and (negative) terminal with n region Cathode in this bias the diode work
normally it passes the current one direction. So, we use diode in rectifier. The barrier potential in
diode made from silicon it is 0.7V in forward bias.

Reverse Bias Reverse bias expresses connection between power

Supply (Negative) terminal with p region Anode and (Positive)

Terminal with n – region Cathode in this diode work as open

circuit zero output. If the power supply increase voltage more

than breakdown voltage that diode becomes damage.

V-I Characteristics for Diode

When a forward diode voltage is applied across a diode, there is current. This current is called
the forward current and is designated if with 0 across the diode, there is no forward current. As
you gradually increase the forward bias voltage, the forward current &the voltage across the
diode gradually increase.

When the forward bias voltage is increased to a value where the voltage across the diode reaches
approximately 0.7V (barrier potential) , the forward current begins to increase rapidly to increase
the forward bias voltage, the current continues to increase very rapidly.

When a reverse bias voltage across a diode, there is only on extremely small reverse current IR
through the PN junction with 0V across the diode, there is no reverse current. As you gradually
increase the reverse bias voltage, there is a very small reverse current & the voltage across the
diode increases. When the applied bias voltage is increased to a value where the reverse voltage
across the diode VR reaches the breakdown value VBR, the reverse current begins to increase
rapidly.

Ideal diode mode

Practical diode mode

Complete diode mode

Rectifier
All active electronic devices require a source of constant d.c that can be supplied by a battery or
a d.c power supply. The d.c power supply converts the standard 60Hz or 50 Hz, 110V or 220V
A.C voltage available at wall outlets into a constant d.c voltage. The d.c power supply is one of
the most common circuits you will find, so it is important to understand how it works.

Generally, all the a.c input line voltage is stepped down to a lower a.c voltage with transformer.
A transformer changes a.c voltage based on the turns ratio between the primary and secondary
coil. The rectifier can be either a half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. The rectifier converts
the a.c input voltage to a pulsating d.c voltage, called a half wave rectified voltage. The filter
eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth d.c voltage.
The regulator is a circuit that maintains constant d.c voltage for variations in the input line
voltage or in the load.

Half Wave Rectifier Operation

A diode is connected to a.c source and to a load resistor RL, forming a half wave rectifier to pass
only positive part from waveforms a.c power and reject negative part in this point get output d.c
voltage with ripple , so we connect capacitor has polarity(+-) to get the output voltage pure d.c.

Voltage output Average value

Ripple factor is measure of the fluctuating component in the output voltage.

Procedures
1) Connections all electronic circuits diode forward bias, Capacitor, and Resistor on bread
board.
2) The power supply A.C connects to input half wave circuit.
3) Take result output voltage without & with capacitor on connect with oscilloscope on load
resistor.
4) Draw all waveforms input voltage and output voltage without &with capacitor.
5) Determine voltage and the time for output voltage.

Result

Precaution
1) All electronic components should be checked before use the apparatus..
2) All connections should be checked.
3) Always connect GROUND first & then Vcc.
4) After completing the experiment switch off the supply to apparatus.

Pre-Experimental Questions
1) Discussion practical result obtains half wave?
2) Compare between theoretical and practical result?
3) What is advantages and disadvantages?
4) What is rectifier function?
5) What is ripple factor?