Lesson

Revisiting the Elements

1 of Music
What is your most favorite song? Why do you love it?

You might say: “It‟s the lyrics and the melody.” Or probably you will
answer: “I just love the beat of this song.” You might even say: “It‟s the guitar
part I like most.”

Whatever your reason is for liking a certain song or music, one thing is
sure – the entire music is a product of several elements. This lesson brings
you back to the basic elements of music, so that you will better appreciate its
effects as you study from genre to genre, and culture to culture.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are going to revisit the basic elements of music as
they will be used later as basis in analysing the different genres of music,
specifically the Afro-Latin American and Popular Music.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. identify the basic musical elements that distinguish musical pieces; and
2. describe some sample Afro-Latin American and/or Popular Music using
the musical elements.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write only the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The transition from loud to soft is indicated by which musical symbol?
a. crescendo c. staccato
b. decrescendo d. fermata

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2. Rhythm is concerned with all of the following, except one. Which one is
the exception?
a. beat c. loudness
b. tempo d. duration
3. Which of the following factors may influence the music of any society?
a. environment b. economy c. culture d. all of these
4. Which of the following terms does not belong to the group?
a. melody c. note
b. tune d. beat
5. Timbre has the same meaning with ____.
a. voice quality c. volume
b. vocal range d. speed
6. People easily relate to this music because of its familiarity.
a. popular music c. spiritual
b. Latin music d. ritualistic
7. Latin-American music is largely influenced by ___.
a. Philippine music c. African music
b. Jamaican music d. Eastern music
8. Soul is a music genre that evolved from the songs made out of
loneliness by________.
a. Philippine soldiers c. American musicians
b. African-American slaves d. Western monks
9. Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of Afro-Latin
American music?
a. verse-chorus pattern d. complex rhythm
b. call-response method c. off-beat rhythm
10. Which of the following is/are not a component of Maracatu, an African
music genre?
a. singer(s) c. dancers
b. instruments d. actresses
11. A syncopated music has an irregular _______.
a. tempo b. melody c. form d. lyrics
12. Forte requires a song to be sung in __________.
a. extreme loudness c. extreme softness
b. moderate loudness d. moderate speed
13. Melody can be nearly associated with ______.
a. speed b. lyrics c. volume d. tune
14. Music can be derived from ______.
a. natural sound c. materials in the surroundings
b. human sound d. a, b, and c
15. African music is characterized by being off-beat. This refers to which
element of music?
a. melody b. style c. rhythm d. style

2
 What’s In

In the previous module, you learned of the Afro-Latin American and popular
music, by familiarizing the origin and development of this music over time, as
well as the impact of culture to this type of music.
Here‟s a simple challenge for you.

Can you tell which element of music is referred to in each statement?

The underlined word/phrase may help you.

1. Reggae‟s offbeat music makes it unique and danceable.

2. The notes of the blues music create an expressive and soulful
sound.
3. Brazil‟s bossa nova is a gentler version of the classic Cuban
Samba.
[Choices: rhythm, tone color, musical style]

Note to the Teacher

Answers may be verbally revealed, aside from the ones provided
respectively, in the Answer Key.

What’s New

The Basic Elements of Music

Music, as we know, is not just a single note or a simple beat. Music is a
result of many different elements that combine to produce the song or the
accompaniment that you love to hear.

3
 Music is the effect resulting from the interplay of several factors such
as rhythm, dynamics, melody, harmony, tone color, texture, and form. Most or
all of these consist the music that you hear or listen to.

Some Related Terms of the Musical Elements

The musical elements have various related terms which may also be
helpful for you to quickly grasp their meanings. The following table shows
some common synonyms of or related terms to the musical elements. You
may have already heard of them in the past.

Table 1. Elements of Music and their synonyms

Musical Element Basic Related Terms

Rhythm beat, meter, tempo, syncopation

Dynamics forte, piano, crescendo, decrescendo
Melody pitch, theme, conjunct, disconjunct
Harmony chord, progression, key, tonality
Tone Color register, range, instrumentation
Texture monophonic, polyphonic, counterpoint
Form binary, ternary, strophic
Style middle age, classic, baroque,
renaissance

What is It

Revisiting the Musical Elements

RHYTHM. Rhythm is the element of "TIME" in music. When you tap
your foot to the music, you are "keeping the beat" or following the structural
rhythmic pulse of the music. There are several important aspects of rhythm:
duration (how long the sound, or silence lasts, tempo (how fast), and meter
(how beats are patterned). Rhythm usually identifies a piece from another
because it suggests the message, experience, history, culture, environment
and background of society from which that piece comes. For example, the off-
beat rhythm of the reggae music, gives you an idea that it is African by origin.

4
 DYNAMICS. Dynamics is the relative loudness or softness of the
sound, and the manner by which these qualities change. Some common
symbols that pertain to dynamics are shown below. You might have observed
or seen them in some musical pieces you have come across before.

Name Symbol Meaning

piano p soft
pianissimo pp very soft
pianississimo ppp very very soft
forte f loud
fortissimo ff very loud
fortississimo fff very very loud
mezzo-piano mp moderately soft
mezzo-forte mf moderately loud
decrescendo get softer (sing from
loud to soft)
crescendo get louder (sing from
soft to loud)

MELODY. Melody is the linear/horizontal presentation of pitch (the

word used to describe the highness or lowness of a musical sound). Many
famous musical compositions have a memorable melody or theme. Can you
still recall the earliest songs you learned as a kid, like “Mary Had a Little
Lamb” or “Row, Row Your Boat?” They seemed to have friendly melody (tune)
that made you familiarize them easily. Can you still hum their tune? That‟s
melody.

HARMONY. Harmony is the verticalization of pitch. Often, harmony is

thought of as the art of combining pitches into chords

simultaneously as one. The harmonic interval below is a basic example of two

(or more) different notes played at the same time, resulting to harmony.

TONE COLOR (Timbre). Tone Color is the quality of sound. If you play
a "C" on the piano and then sing that "C", you and the piano have obviously
produced the same pitch; however, your voice has a different sound quality

5
than that of the piano. Composers use timbre much like painters use colors to
evoke certain effects on a canvas. The famous song You Raise Me Up has
been sung in different versions by many singers like Josh Groban, and the
West Life. By just listening to the first few notes of each version, you can
immediately tell who the singer is. Why is this so? It‟s the voice quality (color)
that you identified. Tone color (timbre), therefore, is distinct in every singer
(or) instrument.

