Class VIII-A………….

07-07-2020
English
Yaseen Piyar Ali
Noun and its properties……
1. Living or non-living…..
2. Countable or uncountable noun….
a. Countable…. Table…. Fan….. pencil…. Books
b. Uncountable…. Rice….. milk…. Salt… water…
3. Abstract or concrete……
a. Abstract….. freedom…… democracy… happiness. Truth….
Anger…. Danger….
b. Concrete…… ice-cream…. Cat…. phone…

Types of noun:
1. Common noun…….
Wren and martin English grammar & composition…
A common is a known specific person, place or thing…..(Naveed)
A noun denotes a class of objects or concepts as opposed to a particular
objects.
A common noun is a name of common person, place or thing (Falak)
A common noun is a name of any general place, person, or thing and
they cannot be capitalized…(sehar)
A common noun is non-specific person, place. or thing (waniya).
A common noun is a name shared by all the things of same nature, class,
purpose, function and appearance. (singular…… plural)
Boy…… girl…..
Pen……. Used for writing purpose…
School…….. students come to learn and teachers come to teach…
Book……. Supposed to be read……
Mobile…… to used for calling other people……

Making plural from singular….

Singular Plural
Rule no.1. those nouns which end
with ss, ch, sh, o,x are made plural
by adding es at the end…
Ss
Glass… Glasses
Class… Classes
Ch
Watch Watches
Catch Catches
Match. Matches
Sh
Dish Dishes
Wish Wishes
Fish Fishes
O
Mango Mangoes
Tomato Tomatoes
Potato Potatoes.
X
Fox Foxes
Box Boxes
Fax Faxes

Rule. No. 2. Those nouns which

have vowel+y at the end are made
plural by adding s….
Boy Boys
Toy…. Toys
Day Days
Rule. No. 3. Those nouns which
have consonant+ y at the end are
made plural by replying y with ies.
Family Families
Fly Flies
Candy Candies
Cry Cries
Lady Ladies

Rule. No. 4 those nouns which

have f, fe at the end are made
plural by replacing f, fe with ves….
Leaf Leaves
Thief Thieves
Loaf Loaves
Wife Wives
Knife Knives
wolf Wolves
life Lives
Rule.no. 5 those nouns which end
with any consonant apart from
discussed above are made plural by
adding s at the end
Book Books
Pen Pens
Laptop Laptops
shop Shops
hat Hats
dog dogs
Rule. No. 6. Those nouns which
follow no rules…..
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Ox Oxen
Mouse Mice
Sheep Sheep
Man Men
Woman Women
Rule. No. 7. Those nouns which
end with –e are made plural by
adding –s at the end…..
Kite….. Kites
Kettle Kettles
Gate Gates
Age (period) Ages
Eagle Eagles
Candle Candles
Bottle Bottles
Mobile Mobiles
Bride Brides

2. Proper noun………..
1. Proper noun is a name given to something to make it more specific
(sahar)
2. A name used for an individual place, person or organization
spelled with initial capital…(waniya)
3. Noun that denotes a particular thing (mahnoor)
 4. A proper noun is a name of special person, place or thing (Falak)
A proper noun is a name which gives a particular identity to any place,
person, or animal….
Image of that person,, place,,, animal….
Place……. IBA CC Dadu….
Man…… Sir Fateh Shah…
Teacher……. Yaseen Piyar Ali…..
Actor……. Salman Khan….
Actress….. Katrina Kaif…….
Mosques……… Masjid- e Madina…..Kaaba…..
Note: when used anywhere in a sentence…… its initial letters will
always be capitalized…..
3. Collective noun……
A noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things
(Mahnoor)
Are names for a collection or number of people or things(waniya)
A collective noun is a collection of things taken as a whole.. (Falak……)
Collective nouns are names for collection…. Or number of people or
things….. (Naveed)

A single name given to a group of people, or things… similar in

function, purpose, appearance, nature……
Single name Group of things.
Herd Group of Sheep, goats, buffalo,
cows…….
Family Group of members…..
Army Group of soldiers…. Infantry,
cavalry,,,,,
Crowd A group of people gathered for
purpose……
Mob A group of violent people
Flock Group of similar birds…..
A band Group of musicians or musical
instrument players
A board Group of members in an
organization……
Team More than 12 members or players
Jury Group of judges
Fleet Planes
Assembly
Bunch
Staff Group of teachers in IBA

