Beach development

The Clifton beach is perhaps the only visual delight mother nature has blessed Karachi
with. We, the citizens of Karachi, have wondered for years about tapping fully the
potential of this resource. Now at last we see some hope in the form of DHA`s
Waterfront Development Project (WFD). The said project will divide 14 kilometres of
the Clifton beach into seven zones. The most obvious benefits of this project will be
recreational amenities such as the amphitheatre, the piazzas and the swimming pools that
have been planned. Yet, this development will not cause any adverse environmental
impact as all project designs are in accordance with the byelaws and standards set by the
Environmental Protection Agency.

Keeping in mind that there will be increased traffic to the Clifton seaside owing to the
upgrading of the beachfront; public utilities like parking, sanitation, sidewalks, security,
pollution, hygiene, regularisation of street vendors, adequate lightning etc. have been
immensely enhanced to the advantage of the visitors. Moreover, the authority (DHA) is
building a sewerage treatment plant in each of the seven zones of the WFD to ensure that
untreated effluent is not discharged into the Arabian Sea.

The DHA`s concern for the environment and for people is also reflected from its cogen
power and desalination project undertaken to meet the water and power requirements of a
rapidly growing populace. The plant will desalinate three million gallons of water and
generate 94 MW of power every day which would provide a respite to DHA residents
from lingering water and power shortages.

Ayesha Hoda Ahmad

Karachi

DHA’s Waterfront Development Project. Privatisation of Clifton

Beach in Karachi
Arif Hasan
2006
The Defence Officers Housing Authority (DHA) has a plan to convert 14 kilometres of
"virgin, unspoilt (sic)
waterfront into a $600 million series of playgrounds and leisure/pleasure spots to be
known as the 'DHA
Waterfront Development Project' which will provide to the rich and affluent of Karachi
(Pakistan) the luxuries of
an aristocratic life. This extravaganza consists of seven zones with expensive
commercial, entertainment,
residential, commercial, hotel and office buildings, and includes the reclamation of 74.5
acres of land, for a
high-end Hotel Complex, and 5-star hotels owning private segments of the beach, and a
private beach with
lagoon for hotel & residential blocks. It needs to be determined whether the DHA has any
authority over the
Clifton beach. Beaches are legally meant for the public at large. Can the DHA undertake
a project which
excludes a majority of the city"s

In Karachi, Pakistan there are two development projects underway. The Port and
Shipping Minister Babur Ghouri has approved the construction of a fountain (650-foot
high fountain, the second highest in the world) which cost is Rs320 million for the poor
people. A fountain that when it does work (by design — reportedly — it remains
inoperative for half the year) sends water shooting uselessly up into the sky so that poor
people —can gawk at it while holding on to their starving and parched children. People in
Karachi don’t have safe drinking water and the city’s sanitation, sewage and drainage
system is in the worst shape possible and millions of its residents are slum dwellers yet.
This reality brings to mind Coleridge’s lines: “Water, water everywhere / Nor a drop to
drink” (1). Poor people in Pakistan need electricity, clean water, jobs, education, and food
on the table for their families.

Also, another multi-billion dollar DHA’s Waterfront Development Project is planned

over a stretch of 14 kilometres of land from Sindbad (Old Casino) up to the Golf Course
in Clifton Beach. The plan divides the coastline into seven distinct zones (A to G) and
envisages high-rise commercial building complexes, hyper marts, food courts, cinema,
amusement park, five-star hotel, an underwater world with a Dolphin Park and aquarium,
amphitheatre complex with a capacity of 6,000 people and water sports facilities. The
plan also includes a 600-feet Monumental Tower, with a revolving restaurant and
observatory deck. Besides this, a Water Park with water sports, rides, swimming zones
and a wave island is planned on 11 acres of land. The plan also allows for viewers’ deck,
parks, a promenade and piazzas but these public access areas seem to make a very small
part of the plan.

After effects

Once the DHA’s plans were completed, the “poor people” of the city may not even let
anywhere near the fountain or the Clifton beach area. According to the DHA’s own press
release of February 2005, it has initiated a US$623 million commercial project. For the
excerpts from DHA Karachi’s website and brochure the creativity and imagination is
promising to make Karachi beachfront a much sought-after tourist destination in the
foreseeable future. Entirely practical and wholly realizable projects will have a deep
impact on the lifestyle of the people of Karachi whose perception of enjoying the sea at
present consists of riding a camel or a horse or just taking a walk on the wet sand
and watching the waves crash on the shore. They will soon have access to multiple
recreational activities within their reach.