TEXTURE. Texture refers to the number of individual musical lines

(melodies) and the relationship these lines have to one another. As you may
recall in the earlier discussions, texture has either monophonic, biphonic, or
polyphonic. An orchestra (involving many instruments) is expected to be
thicker in texture than a simple acoustic song arrangement involving a singer
and a guitar as accompaniment. Another example of music with complex
texture is the Maracatu of Africa, which combines instruments, singers, and
performers (dancers) in its entire production.

FORM. Musical form is used to describe how certain parts of the

musical piece is repeated. This is the pattern that is generally observed in the
entire music. The most common forms of music are the following:
a. Strophic – a musical form uses the same melody repeated
over and over, with different text for each repetition. Try
singing “London Bridge is Falling Down.” Notice its repeated
melody.
b. Binary - is a musical form in two related sections, both of
which are usually repeated. Binary is also a structure used to
choreograph dance. In music this is usually performed as A-
A-B-B. A good example is the song “Row, row, row your
boat.”
c. Ternary - is sometimes called song form, is a three-
part musical form where the first section (A) is repeated after
the second section (B) ends. Can you identify the three parts
in the song Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star?

STYLE. Knowing the unique style traits of particular historical eras can
greatly enhance your musical experiences by offering clues about what the
composer was trying to express, and what you should listen for when hearing
a piece. Musical style is usually described based on its appearance in the
world‟s music history. Examples of styles include middle age, renaissance,
baroque, classic, romantic, and modern. It is also good to be aware of the
musical style for every song you listen to because it allows you to understand
more not just of the music, but also of the cultural, historical, and social
implications of the song.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.1 Identifying the Musical Element

Try to expand your understanding of the musical elements by choosing

the letter of the element that is most associated with the given statement.
Choose your answer from the bar.

a. Melody b. Rhythm c. Style d. Color e. Dynamics

____1.I love listening to big gongs than small drums; gongs sound so
powerful to me.

____2. Folk songs usually make use of familiar tones easily mastered by
common people or villagers.

____3. Modern songs are more expressive and liberated compared to the
classic ones.

____4. The Philippine National Anthem is supposed to be played in marching

beat, that is, faster and snappier.

____5. In singing, you need to observe when to tone down (soften) or tone
up (louden) your voice in order to emphasize art and message, and to avoid
monotony.

What I Have Learned

1. Music is a product of the interplay of many elements.

2. Musical elements include rhythm, dynamics, melody, harmony,
texture, tone color, form, and style.
3. Each musical element is essential to the music that is created or
produced.
4. Describing the musical elements is important as we study the
origin of and the culture that affects the kind of music we study.
5. Rhythm relates to speed; dynamics is associated with loudness or
softness; melody relates to tone; harmony is the agreement of

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 instruments or tones, texture results from combination of melodies;
tone color is quality; form refers to the musical patterns; and style
relates to historically to the development of music.

What I Can Do

Activity 1.2 Observing Musical Elements

Here‟s what you are going to do!

1. Play the song “My Heart Will Go On” by the Pop Superstar
Celine Dion. You may click on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNsm2P0l_7Y
2. Listen carefully and be ready to answer the following
questions:
a. In which parts/phrases of the song did you observe transition
from soft to loud (crescendo), or loud to soft (decrescendo)?

b. Can you identify the musical instruments that were used as

accompaniment in the song? Give some examples.

c. Was the song generally fast or slow?

d. What feeling was aroused in you as you listened to the tune of

the song? Was it sing-able?
3. As you were answering, you were actually dealing with some
elements of music such as dynamics (a), harmony (b),
rhythm (c), and melody (d).

Assessment

Multiple Choice Quiz. Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The element of music that includes the tempo (speed), the meter
(count), and the duration or length of that music is called ____.
a. dynamics
b. rhythm
c. musical style
d. musical form

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2. Tone color is nearest in meaning with ____.
a. voice range
b. voice quality
c. musical score
d. musical stamina

3. Which of these statements is concerned with rhythm?

a. This song is monotonous.
b. The voice of the singer is husky.
c. That musical piece is extremely fast.
d. Mozart and Beethoven music are classic pieces.

4. Crescendo refers to a transition of music ______.

a. from loud to soft
b. from soft to loud
c. from fast to slow
d. from slow to fast

5. The Christmas song “Deck The Halls” makes use of repeated music
pattern for all verses in the song. This is a strophic type of musical
design. This refers to the element of ____.
a. style b. harmony c. form d. pitch

6. Which of the following factors may influence the music of any society?
a. environment b. economy c. culture d. all of these

7. The element of music that refers to the number of individual musical

lines (melodies) and the relationship of these to one another.
a. harmony b. pitch c. form d. texture

8. Which of these terms does not belong to the group?

a. timbre b. quality c. form d. color

9. Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of Afro-Latin

American music?
a. verse-chorus pattern d. complex rhythm
b. call-response method c. off-beat rhythm

10. Which of the following is not a component of Maracatu, an African

music genre?
a. singer(s) c. dancers
b. instruments d. actresses

9
 11. A syncopated music has an irregular _______.
a. tempo b. melody c. form d. lyrics

12. Forte requires a song to be sung in __________.

a. extreme loudness c. extreme softness
b. moderate loudness d. moderate speed

13. Melody can be nearly associated with ______.

a. speed b. lyrics c. volume d. tune

14. Music can be derived from ______.

a. natural sound c. materials in the surroundings
b. human sound d. a, b, and c

15. African music is characterized by being off-beat. This refers to which

element of music?
a. melody b. style c. tempo d. style

Additional Activity

Activity 1.3 Comparing Rhythms

Listen to the sample music as indicated. Follow the link indicated. Try
to match the description of musical rhythm to the appropriate music by
writing the letter of the given music on the space provided for after each
question.

A. Jive (Africa).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKzxqGxKteU

B. Samba (Latin America).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6rFRv4Wek4

C. Rock and Roll (Popular Music).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpsUOOfb-vE

Now, compare the rhythms of the given musical genres.

1. Which music has a rhythm that is highly energetic and jittery

in beat? Answer: _______________

10
2. Which music has a rhythm that is heavy and off-beat?
Answer: _______

3. Which music generally rhythmic and moderately paced?

Answer: _______

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Lesson

2 Experiencing African Music

“If you cannot teach me how to fly, teach me to how to sing.”