4. Material noun…….
A noun or name that refers to a material…. Of which other things are
made (Waniya)
Material nouns are uncountable and in concrete form from which goods
are made. (Falak)
A material noun is a substance, a material or ingredient we can see and
touch which is used for making things.. (Mahnoor)

Material noun Products

Silver Rings, medals, wires, plates
Gold Rings, bangles, bracelets, neckless,
watches..
Wood Pencils, papers, benches, chairs,
doors, tables
Iron Fans, doors, windows, cars,
utensils
Copper Wires, medals, utensils,
Honey Syrups, medicines, sharbat
Milk Cakes, ice cream, tea, shakes,
butter, curd, yogurt, butter milk…..
Plastic Pens, plastic chairs, bottles,
crockery material, combs, bags,
Cotton
Rubber
Water
Sand
Oil
Steel

Note: all material nouns are uncountable……. They cannot be

plurals….. they are measurable…… in units…..
 5. Abstract noun…….
Abstract noun is a noun that cannot be experienced with our common
senses…..(falak)
A noun denoting an idea, quality, state, rather than a concrete object…..
(Mahnoor)……
An abstract noun is a noun that is not physical, it describes something
that might or might not be real but either way cannot touched or seen…..
(romesa )
An abstract noun names a quality or an idea (Muzamil)
Abstract nouns are those which our five senses cannot detect……
(Ahmed)

A noun that cannot be touched or seen and do not have any physical
body…. Or do not have any weight……. And do not occupy any
space…….

Quality State Action

Adjective……. Condition…stage, Verb,,,,,,,, noun……
Noun….. phase, aspect,
standard…..
noun…….
Beautiful…… Old man…. Old hood, To judge…..
beauty……. oldage….. Judgment.
Intelligent….. To produce….
intelligence….. Poor country…. Production….
Kind…… kindness…. Poverty….. To translate…..
Lucky……. Luck…. Young boy….. translation …..
Happy….. youth…. To appear….
happiness…. Rich man…… Appearance….
Cute….. cuteness…. richness… To aware…..
Sad…… sadness….. Free country….. awareness….
Miserable……. freedom…. To behave….
Misery….. Democratic Behavior….
Ugly….. ugliness…. country….. To hate…. Hatred….
Wise…. Wisdom…… democracy…. To believe…. Belief…
Crazy….. craziness Dictatorship…… To love…. Love…
Brave…… bravery Death……. To create…..
Bold…… boldness Theft…… creation….
Dangerous….. Robbery…… To develop…..
danger…… Sympathy…. development…..
Angry…… anger…. Simple boy….. To govern…..
Easy…….. ease…. Simplicity…… governmet…..
Dark….. darkness… Honest man….. To invite….
Bright….. brightness. Honesty……. Invitation….
Light……. Loyal dog….. to grow ……
Lightness…… Loyalty …… growth….
Slavery….. To employ….
Tolerance …… Employment…
Intolerance ….. To judge….
Favoritism…… Judgement …
Infant…. To know…
Infancy ….. knowledge…
To refuse…. Refusal
To move….
Movement
To reject…
rejection….
To ignore….
Ignorance
2.pronoun…..
Pronoun is a word used instead of noun….. (naveed)
Pronoun is a word with takes the place of a noun. (Ahmed)
A word that functions as a noun……
A word that is used at the place of a noun to avoid repetition of a
noun….. (Ahmed)
Pronoun is a word that replacing a noun in a sentence….

A pronoun is a word that is used at the place of a noun….. to avoid the

repetition of that noun.

Ahmed….
Ahmed studies in class 8. He is not very intelligent. But he gives
answers to teachers. He does not smile in the class….
Ex. I, we, you, they, he, she, it, this, that, these, them, her, our, us,
your……….
Types of pronoun……
1. Personal pronoun
2. Demonstrative pronoun
3. Interrogative pronoun
4. Relative pronoun
5. Indefinite pronoun
6. Reflexive pronoun
7. Intensive pronoun
8. Distributive pronoun
9. Reciprocal pronoun

1. Personal pronoun…….
Comparing a set that shows context of a person….. (Mehran……).
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is related mainly to a particular
person. Personal pronouns are not limited to people, it also refers to
animals and objects (Musavir)
Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a
particular grammatical person…. (sir muzamil)
A personal pronoun is a word most frequently used referring to
people or things….. (Mahnoor)
The personal pronoun, I, We, You, He, She, refer mainly to people
but it generally refers to non-human creatures, nor living things,
places, events and even abstract ideas. They refer to both people and
things………(falak).
 Cases of personal pronoun
Subjective Possessive Objective
case case case
1st person I My, mine Me Speakers
pronoun…. We Our/ours Us
2nd person You Your/yours You Listener
pronoun
3rd person He His Him Absent
pronoun She Her/hers Her pronoun….
They Their/theirs Them (we talk about
them… but they
It Its It do not
participate in
conversation..)

