CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter provides review of related concepts, principles and studies that were

relevant for examining the problem and serves as guide to examine relationships between

factors affecting the study. This includes the conceptual principles of the study, research

framework, and definition of terms. Different media were used to collate information that

utilizes different materials found from books, articles and internet in acquiring

information related to the study.

RELATED LITERATURE

According to the article of Tyson Alexander (2013), ‘What Are Child-Rearing

Practices?’, there are four types of these namely the indulgent parents, authoritarian

parents, authoritative parents, and the uninvolved parents. Of the first kind, they make

few attempts to direct their children’s behavior. They avoid confrontation with their

children and allow their children to make most decisions for themselves. Thus, their

offspring tend to have behavior problems and lower grades, but also have the tendency to

acquire higher self-esteem. Authoritarian parents on the other hand believe their

children’s behavior towards learning should be controlled a hundred percent, making

their children stick to rules and regulations. From most psychologists, children of

authoritarian parents have a higher than normal likelihood of getting into trouble.

Meanwhile, authoritative parents balance setting clear boundaries for their kids and

encouraging them to think for themselves. Children of these have a higher chance of

being independent, well-behaved and successful later in life. Lastly, uninvolved parents
do not create many rules for their children and not hands-on to the development of their

kids. Psychologists say children of uninvolved parents tend to experience more problems

in life, ranging from a lack of emotional control to poorer than average academic

performance.

According to Dewar, G. (2013), there are many things that can make a child

smarter; factors like exercising regularly. It is both intriguing and unexpected that

exercise does stimulate one’s mind and helps in brain growth and can also enhance one’s

ability to learn, so much more to children who can grab information easily with the

proper guidance and parenting of mothers. Play also promotes learning, memorization,

and it can contribute to the healthy growth of the cerebral cortex. It also enhances the

honing of one’s ability to use language, spatial intelligence, and mathematical problem-

solving skills and there is also a good proof that gesturing with body parts most

specifically with the hands improve one’s ability to remember things that he learned.

According to Lee, K. (2016), the ability to think complex things start at the age of

six and their curiosity about the world around them will be at its peak. Many children of

this age will begin to continue to hone independent studying and reading and some even

start to begin writing stories, especially those relating to themselves. 6-year-olds may

even start to work on learning for hours each day and they may increase and expand their

knowledge about their environment. This is also the time where they might acquire

knowledge that is helpful in discovering patterns, their neighborhood, and many others.

According to Lee, K. (2016), seven-year-olds most often show an unending

patience for learning and will have a strong curiosity about things in the world. These

children ages seven years old are natural explorers, and scientists as they possess
different attitudes of discoverers. They also take pride in their work and will also

continue to have a rapid language development, the main reason why most of them are

very talkative at this stage because of the thousands of words that they already have

inquired about. This is also the time that they have mastered addition and subtraction

which will be helpful in solving more complex word problems.

Responsive parenting, according to many studies, is an important process for

supporting young children’s learning.  From Susan H. Landry’s (2014) article, ‘The

Role of Parents in Early Childhood Learning’, she stated the notion that there is now

support for a causal role of responsive parenting, as greater gains in the parental

behaviors associated with a responsive style were responsible for the effect of several

parenting interventions on greater gains in young children’s learning. Also, recent

evidence for normally developing children showing links between early high levels of

responsive parenting and increased volume in brain regions responsible for regulation of

stress suggests the critical importance of this parent practice in early development.

Based from the article ‘Parents’ Attitudes and Beliefs: Their Impact on

Children’s Development’ by Joan Grusec and Tanya Danyliuk (2014), the subject on

how to raise their children can be perplexing. Child rearing practices differ from one

parent to another. Different child rearing practices lead to different child upbringing. It

is one of the causes for individual differences. One is far different to another because of

how he was brought up by his parents.

RELATED STUDIES

In developing the relation between the cognitive learning of children and the

child-rearing practices of mothers, there are many related studies which will be taken into

consideration to compare the similarities and differences. Studies that involve cognitive

psychology and child-rearing practices are the following:

According to Richard Bukaliya and Barbra Mapuranga (2015) in their

research, only a few of their respondents indicated that parents were providing children

with assistance on school work at home. Some stated that parents adopted the use of

punishment to discipline their children. Allowing children free way to do their own things

accounted for the majority learner respondents, the same for parents not being bothered

by children`s behavior, and thus unable to make decisions for the child. All the

respondents indicated that parents were unconcerned about the child. As a result, parents

were unable to make decisions for the children and showed no concern about an

educational future.

Source: http://www.ijrhss.org/pdf/v2-i2/2.pdf

From Maccoby and Martin’s study (2011), teachers and parents agreed that

authoritative parenting styles impacted positively on children’s performance in school

and only a few of parents argued to this statement. In their research, they found that those

with neglectful parents scored the lowest on a series of tests given by the researchers to

know about their cognitive abilities, while those children with authoritative parenting

styles scored the highest marks.

Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/49300379/Baumrind-s-Parenting-style-and-

Maccoby-Martin-s-Parenting-Style-Typologies
 According to Alampay L.P.’s research (2012), most if not all cultures,

parenting is seen as an integral role with great influence on the lives of children and of

parents themselves. The importance of parenting is emphasized and given more attention

in the Philippine society, in which the family is generally seen as central to one's social

world. It is a research on child-rearing and gender socialization in the Philippines, which

focused on Filipino parents' child-rearing beliefs and practices and how these influence

children's development and learning. It also includes Filipino parenting, including

parents' cognitions and behaviors towards children and the nature of parent-child

interactions.