J.M. Barrie, Peter Pan

The speaker in this quote is obviously expressing his appreciation for

music. Since music is a universal language of the human soul, it enables us,
humans, to communicate and understand others, regardless of the specific
language or dialect used.

To be able to listen to music of our own choice is a privilege everyone

enjoys. It opens up the imaginative realm of the mind and allows the listener
to explore emotions of all sort. But, to be able to perform music is a lot more
fulfilling. The experience enables the performer to not only enjoy the music,
but also to understand the deeper meaning of the music, its background, its
technical aspects, and many other considerations about the music.

Indeed, playing and experiencing music offers opportunities to

understand culture and the world.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are going to revisit and experience the music of
Africa, as we attempt to understand the African musical culture that
contributed to the music of the world.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. listen intently to African music; and
2. perform African music in appropriate pitch, rhythm, style, and
expression.

12
 What I Know

Multiple Choice Test. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which musical element is well emphasized and usually intricate or

complicated in African music?
a. dynamics b. rhythm c. style d. form

2. A vocal form of African music that has a soloist, a team of

instrumentalists, and a group of dancers:
a. Maracatu b. soul c. spiritual d. blues
3. Soul is a music genre that evolved from the songs made out of
loneliness by _________.
a. Philippine soldiers c. American musicians
b. African-American slaves d. Western monks
4. Which of the following is not a component of Maracatu, an African
music genre?
a. singer(s) b. dancers c. instruments d. actresses
5. A syncopated music has an irregular _______.
a. tempo b. melody c. form d. lyrics
6. African music is characterized by being off-beat. This refers to which
element of music? a. melody b. style c. rhythm d. style
7. All of the following songs exemplifies African music except:
a. One Note Samba b. Mbube c. Kum Bay Ya d. Waka Waka
8. Kwassa kwassa is an African music from ________.
a. Zaire b. Namibia c. Zimbabwe d. Angola
9. This African musical style involves repetition of exact lines/phrases.
a. off-beat b. call-response c. use of percussion d. drumming
10. The following are traditional African music, except _______.
a. Afrobeat b. Akpala c. Axe d. Salsa
11. Use of drums in African music is concerned with _______.
a. marriage b. funerals c. birth d. a, b, c
12. African music is a collective result of the cultural and musical diversity
of the more than fifty _________ divisions of Africa.
a. modern b. common c. ethnic d. scattered
13. African instruments involve mainly those that are tapped or clapped.
a. brass b. string c. wind d. percussion

13
 14. The spiritual music of Africa originally refers to Negro spiritual. This statement
is _______. a. true b. uncertain c. false d. true at
times
15. A good example of musical influence of Africa to Latin America:
a. Soul b. Reggae c. Blues d. Spiritual

What’s In

In the previous module, you revisited the musical elements that are essential
in understanding music, as you move forward in your musical journey. These
elements are also helpful as you prepare to experience and assess music
from varied countries and cultures, specifically the Afro-Latin American and
the Popular Music.
Challenge your mind!

rhythm, melody, rhythm, color, lyrics, texture

Can you tell which word in the entire set is NOT a musical element?
What‟s your answer?

If you chose lyrics, you are correct. Now, you are ready to proceed with
experiencing the music of Africa.

What’s New

Music of Africa
As we already learned, music from Africa greatly influenced the music
of the world. In fact, music of Latin America, as mentioned in Module 1 of this
Quarter, is greatly influenced by Africa. African music is a collective result of
the cultural and musical diversities of the more than fifty ethnic divisions of
Africa.

African music has been an avenue for expressing experiences in work,

religion, ceremonies, communication, and interactions of the African ethnic
tribes.

Some traditional African music, as you have learned include the

Afrobeat (fusion of West American and Black American music), Axe (from

14
Salvador, Bahia and Brazil), Jit (Zimbabwe), Kwassa kwassa (Zaire), the
Apala by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, and the Jive of South Africa.

What is It

How They Do It
So far, we have been amazed with how rich and resourceful African
music is. Because of the huge influence of African music to global music,
there has already been a growing interest in its cultural heritage and abundant
musical sources. Many scholars would agree on all or most of the following
characteristics of African music:

1. Emphasis on Rhythm. African music has great deal of emphasis on

rhythm or beat. Multiple beats played at the same time are also
evident.
2. Evident use of percussion instruments. African music is very rich of
percussion instruments (tapped, clapped, struck, etc.).
3. Drumming. Researchers claim that African music is ultimately
founded or based on drumming.
Call and Response. This method involves performers or groups of performers that
strike alternately in a call-and-response manner. Simply said, this involves exact
repetition of phrases or lines in a song.

What’s More

Activity 2.1 Vocal forms of African Music

Vocal forms of African music include the maracatu (accompanied by a

percussion band), blues (songs of misfortune by working slaves), and soul
(emotional, expressive and freestyle song).

Listen to each of the following and identify the type of African vocal
music.

At Last - Etta James.mkv Take These Chains Avvay from Me.mp4

___1. ___3.

15
 Music 2.mp4
___2. (Maracatu)

What I Have Learned

1. African music largely influences Latin American music and the

music of the world.
2. There are certain characteristics of African music like emphasis on
rhythm, evident use of percussion instruments, drumming as
foundation for the music, and call and response.

3. African music is a result of the development of both culture and

music of the more than 50 ethnic tribes of the African continent.

4. The best way to learn African music is to at least familiarize them

through studying, listening, and actual performance (singing of or
dancing with such music)

What I Can Do

Activity 2.2 Experiencing African Music

Here‟s what you do by yourself!

1. Play the song Waka-waka by Shakira.

Shakira - Waka Waka (This Time for Africa).mkv

or follow this link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRpeEdMmmQ0

2. Study its lyrics and figures, and familiarize its steps. If possible,
memorize the lyrics and the dance figures from verse 1 to the first
chorus.
3. When you’re ready, capture your performance on a video as you
dance with the music (verse 1 to the first chorus, at least).