2. Demonstrative pronoun…..
A pronoun that is used to point out the object….. to which it refers is
called demonstrative pronoun… (falak)
Pronoun that points to specific things. (Ahmed noun)
Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point something
specific within a sentence.(Naveed)
Demonstrative pronoun points to specific object (Sahar)
A demonstrative pronoun is used to demonstrate an object at some
distance…….
Near Away
Singular This (noun) That (noun)
Plural These Those
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
Interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking
questions easy such as what, which, when, where, who, whom,
whose…..
A pronoun that is used for asking questions is called interrogative
pronoun….
An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask
questions such as what, which, when etc….
An interrogative pronoun is a question word used to know about a
noun………..
What……
What is your name?
Yaseen Pyar Ali is my name
Who is your father?
My father is a primary teacher.
Interrogative word Question Answer
What What is your name? Yaseen Piyar Ali is my
name…
Who Who is your father? My father is a primary
teacher.
Whose+ noun Whose car have you
broken?
Whom Whom have you I have called my
called? brother.
Which Which is your Black is my favorite
favourite color? color.

RELATIVE PRONOUN
A pronoun relating to some noun or pronoun going before and
connecting two statements is called a relative pronoun… (Falak)
A relative pronoun is subject or object of a relative clause so we do not
repeat the subject or object…. (Mahnoor)
A relative pronoun is a type of pronoun that often introduces dependent
or relative clauses in sentences. (Waniya)
A relative pronoun is used to connect the class or phrase of a noun or
pronoun… (Ahmed)
Pronoun….. replaces a noun….
Relative examples Two statements
That (non-living, I have a book. The
animals, birds, plants, book is very old.
incident, event, idea)
Which (animals, non-
They bought a new
living) car. The car is
shinning.
What (non-living) I had told you a
statement. The
statement is true.
Who(humans, God) I know a doctor. The
doctor is kind.
Whom (Humans, God) I have a friend. I did
not invite him in party.
Use of relative
pronoun
I have a book that is
very old.
They bought a car
which is shining
I had told you a
statement what is true.
I know a doctor who is
kind.
I have a friend whom I
did not invite in party.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN
A pronoun that refers to a person or thing in a general way but does not
refer to any person or thing in particular is called Indefinite Pronoun.
(Falak)
A pronoun that does not refer any person, amount, or thing in particular
like, anything, something, anyone, everyone… (Mahnoor)
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to non-specific thing
objects or places (Waniya).
The word indefinite consists of two parts…..
In= not
Definite= clear…..
Not clear….. meaning….. no particular or specific number of objects…
gender
Anyone, anybody, somebody, something, anything, everything….
Anyone has got question?
Somebody as stolen my pen…

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Reflexive pronouns are words ending in self or selves that are used when
the subject and object of a sentence are the same (Mahnoor).
When self or selves are added to a personal pronoun it is called reflexive
pronoun…(Falak).
Reflexive pronoun is a pronoun used to point out the influence of any
action to be on the same subject…….
In other words…. The subject and object are the same person……..
We form the reflexive pronouns by adding self or selves with any
personal pronoun…….

Personal Self/selves Reflexive pronoun

i…. my Self Myself
He…. Him Self Himself
She….. her Self Herself
They…. Them Selves Themelves
We…..our Selves Ourselves
You….your Self/selves Yourself/
yourselves
It Self Itself…..