Source: http://www.academia.edu/13401676/Parenting_in_the_Philippines
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The study will utilize the conceptual model presented in Figure 2.1 in designing

and evaluating the acceptability of the results of the research study. The study adopted

the IPO Model, which stands for Input, Process and Output. The inputs necessary for the

development of the proposed study are gathering of data through interview, surveys and

observation, studying and reviewing the parenting practices of Filipino rural mothers, and

the cognitive capacities of children ages six to eight years old.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

GATHERING OF REQUIREMENTS
DATA THROUGH Child-Rearing
INTERVIEW AND
SURVEY Practices of Filipino
ANALYSIS
Rural Mothers in
STUDYING AND
REVIEWING THE
FOLLOWING: Subic, Baliuag,
DESIGN
The relation between
mothers’ parenting to Bulacan:
the cognitive
TESTING Relationship to their
development of
children.
Children’s Cognitive
Level of cognitive
knowledge of children. Development Ages 6-
INTERVIEW
8 Years Old

STUDYING SURVEY
RELATED AND
SIMILAR
SYSTEMS
ACCEPTANCE
 Figure 2.1 Conceptual Model of the Proposed Study

Under the processes, the researcher will first have the requirements, then do the

analysis, observation, interview, survey, and the acceptance of the data. The output

referred to in the research is the Child-Rearing Practices of Filipino Rural Mothers of

Subic, Baliuag, Bulacan: Their Relationship to the Cognitive Development of their

Children Ages 6-8 years old.

This represents the steps in the development of the research study itself. The study

must characterize the proposed system and site the possible problems which may

encounter in the development of the research. Working plan should be carefully followed

as this will lead to the development of the project. Testing and evaluation should be done

to know whether the specified objectives are met by the system and doing necessary

modifications if necessary.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Child-Rearing Practices parenting that promotes emotional, spiritual, mental, physical,

and social development of their offspring until they are fully grown. It also involves

caring for the child.

Cognitive pertains to a person’s logic, memorization skills, problem-solving abilities,

mental processes of perception, judgment, verbal linguistic intelligence and reasoning.

Development is the process of honing something.

Judgment the ability to make decisions or come to sensible conclusions.

Logical Mathematical a person with this type of intelligence are good at scientific

investigations and identifying relationships between different things. They are also good

at understanding complex and abstract ideas especially when it comes to numbers.

Memorization mental process undertaken in order to store in memory for later recall of

items such as experiences, names, lists, stories, pictures, maps, diagrams, facts, music or

other visual, auditory, or tactical data.

Perception the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the five

senses.

Problem-Solving Ability a person’s ability to give an answer or a solution to easy and

complex problems whether it is about the real world or science and mathematics.

Psychology is the study of behavior and mind, involving all aspects of conscious and

unconscious experience as well as thought.

Reasoning the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.

Rural a geographic area located outside towns, cities, or the capital of the country.

Verbal Linguistic refers to a person’s intelligence when it comes to language.

Visual Spatial refers to a person’s intelligence when it comes to visualization and people

who acquire this type of intelligence often think in pictures rather than in words.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter presents the methods and techniques of the study, the population and

sample, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure and the data processing and

statistical treatment.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

This research is under the case study type of research. It studies about people,

specifically mothers whose parenting practices affect the cognitive development of their

children. The research also discusses about children ages six to eight years old and their

academic performances that somehow is linked to their cognitive abilities. It is a primary

research that involves collecting information that does not yet exist, as it is the first

research title to be done in barangay Subic, Baliuag, Bulacan. It involves gaining

extensive knowledge that can be shared and put to proper use. Its method includes the

empirical type, which associates real life situations with data collected from the

surroundings. Observations were emphasized by the researcher, as it serves as the key to

this research method. The researcher tested patterns of thinking skills of children ages six

to eight years old.

Population and Sample of the Study

 The respondents of this study are fifty Filipino rural mothers from Subic, Baliuag,

Bulacan, in the year 2016.

The researcher conducted the survey in the specific barangay indicated and each

were asked to answer questionnaires. The researcher also gathered data through

interviews from ten different mothers, and was also allowed to observe children ages six

to eight years old on how they answer certain exams that will prove their cognitive

abilities. Certain tests were given to the children as part of the observation and artifacts

from their school performances were examined.

Research Instrument

The major tool that was employed to gather information was the questionnaire

comprised of two parts. The first part is on the Filipino rural mother’s profile which

includes the name, age, and home address. The second part of the questionnaire contained

statements that showed the appropriate assessment to evaluate the child-rearing practices

of Filipino rural mothers in relation to their children’s cognitive thinking skills.

For the confirmation and verification of the effectiveness and validity of the

survey questionnaires, mothers from Subic, Baliuag were asked to answer the questions

completely.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher administered personally all the survey questionnaires to the

mothers of barangay Subic for the purpose of ensuring a high retrieval rate from the

respondents. The researcher informed the mothers even before the interviews and the
survey-answering parts. The children of these mothers were also informed regarding the

observation and the purpose of the study and were guided accordingly as they were

answering the tests for the efficient and effective accomplishment of each question.

Data Processing and Statistical Statement

The researcher individually gathered and tabulated the data to ensure its reliability

and accuracy.

The following statistical tools were used to determined and analyze the data in

this study:

1. Frequency and Percentage were used to determine and analyze the age profile

of the Filipino Rural Mothers.

2. The descriptive method was used to determine the Child-Rearing Practices of

Filipino Rural Mothers and Their Relation to the Cognitive Development of

their Children Ages 6 to 8 years old.