16
 4. You may use other African-Latin American music/songs, if
needed.
5. Review your video and score your performance using the rubrics:
Scoring Scale: 5- Very Good 3-Fair 1-Needs Follow-up
4- Good 2-Poor 1

Rating Sheet
Highest My
I was able to: Possible Personal
Score Score
 sing the lines correctly. 5

 dance at pace with the music. 5

 coordinate the song and dance. 5

 display the proper facial expressions. 5

Total 20

Assessment

Multiple Choice Test. Directions: Choose the best answer. Write only
the letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which musical element is well emphasized and usually intricate or
complicated in African music?
a. dynamics b. rhythm c. style d. form
2. A vocal form of African music that has a soloist, a team of
instrumentalists, and a group of dancers ________.
a. Maracatu b. soul c. spiritual d. blues
3. Blues is a music genre that evolved from the songs made out of
loneliness by ________.
a. Philippine soldiers c. American musicians
b. African-American slaves d. Western monks
4. Which of the following is not a component of Maracatu, an African
music genre?
a. singer(s) b. dancers c. instruments d. actresses
5. A syncopated music has an irregular _______.
a. tempo b. melody c. form d. lyrics

17
 6. African music is characterized by being off-beat. This refers to which
element of music?
a. melody b. style c. rhythm d. style
7. All of the following songs exemplifies African music except ______.
a. One Note Samba b. Mbube c. Kum Bay Ya d. Waka Waka
8. Kwassa kwassa is an African music from ________.
a. Zaire b. Namibia c. Zimbabwe d. Angola
9. This African musical style involves repetition of exact lines/phrases.
a. off-beat b. call-response c. use of percussion d. drumming
10. The following are traditional African music, except ______.
a. Afrobeat b. Akpala c. Axe d. Salsa
11. Use of drums in African music is concerned with ______.
a. marriage b. funerals c. birth d. a, b, c
12. African music is a collective result of the cultural and musical diversity
of the more than fifty _________ divisions of Africa.
a. modern b. common c. ethnic d. scattered
13. African instruments involve mainly those that are tapped or clapped.
a. brass b. string c. wind d. percussion
14. The spiritual music of Africa originally refers to Negro spiritual. This
statement is _____. a. true b. uncertain c. false d. true
at times
15. A good example of musical influence of Africa to Latin America is ___.
a. Soul b. Reggae c. Blues d. Spiritual

Additional Activity

Activity 2.3 African Spiritual Song

One famous Scouting song entitled Kum Bay Ya is an African religious

song, which literally means “Come by near.” Kum Bay Ya has become famous
as a camping song among boy scouts and girl scouts.
Enjoy as you listen to its melody and lyrics. What feeling did the song
give you? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

18
 Kum Bay Ya

Kum bay ya, My Lord, kum bay ya

Kum bay ya, My Lord, kum bay ya
Kum bay ya, My Lord, kum bay ya
Oh, Lord, kum bay ya

(Someone’s laughing, my Lord, kumbaya) 3X

Oh Lord, kum bay ya
(Someone’s crying, my Lord, kumbaya) 3X
Oh Lord, kum bay ya
(Someone’s praying, my Lord, kumbaya) 3X
Oh Lord, kum bay ya
(Someone’s singing, my Lord, kumbaya) 3X
Oh Lord, kum bay ya

19
Lesson
Experiencing Latin American
3 Music

Latin American music, as mentioned earlier, is greatly influenced by the

music of Africa. This is because these continents are more or less connected,
geographically, culturally,and socially.

The development of Latin American music is a result of these major

influences: indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African, the hugest of which,
is obviously, the latter. It is therefore not surprising that Latin American music
is also popularly called Latin music by many.
It is then interesting to learn Latin music.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are going to revisit and experience the music of the
Americas, specifically Latin American music, as well as its evolution over the
years, as a product of African influence and its own development and
evolution.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

3. listen intently to Latin American music; and
4. assess performance of African music in terms of the musical
elements/characteristics.

What I Know

Multiple Choice Test. Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Latin American music is influenced by ______ music.

a. indigenous b. Spanish-Portuguese c. African d. all of
these

20
2. Which of the following is an example of an indigenous Latin American
instrument? a. maracas b. whistle c. balafon d. rasp

3. Latin American music is largely influenced by _______ music.

a. Mexican b. African c. indigenous d. Philippine
4. Which of the following music is African-Cuban in origin?
a. salsa b. rumba c. samba d. son
5. Which of the following is an influence of Jamaica to Latin American
music?
a. salsa b. rumba c. reggae d. samba
6. This is the Brazilian version of the Cuban samba.
a. bossa nova b. cumbia c. son d. rumba
7. The Mariachi is a famous music of which Latin American country?
a. Cuba b. Namibia c. Mexico d. Brazil
8. Which of the following songs exemplifies Reggae music?
a. Redemption Song b. Stir It Up c. One Love d. a, b, c
th
9. Foxtrot is a 20 century social dance that originated in ________.
a. Brazil b. Mexico c. USA d.
Portugal
10. Which of the following may be said of Latin American music?
a. passionate b. strong c. lonely d. religious
11. This Filipina is considered as the “queen of bossa nova.”
a. Lea Salonga b. Regine Velasquez c. Sharon Cuneta c. Sitti
Navarro
12. All of the following are considered vocal-dance forms of Latin music,
except ______.
a. tango b. rumba c. samba d. bossa
nova
13. Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of Afro-Latin
American music? a. verse-chorus pattern c. complex rhythm
b. call-response method d. off-beat rhythm

14. A good example of musical influence of Africa to Latin America:

a. Soul b. Reggae c. Blues d. Spiritual
15. Which of the following is a characteristic of Latin American music that
is African in origin?
a. call-response b. off-beat c. Spanish lines d. a & b

21
 What’s In

In Module 2, you learned that African music has a big influence on

Latin American music and the world, as well. Much of the Latin music we
know today is actually a mixture of the various cultures and music of African
and Latin American regions.
Below is a box that contains terms that refer to Afro-Latin music.

Can you tell which one among them has the strongest African
influence?

reggae samba chacha rumba

What‟s your answer?

If you chose reggae, you are correct. Now, you are ready to proceed
with experiencing the music of Latin America.

What’s New

Latin American Music

As you have previously learned, Latin American music is influenced by
indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African music.
Even before the arrival of Spanish, Portuguese and other European
colonizers, American natives already had their own local musical sources like
the maracas (gourd-shaped rhythm instrument), zampoňa (pan pipe), and
quena (notched –end flute). Materials for indigenous music instruments
ranged from hollow tree trunks, animal skin, animal shells, to human bones.