He hurt himself…
We help ourselves.
They named themselves as teachers.
1. Intensive pronoun
An intensive pronoun is a form that adds emphasis to a statement while
intensive pronoun are used as the same forms as reflexive pronouns.
(Falak)
An intensive pronoun are used to add emphasis to a subject of the
sentence….(Sahar)
An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun…..
(Muzamil).
Intensive Reflexive
Is used to add emphasis….. to a Is used to reflect the influence of
subject….. action on the same subject.
I myself hurt the animal. I hurt myself…
We ourselves killed a bird… We killed ourselves.
They themselves helped poor They help themselves.
people.
 2. Distributive pronoun
A distributive pronoun considers members of a group separately rather
than collectively (Falak).
A distribute pronoun is used to indicate all the members of a
representative group individually. (Mahnoor).
A distributive pronoun is used to distribute the items or members in a
particular group….
Each, either, neither, every………
Each of the students has to pass the exam……
Every of this class will receive prize….
Either of these two books is good for English language.
Neither of these books is good for English language…

Reciprocal pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun is a type of pronoun which is used for one of the
participants of reciprocal construction in which two participants are in a
mutual relation. (Falak).
Reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that two or
more people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some
type…
Each other
One another….
We are fighting with each other.
They gave books to one another..
ADJECTIVE
Definition:
A word naming an attribute of a noun is called adjective. (Falak)
A word that gives us more information about noun or pronoun is known
as adjective. (Sahar)
A word belonging to one of the major form, classes in any of any
numerous languages and typically serving as a modifier of a noun to
denote the quality of the thing named to indicate its quantity or extend or
to specify a thing as distinct from something else. (muzamil)
A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun is called adjective.
(Ahmed)
Adjective is all about extra information in terms of quality, quantity,
number, merit or demerit of any noun or pronoun…..
Boy…… good===== good boy….
Student…… dull……. Dull student……
Pen…….. 5===== five pens….
Prize….. first……. First prize…
Some ……. Books ……. Some books……
 Types of Adjective.
1. Qualitative adjective…. Adjective of quality……
Def: qualitative adjectives describe the qualities of a person or things.
(Sahar).
Adjectives of quality refer to some kind, degree or quality of
something. Sometimes adjective of quality are called descriptive
adjectives….. (Falak).
Qualitative adjective is used to describe quality of a noun or pronoun
(Ahmed).
The adjective of quality describes the positive or negative qualities,
merits or demerits of any noun or pronoun and also shows some kind
or degree of that noun or pronoun……

Quality Noun/pronoun Usages…..

(Positive/negative)
Good (positive) Student Good student….
He is a good student.
Dull (negative) student Dull student…..
He is a dull student.
Brave (positive) Soldier Brave soldier….
Yaseen piyar Ali is a
brave soldier….
Coward (negative) Soldier Coward soldier…..
 Degrees of qualitative adjective
The adjectives or qualities used to show various categories of a noun
or pronoun……

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

It is a sort of degree One degree used to One degree at its best
which simply compare two similar in any one noun
describes the quality nouns or pronouns…. above all……in a
in any noun or circle or group….
pronoun…..
Rule. No.1. One vowel sound adjective……. We will use -er and -est
at the end to make its comparative and superlative degrees……
Tall Taller Tallest
Black Blacker Blackest
Big Bigger Biggest
Small Smaller Smallest
Clever (*) Cleverer Cleverest
Strong Stronger Strongest
Dark Darker Darkest
Long Longer Longest
Short Shorter Shortest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Brave Braver Bravest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Thick Thicker Thickest…..
Rule No.2. two or more than two vowel sound adjectives…….
More….. most to make their comparative and superlative degree
respectively….
Intelligent…. More intelligent Most intelligent….
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful….
difficult More difficult Most difficult
Careful More careful Most careful
Useful More useful Most useful
Powerful More powerful Most powerful
Expensive More expensive Most expensive
Important More important Most important
Valuable More valuable Most valuable
Helpful More helpful Most helpful
Dangerous More dangerous Most dangerous
Brilliant More brilliant Most brilliant
Honest More honest Most honest
Enjoyable More enjoyable Most enjoyable
Sensible More sensible Most sensible
Rule No. 3 those adjective which have got long vowel sound in the
end and a short vowel sound in the beginning are made comparative
and superlative by replacing long vowel sound with –ier….. and –iest
respectively…
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Crazy Crazier Craziest.
Dry Drier Driest
Happy Happier Happiest
Cloudy Cloudier Cloudiest
Greedy Greedier Greediest
Ugly Uglier Ugliest
Busy Busier Busiest
Early Earlier Earliest
Dirty Dirtier Dirties
Rule. No. 4 those adjective which change their spelling and
pronunciation to make comparative and superlative degrees….
Irregular adjective…..
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Evil Worse Worst
Ill Worse Worst
 Little Less Least/last
Many More Much
Far Farther Farthest
Far Further Furthest
Well Better Best
Late Later Latest
Up Upper Upmost
In Inner Innermost
Rule no. these adjective have no positive or superlative degrees……
No positive Senior to…. No superlative
No positive Junior to No superlative
No positive Interior to No superlative
No positive Exterior to No superlative
No positive Inferior to No superlative
No positive Superior to No superlative
Rule No. 6. These adjectives have no comparative or superlative
degrees…. Only positive degreee
Dead No comparative No superlative
Perfect No comparative No superlative
Absolute No comparative No superlative