What the authorities and experts do not consider is the poor people will be happy enough
to go to the beach or to a nearby public park. Lord knows Karachi needs many more
public parks and green areas for its 15 million residents, particularly the underprivileged
ones. It is necessary to ensure the continued free access to public beaches — one of the
very few options available for some cheap, wholesome entertainment for the less
fortunate — for those who can’t afford to be gouged for the privileges.

The project is supposed to be completed by 2015 and some construction has already been
started. The project divide Clifton Beach into 7 zones, with different structures being
earmarked for each. American and Dubai-based companies are involved in the whole
enterprise.

What all this 5-star exclusivity — an offering to the gods of globalisation and
commercialisation — translates to is the exclusion of poor people from a public area the
use of which they are entitled to by law. Once completed, most of the project’s facilities
will be free only to those who can afford to pay for it. Those who can’t (meaning Mr
Ghouri’s favoured underprivileged souls), be damned. In fact, the poor are already being
made to feel unwelcome. The small-time hawkers, street vendors and rehri-wallahs have
been turned into persona non grata and are being deprived of their livelihoods so that
multinational food chains can take their place.

There are also bigger issues to be considered here. Firstly, and most importantly, it needs
to be determined whether the DHA has any authority over the Clifton beach. Beaches are
legally meant for the public at large. Can the DHA undertake a project which excludes a
majority of the city’s population? This also raises the issue of the legality and the process
of allocation of public land to the armed forces.

In the meantime, the DHA needs to inform the public whether it has carried out an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to the commencement of the project. This
is a requirement of the law (under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997) for
projects of such magnitude. Moreover, the findings of the EIA have to be put before the
general public and their opinions and concurrence sought before the project can proceed.
This means that it is our right as citizens of this city and this country to participate in such
a decision-making process.

They have to have an Environmental Impact Assessment, but they don’t have it. No such
thing. They have not done it. Not only this, before they started this whole reclamation
project which destroyed the wetlands, they needed to have an Environment Impact
Assessment, but they did not do it then either. Also, they have taken the coast with the
Marina Club and all these hotels they have built there, and are not allowing anyone any
access to this beautiful stretch where we used to fish once. Why should we believe that
they will provide access to people on this project?
DHA Waterfront Development Project

The project is supposed to be completed by 2015 and some construction has already been
started. The project divide Clifton Beach into 7 zones, with different structures being
earmarked for each. American and Dubai-based companies are involved in the whole
enterprise.

What all this 5-star exclusivity — an offering to the gods of globalisation and
commercialisation — translates to is the exclusion of poor people from a public area the
use of which they are entitled to by law. Once completed, most of the project’s facilities
will be free only to those who can afford to pay for it. Those who can’t (meaning Mr
Ghouri’s favoured underprivileged souls), be damned. In fact, the poor are already being
made to feel unwelcome. The small-time hawkers, street vendors and rehri-wallahs have
been turned into persona non grata and are being deprived of their livelihoods so that
multinational food chains can take their place.

There are also bigger issues to be considered here. Firstly, and most importantly, it needs
to be determined whether the DHA has any authority over the Clifton beach. Beaches are
legally meant for the public at large. Can the DHA undertake a project which excludes a
majority of the city’s population? This also raises the issue of the legality and the process
of allocation of public land to the armed forces.

In the meantime, the DHA needs to inform the public whether it has carried out an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to the commencement of the project. This
is a requirement of the law (under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997) for
projects of such magnitude. Moreover, the findings of the EIA have to be put before the
general public and their opinions and concurrence sought before the project can proceed.
This means that it is our right as citizens of this city and this country to participate in such
a decision-making process.

They have to have an Environmental Impact Assessment, but they don’t have it. No such
thing. They have not done it. Not only this, before they started this whole reclamation
project which destroyed the wetlands, they needed to have an Environment Impact
Assessment, but they did not do it then either. Also, they have taken the coast with the
Marina Club and all these hotels they have built there, and are not allowing anyone any
access to this beautiful stretch where we used to fish once. Why should we believe that
they will provide access to people on this project?

Privatisation of the beach

In April last year, five concerned citizens of the Defence Housing Authority approached
the Sindh High Court (CP 403/05) seeking to save one section of the beach — the 13-acre
Usmani Park, between Beach Avenue and the sea — from being converted into another
gigantic shopping-cum-entertainment-cum-residential complex. Last January, Shehri too
intervened with a petition of its own. It was brought to the court’s attention that if the
DHA is allowed to get away with this ‘privatization’ of the public beach, it will have the
adverse effect of encouraging other parties to attempt to exploit and privatise what other
few open spaces, amenities and facilities are left for the people.