Popular Latin American music include the samba, son, and the salsa.
Latin American music also covers the vocal-dance forms. This include the
cumbia (Panama and Columbia), tango, cha cha (Cuban ballroom), rumba
(Afro-Cuban), bossa nova (Brazil), reggae (Jamaica), foxtrot (USA), and paso
doble (Spain).

The Mariachi is another example of a Latin American musical band

popular in Mexico. It original ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, harp,
guitarron (acoustic bass guitar).

22
 What is It

Due a rich history of colonization and interracial mixing, Latin American

music emerges to be both complex and beautiful. No wonder then, that it has
so far gained popularity throughout the world. Latin music may be briefly
described using the following characterization:

1. Spanish-Portuguese lines
2. African rhythm. This is due to African influence to Latin American
music.
3. Spanish Decima. The Spanish Decima is a song form consisting of
10 lines, each line with eight syllables.
4. Syncopation. Still an African influence, syncopation is a style where
weak rhythmic beats are accented instead of the strong ones.
5. Call-and-Response

What’s More

Activity 3.1 Vocal-Dance Forms of Latin Music

Pair off the vocal dance form on the left (A) with its corresponding
description/ definition on the right (B).Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers. Write only the letter of your answer on the space provided for before
each number. Use a separate sheet of paper.
A B
1. Foxtrot a. popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin
2. Tango b. ballroom dance that originated in Cuba
3. Cha cha c. involves close contact of dance partner
4. Rumba d. social dance that originated in the USA
5. Bossa nova e. slower version of samba popularized in Brazil

23
 What I Have Learned

1. Latin American music is largely influenced by African music. It is a

result of indigenous American, Spanish-Portuguese, and African
music.

2. Latin American music is basically passionate and is colorful due to

its richness in instrumentation.

3. Latin American music has the following characteristics: Spanish-

Portuguese lines; African rhythm; Spanish decima; syncopation
(off-beat), and call-and-response style.

4. The best way to learn Latin American music is to at least

familiarize them through studying, listening, and actual
performance (singing of or dancing with music).

What I Can Do

Activity 3.2 Mariachi: Latin American Music

Are you familiar of the Mariachi? Have you watched the Pixar‟s movie
entitled Coco? In this movie, Miguel‟s grandmother strictly warned him not to
mingle with this renowned musical group featured in the film, as the family
wanted to forget their sad experience with music.
Watch and listen to the Mariachi as they play their music.

Mariachi Sol De Mexico Perform Guadalajara - GRAMMYs - YouTube.mkv

Answer the following questions:

1. How will you describe the outfit of the Mariachi?

2. What are the instruments used by the Mariachi?
3. Aside from the instruments, what is the other source of music in
Mariachi?
4. What is the nationality of the performers of the Mariachi?

24
 Assessment

To test your understanding of this lesson, answer this short test. Choose the
letter of the best answer. Write only your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Latin American music is influenced by ______ music.

a. indigenous b. Spanish-Portuguese c. African d. all of
these

2. Which of the following is an example of an indigenous Latin American

instrument? a. maracas b. whistle c. balafon d. rasp
3. Latin American music is largely influenced by _______ music.
a. Mexican b. African c. indigenous d. Philippine
4. Which of the following music is African-Cuban in origin?
a. salsa b. rumba c. samba d. son
5. Which of the following is an influence of Jamaica to Latin American
music?
a. salsa b. rumba c. reggae d. samba
6. This is the Brazilian version of the Cuban samba.
a. bossa nova b. cumbia c. son d. rumba
7. The Mariachi is a famous music of which Latin American country?
a. Cuba b. Namibia c. Mexico d. Brazil
8. Which of the following songs exemplifies reggae music?
a. Redemption Song b. Stir It Up c. One Love d. a, b, c
th
9. Foxtrot is a 20 century social dance that originated in ________.
a. Brazil b. Mexico c. USA d. Portugal
10. Which of the following may be said of Latin American music?
a. passionate b. strong c. lonely d. religious
11. This Filipina is considered as the “queen of bossa nova.”
a. Lea Salonga c. Sharon Cuneta
b. Regine Velasquez d. Sitti Navarro
12. All of the following are considered vocal-dance forms of Latin music,
except ____
a. tango b. rumba c. samba d. bossa nova
13. Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of Afro-Latin
American music? a. verse-chorus pattern c. complex rhythm
b. call-response method d. off-beat rhythm

14. A good example of musical influence of Africa to Latin America:

a. Soul b. Reggae c. Blues d. Spiritual
15. Which of the following is a characteristic of Latin American music that
is African in origin?
a. call-response b. off-beat c. Spanish lines d. a & b

25
 Additional Activity

Activity 3.3 Latin American Beat

Watch the video of the song “Proud Corazon,” a theme song of Pixar‟s
movie entitled “Coco,” which has become a favorite family movie
internationally. The song (as well as the movie) was inspired by the Mariachi
music of Mexico, hence, is of Latin American musical influence.

Proud Corazon (From the Movie 'Coco').mkv

What instruments were featured/used in the song?

Can you name them?
Do we have those instruments in the Philippines?
Have tried playing these instruments?
Do you own one of these instruments?
(Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.)

26
Lesson

4 Experiencing Popular Music

As emphasized in Module 1, popular music literally means “music of

the populace,” comparable to traditional folk music. It was then called pop
music as it became a popular source of entertainment for a large number of
people, be it in radio or live performances.

Pop music covers a wide range of songs from folk, country and
Western, to the ballads, standards and rock ‟n roll.
It is now time to experience popular music.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are going to revisit and experience the diverse
popular music that has become known worldwide and embraced by the entire
world.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. listen intently to popular music; and
2. evaluate pop music and pop music performances using guided rubrics.