2. Quantitative adjective….. adjective of quantity…..

Def; a word that shows exact or approximate quantity of a noun is called
quantitative adjective (Sahar)
Quantitative adjective tells us about the quantity of any noun in
general….
Any noun----- countable…..
------- uncountable….
Countable Noun Uncountable noun
Few books Enough rice….
 Enough water…
Some students…. Some water
Many cars Sufficient milk
Enough pages Any food…
More pens
Several students

3. Demonstrative adjective…..
Demonstrative adjective are used to point out the things at some
distance….
This +noun= this car is mine.
That+ Noun= that pen is yours.
These+ nouns = those flowers are beautiful.
Those + nouns= those mobiles are for sell.
Those students are punctual..
Demonstrative…. Pronoun
This is my car.
Possessive adjective
Possessive adjectives are used to show the possession of any noun…..
My + noun= my car is stolen…
Our+ noun= our country is beautiful.
Your+ noun= your computer is expensive.
Their+ noun= their house is big.
His+ noun= his teacher is strict.
Her+ noun= her purse is heavy.

4. Indefinite adjective……
In + definite…
In= not
Definite= clear….
Not clear…. Adjective which does not refer to any clear noun…..
It does not tell us about Exact….. noun….. things….. objects
An indefinite adjective is one of the small group of adjectives used to
talk about people or things in a general way without saying exactly who
or what they are…… several, all, every, somebody, anybody, nobody,
none, one…
An indefinite adjective is an adjective used to describe a noun in a non-
specific sense. The most common indefinite adjectives any each few
many much more several and some.
Several students (10, 20, 30) Several students passed the English
monthly test…
All
Somebody….
Nobody …..
Some
 5. Numeral adjective….. adjective of number….
The numeral adjective is an adjective which tells about how many or
how much or in what order the noun is. (Mahnoor).
Such adjective shows that how many or in what order persons or
things are taken…..
Numeral adjectives actually tells us about the number of nouns……

Adjective of
Number

Ordinal Number= Total

number of noun== 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6,………
One pen, two books, three
students, four classes, eight
teachers…
Cardinal Number= it tells us about
the nth position of a noun….
First row, second prize, third chair,
forth teacher, fifth tree,

ADVERB
What is adverb?
A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies adjective, verb, or other
adverb or a word group expressing a relation of place, time,
circumstance, manner, cause, degree…. Example. Gently, quite, than,
there….. (Mahnoor).
To modify or qualify means to add more sense or meaning in the
meaning of an adjective, verb or another adverb….
1. He is a student.
a. He is a good student.
b. He is a very good student. (Adjective)
2. He signs a song.
a. He sings a song beautifully. (how does he sing a song? )
3. He signs a song very beautifully. (Adverb).
Types of Adverb:
1. Adverb of manner,
An adverb of manner are used to tell us the way or how something is
done.(Mahnoor).
An adverb of manner is an adverb such as strongly or slowly that
describes how and in what way the action of verb is carried out.
(Musavir).
He sings a song slowly… how does he sing?
He walks slowly. (how does he walk?)
How does sir yaseen teach you English? Sir yaseen teaches us English
actively.
Formation of adverb of manner……
2. Adverb of time
3. Adverb of place
Adverb of place tells us where something happens. (Falak).
Adverb of place mentions the place, position or location in general on
which an action took place.
He went there.
He came here.
I will turn left.
He went up.
They moved down.
He was nearby to our home.
I am very far from my friends.
Close the door outward.
Adverb= no use of noun….. adjective,,,, verb,,,,,, adverb…. No
noun….
Boys are standing before
They moved away..
We turned right.
4. Adverb of frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something is done (Falak)
Adverb of frequency describes how many times does an action
happen. (ahmed).

