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Definitions to Know:
Linear Momentum- A vector quantity of the product of mass times velocity. p = mv. Unit: kg m s-1
Impulse- A vector quantity of the product of a force times the time the force is exerted on the
object. Impulse produces a change in momentum. FΔt = Δp. Unit: kg m s-1
Conservation of
Linear Momentum- If the total external force acting on a system is zero, the momentum of the system
remains constant.
Elastic Collision- A collision in which no mechanical energy (Ep + Ek) is transferred to another form.
Inelastic Collision- A collision in which mechanical energy (Ep + Ek) is transferred to another form of
energy. In a totally inelastic collision, the colliding objects stick together.
I. Linear Momentum
A. Momentum is a vector quantity that is dependent upon mass and velocity
B. p = mv
where p represents momentum, m is mass, and v stands for velocity
C. Units are kg m s-1
D. The momentum vector will point in the same direction as the velocity vector
II. Impulse
A. As shown, the 2nd law of motion can be written in terms of momentum.
B. Impulse = Ft = mv
Conceptual Question # 1
Why is “follow through” important in sports like golf, field hockey, tennis, etc.?
Sample Problem # 1
A 0.50 kg ball is moving horizontally with a velocity of 10.0 m s-1. It hits a wall, changing its velocity to -10.0 m s-1.
a. What is the change in horizontal momentum of the ball?
c. If the wall and ball were in contact for 5.0 x 10-4 s, what was the average force exerted on the ball?
d. Find the acceleration of the ball while it is in contact with the wall.
Conceptual Question #2
Can a system of two objects have a total kinetic energy that is non zero but have a total momentum that is zero?
Conceptual Question #3
A baseball and a water balloon have the same mass, 0.1 kg. Each object is thrown at some poor sap. The balloon explodes
upon contact and comes to rest. The baseball strikes the person and bounces off in the opposite direction. Why is the
baseball so much more painful?
IV. Force vs Time Graphs
A. The area under the curve of a force vs. time graph will provide the impulse.
B. Knowing that impulse equals the change in momentum, the area under the curve of a force time graph can
allow one to determine the final velocity of an object even when the force is not constant.
Sample Problem #3
A 2.0 kg object, moving with an initial velocity of -3.0 m/s, is subjected to the force time
graph shown to the right.
a. Calculate the impulse provided to the object.
Sample Problem #3
A 0.30 kg cream pie is thrown with a speed of 20.0 m s-1. The pie hits and sticks
to Mr. Montelone who is initially moving towards the pie with a velocity of 2.50
m/s. If Mr. Montelone has a mass of 65 kg, with what velocity does he move
after being hit by the pie? Ignore friction.
Sample Problem #4
Mr. Willard rolls a 1.50 kg bowling ball with an initial velocity of 12.0 m/s. The ball
strikes the 0.50 kg 10 pin head- on allowing Mr. Willard to pick up the spare! After the
impact the velocity of the ball has been reduced to 7.6 m/s. What is the speed of the
pin after impact? Assume the pin was initially at rest and the two objects separate
after the collision.
Conceptual Question #4
In movies, Superman hovers stationary in midair, grabs Lex Luther by the neck and throws him forward. After the toss,
Superman remains in the same spot. Why is this physically incorrect?
Sample Problem #5
The townsfolk of Dodge Ball City are engaged in the game that gave the town its
name. A ball is moving with an initial speed of 18 m/s and strikes a person, mass
50.0 kg. The person was initially at rest when the 1.0 kg ball strikes her. The ball and
the woman undergo an elastic collision. What is the velocity of each after impact?
Sample Problem #7
Two balls covered in Velcro collide in a collision and stick together. Ball 1 – mass 0.20 kg, vo = 1.00 m/s at 90.0. Ball 2 –
mass 0.20 kg, vo = 0.50 m/s at 0.0. Find the velocity of the balls after impact.
v = 1.00 m/s
v = 0.50 m/s
2. A constant force of F is applied to a ball of mass, m, for a time of t. During the time t, the ball changes it speed from
v1 to v2. What is the rate at which the ball changes its momentum?
F
a. m(v2 + v1) b . m(v2 – v1) c. d. F
t
3. Two objects of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight line with speeds v1 and v2
as shown.
v1 v2
The objects collide. Which of the following gives the total change in momentum of the system as a result of the
collision?
a. m1v1 + m2v2 b. 0 c. m2v2 –m1v1 d. m1v1 – m2v2
4. Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision between two bodies?
Total linear momentum of the bodies Total kinetic energy of the bodies
A. Yes yes
B. Yes no
C. No yes
D. No no
I. Work
A. Work is the integral of force with respect to displacement
B. W = ∫ 𝑭𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒅s
C. Graphical analysis: Work will be the area under the curve on a force displacement graph
II. Power
A. Power is the rate at which work is done (or energy is transferred) with respect to time.
𝑑𝑬
B. P =
𝑑𝑡
C. Graphical analysis: Power will be the instantaneous slope of a work (energy) time graph.