What I Know

Multiple Choice Test. Directions: Check your prior knowledge about this
lesson. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write only the letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. These are songs of common people which are handed down from one
generation to the next.
a. ballad b. jazz c. folk music d. rock „n roll
2. A popular music that talks of one‟s roots and culture, as well as nature.
a. country b. standard c. folk music d. rock „n roll
3. This is an expressive folk song that usually deals with love.
a. country b. standard c. rock „n roll d. ballad

27
 4. Which of the following may be considered an example of a standard
song? a. Mona Lisa b. Born Free c. Evergreen d. Torete
5. This pop song derived its name from the motion of a ship on the ocean.
a. rock „n roll b. disco c. standard d. folk music
6. A form of pop rock music that is more danceable.
a. disco b. classical c. jazz d. ballad
7. Which of these instruments usually compose(s) the disco
accompaniment?
a. strings b. guitar c. electric piano d. all of these
8. He is considered the king of pop.
a. Neil Sedaka b. Elton John c. Barry Manilow d. Michael Jackson
9. This is a stylized and highly rhythmic music that may include rap.
a. alternative b. hiphop c. classsic d. ballad
10. Which of the following is a good description of popular music?
a. familiar b. religious c. secretive d. sad
11. This music combines classical music with pop performances.
a. classical b. crossover c. alternative d. rock „n roll
12. Elvis Presley is considered the greatest exponent of the _______
style.
a. Rock „n roll b. alternative c. disco music d. ballad
13. Which of the following pop music recounts history or provide
amusement.
a. folk music b. ballad c. disco d. country
14. Popular music appeals to the common people because of its ______.
a. familiarity b. simplicity c. friendliness d. all of these
15. Which of the following best describes pop music?
a. progressing b. dynamic c. conservative d. a & b

What’s In

Can you still recall Latin American music‟s contribution to the world?
Much of the music widely celebrated and appreciated by the world over a long
period of time up to now is Latin American. In general, African and Latin
American music provided the world an enduring foundation for music that still
continuously evolve even in the present time.
Bossa nova, for example, is a Latin American remake of the African
salsa. This genre is increasingly becoming popular in the Philippines.
Joan Baez Sitti Navarro Chiqui Pineda Joey Albert

28
Can you identify which among the following artists is the Filipino bossa nova
icon? Got it right! Sitti Navarro is hailed as the Philippines‟ Queen of Bossa
Nova.

What’s New

Popular Music
You learned in the previous lessons of Module 1 that popular music
has a diverse or wide range of forms or genres. Popular music started as a
body of musical genres from the African-American music. Most of these
musical genres are offshoot of the earliest musical styles as a result of human
living in the countryside, cultural orientation and pride, political issues,
historical accounts of experiences by concerned authors/writers, or simply the
desire for providing amusement/entertainment.

Popular music has quickly earned appreciation from people of all

cultures, not just by the Americans, because of its clarity of message, and the
relatively liberal manner of presentation to the listening crowd. Although it has
only sprouted in the 20th century, its impact to the people is enormous, that it
has driven much crowd and has taken many new and varied forms.

What is It

Popular Music Genres

Folk Music – songs of common people handed down through generations

Country/Western Music – songs of cultural roots and natural settings
Ballads – narrative folk songs dealing with love
Standards – most popular song from a particular genre or style
Rock-And-Roll – pop song combining Afro-American forms like blues and jazz
Disco – rock music that was more danceable
Crossover Music – classical music made popular in performances

Popular Music: Characteristics

1. Verse-Chorus Scheme
2. Repetitive Patterns of Notes
3. Average Tempo

29
4. Emphasis on Voice. The singer‟s voice is given prominence in a pop song, as well
as the clear message he/she conveys.
5. Freer in Style. Pop songs widely vary in style depending on the demand of the
recording team, company or public.

What’s More

Activity 4.1 Popular Artists

Pair off the musical genre/form on the left (A) with the appropriate set
of artists on the right (B).Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
A B
1. Folk a. ABBA; The Bee Gees; Donna Summer
2. Country b. Elvis Presley; The Beatles; John Lennon
3. Classical c. Luciano Pavarotti; Andrea Boccelli; Josh Groban
4. Rock and Roll d. Taylor Swift; Shania Twain; Kenny Rogers
5. Disco e. Peter, Paul and Mary; James Taylor; John Denver

What I Have Learned

1. Pop music reflects the message of the simple countryman or

cowboy who recounts his cultural roots, natural home, political
situation, story of nostalgia, or simply amusement.
2. Pop music basically follows a verse-chorus pattern, contains
repetitive note patterns, has an average tempo, emphasizes on
voice of the singer, and is freer in style.
3. Popular music has a wide range of musical genres that include
folk, country, classic (crossover), ballad, rock „n roll, disco, and
alternative music.
4. Popular music has become attractive to the common people
because of its simplicity, familiarity, friendliness, and clarity of
message.

30
 What I Can Do

Activity 4.2 Performing Popular Music

Challenge yourself to do this!

1. Play the song “Heal The World” by Michael Jackson.

Michael Jackson - Heal The World (Official Video).mkv

2. Study and familiarize the lyrics.
3. Perform the song with or without accompaniment in front of a video
camera. You may also try other songs such as that of One
Direction, Ed Sheeran, and many others.
4. Review your video and score your performance using the rubrics:
Scoring Scale: 5 – Very Good 3 – Fair 1– Needs Follow-up
4 – Good 2 – Poor
Highest My Personal
I was able to: Possible Score Score
 sing the lines correctly. 5
 sing at pace with the music. 5
 understood the song‟s message. 5
 display the proper facial 5
expression.
Total 20

Assessment

1. These are songs of common people which are handed down from one
generation to the next.
a. ballad b. jazz c. folk music d. rock „n roll
2. A popular music that talks of one‟s roots and culture, as well as nature.
a. country b. standard c. folk music d. rock „n roll
3. This is an expressive folk song that usually deals with love.
a. country b. standard c. rock „n roll d. ballad
4. Which of the following cannot be considered an example of a standard
song?
a. Mona Lisa b. Born Free c. Evergreen d. Torete
5. This pop song derived its name from the motion of a ship on the ocean.
a. rock „n roll b. disco c. standard d. folk music

31
6. A form of pop rock music that is more danceable.
a. disco b. classical c. jazz d. ballad
7. Which of these instruments usually compose(s) the disco
accompaniment?
a. strings b. guitar c. electric piano d. all of these
8. He is considered the king of pop.
a. Neil Sedaka b. Elton John c. Barry Manilow d. Michael
Jackson
9. This is a stylized and highly rhythmic music that may include rap.
a. alternative b. hiphop c. classsic d. ballad
10. Which of the following is a good description of popular music?
a. familiar b. religious c. secretive d. sad
11. This music combines classical music with pop performances.
a. classical b. crossover c. alternative d. rock „n roll
12. Elvis Presley is considered the greatest exponent of the _______
style.
a. Rock „n roll b. alternative c. disco music d. ballad
13. Which of the following pop music recounts history or provide
amusement.
a. folk music b. ballad c. disco d. country
14. Popular music appeals to the common people because of its ______.
a. familiarity b. simplicity c. friendliness d. all of these
15. Which of the following best describes pop music?
a. progressing b. dynamic c. conservative d. a & b

32
 Additional Activity

Activity 4.3 Popular in the Philippines

Below is a table that features various genres and some of the most popular
artists in each genre. Complete the table by supplying the appropriate name on the
column. Choose from the options given on the oval below this table.