Wave= frequency of wave……

Crust
Trough
I offer prayer five times a day.
He always tells a lie.
They take breakfast twice a day.
We sometimes go to school.
They usually go to school.
I repeat the lectures once a week.

5. Adverb of degree
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something (verb or
adjective.).
Adverb of degree is used to discuss the degree or intensity of an
adjective, action or another adverb…
He is a very strong man.
He teaches quite beautifully.
He is so intelligent that he understands every lecture.
You are pretty good in appearance.
He is too great in speaking.

Verb……
What is verb?
Verb is an action word.
A word used to describe an action, state or
occurrence is called verb.
Verb is a word that expresses action.
Verb is a sort of word that is used to show
somebody performs an action is either received
by any object or not.
Verb……. Action…. Movement…. Energy,,,
consume….
He kicked a ball.
He transferred the influence of action from
himself to a ball.
State….. condition, stage, level, statement…
He is a doctor.
He seems intelligent.
Occurrence….. presence… existence…ownership
He has five cars..

Types of verb…..
Forms of verb……

1st form 2nd form 3rd form 4th form

Present simple Past simple Past participle Present
participle/ -ing
form
Rule No.1. Regular verb. A verb that is made past simple or
past participle by adding –d or –ed at the end….
Play Played Played Playing
Look Looked Looked Looking
Use Used Used Using
Pluck Plucked Plucked Plucking
Wash Washed Washed Washing
Watch Watched Watched Watching
Pray Prayed Prayed Praying
Answer Answered Answered Answering
Agree Agreed Agreed Agreeing
Eliminate Eliminated Eliminated Eliminating
Punish Punished Punished Punishing
Admit Admitted Admitted Admitting
Finish Finished Finished Finishing
Purchase Purchased Purchased Purchasing
Remember Remembered Remembered Remembering
Memorize Memorized Memorized Memorized
Start Started Started Starting
Question Questioned Questioned Questioning
Scold Scolded Scolded Scolding
Ask Asked Asked Asking
Rule. No. 2. Irregular verb…. A verb in which the past tense is
formed by adding the usual –ed or –d ending, although it
 changes its form…..(Falak)
Irregular verbs are common verbs that do not follow the
simple system of adding –d or –ed to the end of verb to form
past tense….(Sahar).
Irregular verb change their pronunciation and spelling to form
2nd and 3rd form of verbs…….
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
Write Wrote Written Writing
See Saw Seen Seeing
Go Went Gone Going
Fly Flew Flown Flying
Say Said Said Saying
Do Did Done Doing
Ring Rang Rung Ringing
Sing Sang Sung Singing
Choose Chose Chosen Choosing
Draw Drew Drawn Drawing
Buy Bought Bought Buying
Become Became Become Becoming
Blow Blew Blown Blowing
Run Ran Run Running
Bring Brought Brought Bringing
Read Read Read Reading

1. Regular verb
Regular verbs are those whose past simple and past participle are formed
by adding –d, and –ed to the end of verb.
A regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the difficult
pattern, or one of the typical pattern of the language to which it belongs.

2. Irregular verb
3. Infinite verb
Infinite verb Finite verb
Infinite verb cannot perform the Finite verb can perform the action
action as the root an independent as the root an independent clause.
clause. Finite verb are often group of
Infinitive form of a verb is a verb words that include such auxiliary
in its basic form. The infinitive verbs as can, must, have, and be….
form of a verb is usually preceded Finite verbs are used as per
by “to”. condition of a sentence, and it does
not carry “to ” with itself…..
To run, I am going to run fast. I am running fast.
To write. He wants to write a letter. He writes a letter.
To read= he loves to read books He reads fives books a month.
To speak= teacher encouraged He spoke truth in the court.
students to speak in the class.
To look= I want to look at the He looked at the mountains for
picture. long time.

4. Finite verb
5. Transitive verb
 6. Intransitive verb
Transitive verb
A transitive verb is a verb that
denotes an action which passes
over from a subject to an object.
A transitive verb takes object after
it.
Subject+ Verb+ Object
EX. I played cricket.
He kicked a ball.
I wrote a letter.
He burnt his letters.
Intransitive verb
An intransitive verb is a verb that
denotes an action which does not
pass over to an object.
An intransitive verb is a verb that
does not take object.
Subject + Verb+
complement/adverbial/ adjunct
He laughed.
He jumped into the river.
They cried.
He seems intelligent.