As the petition states, the sea shore conversion project is in violation of the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act 1997. If this ‘development’ is allowed, the increased
commercialisation will add to the existing pollution. It will destroy any surviving marine
micro-organisms and will result in the extinction or mass reduction of fish, turtles, and
coastal birds, and in the general depletion of the sea-food industry.

A Sindh government notification of May 1975 prohibits the leasing of land within the
area of the ports or sea shore limits. The beaches around the DHA are within the limits of
the Karachi Port Trust and the Port Qasim Authority.

The question is if the city can really cope with these gimmicky development schemes
which only serve to line a few select pockets? Is there any infrastructure to bear further
so-called ‘development’ projects? This city has 16 to 18 million inhabitants, nearly half
of whom live in katchi abadis (2). It has serious problems with its water supply, sewerage
systems, storm drainage, and electricity supply.

But, for the Defence Housing Authority the city beach would be turned into an attractive
recreational resort for the public with the provision of proper lighting, decent sitting
areas, board-walks, amphitheatres, jogging tracks, performance decks, water parks and
children parks. Responding to concerns voiced about the project regarding its waterfront
development project, a DHA spokesman refuted the allegation that the project would
deny beach access to common citizens. He said not even one-kilometre land of the
beachfront was being denied to the general public. Instead the quality of the beach was
being enhanced manifold. The beachfront area in its improved yet pristine form is being
made available to all and sundry, he added. The spokesman maintained that
environmental protection; coastal conservation and town planning as per international
standards were integral to the project.

But, on behalf of Arif Hasan, the development that is taking place cannot give access to
this area to the vast majority of Karachi. Besides, fishing communities will also be
affected, and the impact on environment is unknown. No Environment Impact
Assessment has been undertaken yet. For Arif Hasan “…if you study the plan you will
see that 80 per cent will in no way be accessible to the general public. This is high-
income development meant for the rich. Even if the beach is not being privatised, the
nature of the development will restrict access of the beach to those who can pay. (…)
There is no denial of access between the road and the water. There is a construction of
facilities on the beach but that happens with the natural environment intact. It is
universally recognised in all development that except in isolated instances, you cannot
deprive people of the beach and the sea. It is a well-understood doctrine, ‘the doctrine of
public trust’ (…) The only place this has happened recently is in Sri Lanka, where a 3 km
stretch has been taken over by private hotels, etc and there have been protests against it.
And besides, Ari Hasan asks himself, why do we have to imitate the worst available
examples of social and physical development? Don’t we have brains?
The DHA reiterated that DHA Waterfront Project was formalised after due consideration
of multifaceted aspects, most importantly the value-addition of the beachfront. The
creation of jobs for the poor is one of the arguments used by the DHA. Nevertheless, Ari
Hasan considers that there is unemployment because jobs available today require a
certain set of skills that are not available, because institutions that can train people in
those skills are not present. So if these advocates are so serious about job creation then
why don’t they setup these institutions at a fraction of this project’s cost?” Another
discussion issue is that if they do not undertake this Waterfront Project, the beach will
turn into a katchi abadi”. Ari Hasan has worked in lower income settlements for many
years, and he affirm “that not one inch of land can be occupied without the approval of
the authorities and officials involved. So either the Defence Society lots are remarkably
incompetent or they are corrupt. Otherwise what they say is not possible”.

Proposal for a global strategy

The development projects in Karachi seem to have two dimensions: one relating to the
access of the people, and the other being the environment. For Ari Hasan modern urban
planning has demonstrated that there is a need for developing a process whereby the
natural environment is not destroyed. It should be preserved for the residents of the city.
Unfortunately, in Karachi’s case, the natural assets of the city have been completely
usurped by the rich. The trend in Karachi has been that the more valuable the land more
powerful the usurper.

The development projects consider only the foreigners and rich people, never the poor
and they needs. To stop these initiatives it is evident that society must to organize itself,
and make pressure over politicians and authorities. Nevertheless, the organization
problem is also in intimate relation with social conditions. The DHA Waterfront Project
is one face of real estate violence and authority’s complicity. The awareness about this
subject is one step on the road to organize people. It is clear that the concept of
‘development’ is not the same for the different social groups, the spatial segregation of
cities is a common reality in almost all countries. In Karachi’s case the new development
project attempt against a single principle of access to public spaces for everyone.

A well thought-out proactive, not reactive, methodology is required to address the issues
of the critical utilities in Karachi — not the expropriation of whatever spaces are left
open and massive commercialisation and ‘development’ relying on the present totally
inadequate infrastructure. Whoever it is who has this city at his mercy needs to get his
priorities lined up in the right direction.