Genre Filipino Artist

Bossa Nova

Rock Music

Alternative Folk

Hiphop/Rap

Soul

Jazz

Sitti Navaro
Eddie Katindig
Jaya
Freddie Aguilar
Bamboo
Francis Magalona

33
You‟re correct! Sarah Menesal and Sitti Navarro are icons of bossa nova
music. Eminnem and Francis magalona are famous for hiphop/rap. Etta
James and Jaya are soul singers.

What’s New

Distinguishing The Music

The music created by country or culture is only made complete when
there is instrumentation or accompaniment. African music, for instance, as
you remember, is mainly founded on percussion instruments. That is why,
you will always associate this music with rich instrumentations.

Accompaniment gives life to vocal music, while instrumentation makes

accompaniment possible. As a young artist, it is a challenge on your part to be
able to discriminate music – that is, to identify the quality, cultural background,
type of genre, as well as the instruments used to produce the music you have
heard or listened to.

Recalling Instruments of the Afro-Latin American Music

It is important to recall the common instruments of the different cultures
that produced the music we study.
Musical Instruments of Africa
Idiophones (percussion instruments that are struck with a mallet)
Ex.: Balafon, Rattles, Agogo, Atingting kon, Slit drum, djembre, shere

Membranophones (usually drums from animal membranes)

Lamellaphone (percussion that are made of plucked tongues or keys)

Chordophones (instruments that produce sound through vibrating strings)

Ex.:Lute, musical bow, zither, Kora, zeze

Aerophones (produce sound by trapping or enclosing a column of air)

Ex.: Flute, reed pipes, whistles, trumpets

Musical Instruments of Latin America

Aztec and Mayan Instruments
Ex.:Tlapitzali, Teponaztli, Concha, Rasp, Huehueti, whistles
Aztec and Mayan Instruments
Ex.: Siku, Wooden Tarka, Quena, Charango

34
 What is It

Every Music Is Distinct

Every time you listen to any genre of music, you will immediately have
the idea about the type of music you are hearing by just hearing the
accompaniment available. Indeed, instrumentation does a lot to any music. It
gives the idea of the taste of the song/music and the theme it tries to convey.
Maracatu, for example, is characterized by the use of its basic
instruments: alfaia drum, tarol, caixa, gongue, agbe, ganza or minero.
Acoustic music is characterized with the minimal use of instruments, basically
limited to beatbox (drum), guitar, and sometimes, a wind instrument like the
flute. Rondalla music, as you have learned, have also its requirement of
instruments.

In the Philippines, a wide array of instruments are being used by

musicians to produce the music desired, depending on the genre, or even the
availability of local instruments.

It may be said that Philippine music is rich also because of its abundant
range of musical instruments, covering both the native instruments and those
assimilated to the country‟s music through influence.
Local Instruments as Possible Innovations
Philippines has a great number of musical instruments classified under
specific groups based on various uses, functions and manner of playing. As a
review, let us tackle them briefly.

Instruments are classified mainly into percussion, string, brass, and

woodwind. Percussion instruments are played by tapping, striking, or hitting.
These include the tambourines, cymbals, drums, and many others. Strings
are those that are plucked to produce sound. These basically include the
guitar, violin, banduria, etc. Brass instruments are those made generally of
metal, and are having a mouthpiece to buzz in the lips. They include the
trumpets, trombone, and other similar instruments. Woodwind instruments are
inclusive of but are not limited to wood. These produce sound by blowing air
across an edge or between reeds. Examples are oboe, piccolo, and flute,
among others.

Innovative Music
Music is ever dynamic. Musicians and artists alike continue to innovate
and improve music. One example of this is the rise of A cappella vocal bands
in the modern times. These bands make use of vocal prowess in achieving

35
musical outputs almost similar to full song/music (with singer and
accompaniment) by just using the human voice, and the body as a natural
instrument in singing. It is a clear proof that human music can be created and
recreated.

What’s More

Activity 5.1 Dissecting the Accompaniment

To dissect means to examine in details. You are going to listen to

“Circle of Life,” a soundtrack made popular in the movie “The Lion King.” This
song is inspired by the rich African jungle, as you will notice later.
Listen carefully and dissect the music by taking note of all the voices
(human and instrument) you hear.

Circle of Life (Lion King).mkv

item that corresponds to what you heard in the music.

Instrument or Voice Heard in the Music

(Tick or Check)
Male Vocal Solo
Chorus
Guitar
Flute
Violin
Drums
Piano

After checking the instruments or voices you heard, what do you think
these contributed to the entire music?

Can you think of a similar music in our country, or in your respective

province or locality?

What I Have Learned

1. Music of every culture has a distinct taste; music in every culture,

however, is influenced by others.

36
 2. Music may be composed of a vocal (singer) and instruments, and
in some cases, dance performers.

3. Afro-Latin American music has a distinct flavor that caught the

taste of the world, making it widely popular.

4. The use of instruments in music is essential because it makes the

created music livelier and conveys its message more clearly.

5. Musicians can innovate and explore on other options to create

music that is more or less similar to one that is used as a model.

What I Can Do

Activity 5.2 Local Tribal Music

African people‟s music is inspired by nature. It is not surprising to hear

native instruments in their music since the continent itself is hugely forested.
Include in your imagination, the wide jungles depicted in African movies and
pictures.
The same is true in Bukidnon, a largely forested province in Mindanao.
Inspired by the tribesmen‟s deep regard of its culture and nature, music is part
of its legacy, which is showcased in its yearly festival called “Kaamulan.”
Your task is to listen to the Kaamulan Theme Song. Just like what you
did in the previous activities, listen intently to the music. The music is usually
played as people dance with its inviting beat.