7. Action/main verb
8. State verb
Action verb State verb
An action verb is a verb that A verb that describes a state
expresses physical or mental action
(condition, presence, possession,
(Energy is consumed). The actionoccurrence, statement…) rather
verb tells us what the subject of our
than an action. When describing
clause or sentence is doing states they never take the
physically or mentally. continuous (Ingform.).
An action verb expresses
A state verb is one that describe a
something that a person, animal, or
state of being in comparison to a
object in nature can do. dynamic verb which describes an
action…..
Stative verb shows the state, the
most common stative verbs are be
and have….
Ex. Ex.
I have cooked a delicious dish. I have a dish in my hand.
(physical and mental energy.)
He teaches energetically…
He played cricket wonderfully.
He is a teacher. (profession)
He seems a good player.
Was, were, have, has without main
verb…..

9. Helping verb
10. Ordinary verb……
Helping verb Ordinary verb
It is a verb that is used to help main It is a verb that is not used with
verb/action verb…. another main/action verb.
Is….. Is…
He is writing a letter. He is a doctor.
He has taken tea. He has five books.
You are driving a car. You are a driver.

Homework…
1. Sahar,,, 2. Falak,,,, 3. Mahnoor…
Presentation on slides:
1. Definition of presentation….
The preposition is a word that is used to point out the relationship
between noun and other words (Noun, Verb, or adjective).
Pre+position.==== before the noun…. These are the words which are
always used before the noun…. To show its relations with other
words…

2. Types of presentation….
1. Preposition of time
2. Preposition of place
3. Preposition of direction…
4. Simple preposition
5. Compound preposition
6. Phrase preposition.

Time Place
In In
My birthday falls in January. I celebrated my birthday in my
room.
On On
At At
By By

Examples used in sentences….

1. Simple Preposition……
It is a preposition consisting of one syllable or one vowel and two
or one consonant sounds… one word preposition….
EX…
Of, on, at, in, to, from, with, since…..
2. Compound preposition…..
a. It is a preposition which is made up of two simple
preposition…. We count this one word preposition….
Within……. With+ in…….
 Into-------in+ to……..
Without======= with+ out…..
About====== A+ bout…..
Before===== be+fore…..
3. Phrase preposition……
It is a group of words that serve as the preposition because it is used
to show relation of a noun with another word….
In accordance with ---------
According to--------
In spite of ========
Due to-------
Preposition of Preposition of place Preposition of direction….
time…
It will always carry It will always carry It will carry the noun of
the noun of time…. the noun of place location……
In a month… In the class…. Direction…. Forward….
On Monday…. On the roof…. Backward..
At 9 O’clock… At hospital…. To….. to the school…
At noon…. At home…. From….. from the school…
In two days…. In the office… Into….. into the pond….
By tomorrow…. By the wall… Onto……
Since morning… Since my school….
For five weeks… `

Participle preposition…..
These prepositions are made from the forth form of verb which is also
called present participle…. They are always used before the noun…..
4th verb… ingform….. regarding,,,, concerning,,,, adding,,,, including,,,,
considering….

Regarding the electricity loadsheding, government is working hard to

solve the issue..
Concerning the admission in this school, parents are reluctant to pay the
fees..

Conjunction……
A word that joins two or more than two sentences is called
conjunction….
It is a word that is used to connect, to link, to join two words or
sentences……
Types….
Types of sentences…
1. Dependent Sentence…. It is a sentence that gets its meaning when
used with Independent..sentence…
It is a sentence which depends on another sentence to show its
meaning….otherwise it has vague meaning….
Dependent sentence is also called subordinate sentence…
 2. Independent Sentence….. it is a sentence which has its own
meaning…… it does not depend upon any other sentence to show
its meaning…..
Independent sentence is also called head/main sentence…

1. Coordinating Conjunction….
A coordinating conjunction connects two independent sentences. It
connects two sentences of equal rank….
And…….. He is a student and he goes to
school daily.
Or he goes to school or he plays
cricket.