Kaamulan Theme Song.mp4

Embedded in this music are the following: male soloist, female soloist,
dabakan (drum), gong, kulintang, kubing (jaw‟s harp), kudlong, saluray,
and many other ethnic instruments.
What did you feel after listening to the music?
For you to be familiar with the aforementioned instruments, try to do
more researches on them, as well as their cultural significance.

37
 Assessment

Choose the best answer. Write only letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. African music is characterized by intricate rhythm. Which of the following

genre is of pure African origin? a. juju b. salsa c. novelty d. cha cha
2. Mexico‟s music is largely influenced by which music group/genre?
a. Jackson 5 b. Mariachi c. Lebu d. One Direction
3. Prominent in any ethnic music is the use of which of these instruments?
a. lyre b. guitar c. drums d. violin
4. Which of these instruments may be a variation or substitute of the lyre, or vice
versa?
a. horn b. trombone c. saxophone d. xylophone
5. This music is basically called such because of its plain and pure use of
natural sound, as contrasted to those using electric instruments.
a. acoustic b. Mariachi b. spiritual d. call-response
6. Which singing group specializes in vocal a cappella?
a. Mariachi b. Maroon 5 c. Pentatonix d. Westlife
7. In singing, what do we consider as the natural instrument?
a. body b. air c. mouth d. sound
8. The use of instruments in accompanied singing is important because _____.
a. instruments add life to the music created.
b. instruments help convey the message of any song.
c. instruments establish connectivity of all music elements.
d. a, b, and c
9. Which of these instruments may be considered most common to ethnic
music, be it African, Latin American, or Filipino?
a. drum b. guitar c. flute d. violin
10. Mariachi music is widely famous and celebrated in which country?
a. Mexico b. Nigeria c. Brazil d. Jamaica
11. All of these pairs of instruments produce nearly similar or related sound,
except one pair. Which pair is the exception?
a. flute – violin c. guitar – banduria
b. beat box – drum d. trumpet-lyre
12. Acoustic music is considered pure and simple because it doesn‟t have:
a. electronic instrument b. flute c. singer d. lyrics
13. A cappella groups make use of _____ as the major source of their music.
a. voicing b. instrument c. accompaniment d. dance
14. Drums, which are common to almost all ethnic music, are classified as
_____.
a. percussion b. brass c. string d. idiophones
15. Sound is produced when there is ________.
a. disturbance on a medium c. a medium
b. source of sound d. a listener

38
 Additional Activity

Activity 5.3

Assume that you are asked to evaluate your classmates‟ performance

on recreating music. The group chose to perform A cappella version of a
song, using their voices as both singers and instruments.
Here is a performance by Pentatonix, a famous A Cappella band. Let
us assume that they are your classmates. They will be performing the popular
song “Cheerleader.”

Cheerleader by Pentatonix A Cappela group.mkv

(You may also follow the link on youtube.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P95_pCbCPZw

Using this following rubric, score their performance.

Scoring Guide: 5 – Very good 2– Poor

4 – Good 1– Needs Follow-up
3 – Fair

The group… Highest Score I gave

Possible Score the group
 was vocally correct. 5
 was synchronized in all parts. 5
 achieved instrumental sound. 5
 displayed appropriate expression. 5
Total 20

Let‟s see how you scored the performance of Pentatonix.

(Refer to the Answer Key.)

39
 40
What I Know Additional
1. B Activity
2. C
4. A
3. D
5. C
4. D
6. B
5. A
6. A
7. CB
8. A
9. D
10.A
11.A
12.B
13.D
14.D
15.C
What’s In What's More
1. Rhythm 1. D
2. Tone Color 2. A
3. Musical Style 3. C
4. B
5. E
(Lesson 1)
Answer Key
 41
What I Know
What I Can Do
1. b
2. a
(Activity 2.2)
3. b
4. d Score Legend:
5. a 18-20 – Very Good
6. d 14-17 – Good
7. a 10-13 – Fair (Passed)
8. a 6-9 – Poor
9. b 4-5 – Needs Follow-up
10.d
11.d
12.c
13.d
14.a
15.b
What’s More
Assessment (Activity 2.1)
1. Soul
1. b 2. Maracatu
2. a 3. Bluesy
3. b
4. d
5. a
6. d
7. a
8. a
9. b
10.d
11.d
12.c
13.d
14.a
15.b
(Lesson 2)
Answer Key
 42
Additional Assessment
Activity
1. d
2. a
16.guitar, violin,
3. b
harp
4. b
17.Yes, we have
5. c
these
6. a
instruments in
7. c
the Philippines.
8. d
9. c
10.a
11.d
12.c
13.a
14.b
15.d
What I Can Do What’s More
(Activity 3.2) (Activity 3.1)
1. d
1. Elaborate/unifor 2. c
m costume 3. b
2. guitar, harp, 4. a
trumpet, 5. e
3. vocals/singer
4. Mexican
(Lesson 3)
Answer Key
 43
Assessment What I Can Do
(Activity 4.2)
1. c
2. a Score Legend:
3. d 18-20 – Very Good
4. d 14-17 – Good
5. a 10-13 – Fair (Passed)
6. a 6-9 – Poor
7. d 4-5 – Needs Follow-up
8. d
9. b
10.a
11.b
12.a
13.a
14.d
15.d
What’s More What I Know
(Activity 4.1) 1. c
1. e 2. a
2. d 3. d
3. c 4. d
4. b 5. a
5. a 6. a
7. d
8. d
9. b
10.a
11.b
12.a
13.a
14.d
15.d
(Lesson 4)
Answer Key
 44
What’s More
Assessment (Activity 3.1)
1. a Male Vocal Solo
2. a Chorus
3. d Flute
4. a
5. a Drums
(Lesson 5)
Answer Key
Additional
Activity
(Activity 4.3)
bossa nova – Sitti
rock music – Bamboo
alternative folk –
Freddie
hiphop/rap – Francis M
soul – Jaya
jazz – Eddie K.
 45
What I Know Additional
Activity
1. a (Activity 3.4)
2. b
3. c Score Legend:
4. d
5. a 18-20 – Very Good
6. c 14-17 – Good
7. a 10-13 – Fair (Passed)
8. d 6-9 – Poor
4-5 – Needs Follow-up
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