2. Subordinating Conjunction…..
A subordinating conjunction joins
a dependent and an independent
sentence….
A conjunction that introduces a
subordinate class is called
subordinating conjunction….
If,,,, If I went to Karachi, I will buy you
a gift….
When When I was in ninth class, I had
got first position…

3. Co-Relative Conjunction….
These conjunctions connect two
balanced clauses, phrases or
words….
These conjunctions are used in
 pairs.
These conjunctions are used to
connect two dependent or
subordinate clauses…..
Ex. Either….. or, Neither…. Nor,
not only…. but only….
Both ….. and
Either you play cricket or you go
to park..
Neither you took tea, nor you
drank water.
The company deals in both the
hardware and soft ware.

Interjection….
It is a word that is used to express sudden feelings and emotions……
Feelings of sorrow…
Feelings of pride…
Feelings of excitement
Feelings of pain….
Feelings of grief…
Feelings of injury
Feelings of happiness….
Ex…
Wow!, Ah!, Ouch!, OoH!, What! Really! What a beautiful flower is this!
Masha Allah!, SubhanAllah!, Alhamdullillah!....
! exclamatory sign…
Tenses….. Active and passive Voice….
Definition of Tense…..
Tense is time…. (Sahar….)
The tense is a category that expresses time with references to the
movement of speaking…
An action used in a situation that indicates some sort of time is also
called tense…
Tense is generally divided into three categories…..
1. Present tense…
2. Past tense….
 3. Future tense…

Tense

Present tense Past Tense Future Tense...

Present simple past simple future simple

present
past continous future contin...
continuous

present future
past perfect
perfect tense perfect...

present past perfect future perfect

perfect cont... conti.... conti..

Because there are various actions that differ slightly or dominantly from
each other in every tense….
Present tense….
Present simple tense… it is a tense which shows two things…. 1.
Habitual action…. 2. Universal fact…..
It is a tense expresses action that is currently going on or habitually
performed or state that currently or generally addressed.
It is all about four types of actions…. RUPA…..
R= routine action….
U= Universal Action…
P= profession…
A= action that shows the nature of any subject…
Routine Action…. Universal action…
Action that takes place daily or It is an action that is same in the
everyday…. entire universe….
I read the newspaper daily. Water boils at 100 C…
I go to school everyday…
Profession….
It shows what is the profession of
any subject….
He teaches in the class= teacher…
He works in the fields= farmer
He works in the factory= labourer
He drives a taxi= driver…
General structure of sentence…..
Subject+ Verb+ Obj…
Subject+ Verb (es/ies/s)+Object
Subject
SHINS (She, He, It, Name,
Singular)
SHINS+ Verbs (s/es/ies) + obj
Verb==== s,es, ies….
---ss, ch, sh, o, x====es
----Consonant+Y===ies
----e, consonant, Vowel +y=s
She goes to Karachi.
He plays cricket.
Ahmed discusses the issue.
Types of sentences….
She goes to school.
Does she go to school?
Sun rises in the East….
Lungs breath air…
Action that shows nature…..
Fire burns…
Water wets
Clouds shower…
Snake stings…
Lion hunts or roar…
Dog bites.. barks…
Subject(doer of action..)
Verb(verb)
Object (receiver of action…. )
Complement… (in the class, on the
roof, in the mobile….. )
Adjunct… (use of adjective…)
Adverbiall (use of adverb..)
PITWY (Plural, I, They, We,
You….)
PITWY+ Verb+ Obj
I go to school..
They play cricket.
Teachers discuss the issue.
1. Affirmative sentence…
2. Interrogative sentence.
3. Negative sentence
4. Interro-negative sentence…
I go to school.
Do I go to school?
She does not go to school. I do not go to school.
Does she not go to school? Do I not go to school?
Difference between Habitual action
and other actions of present simple
tense….
Habitual action Other actions…
Daily/ every day.. No time
He goes to school daily. I teach many students.
They play cricket every day. We play cricket.

Passive voice of Present Simple Tense….

Why do we convert the sentences into passive voice?
we use passive when we focus attention on the person
or thing affected by the action…
the passive voice is used to show interest in person in
object that experiences an action rather than a person
or object that performs the action..
we use passive voice to show that object is more
important than the doer of action…..
Rules:
Rule. No.1. subject is put at the
place of object and object is put at
the place of subject.
Rule. No.2 in all passive sentences
the 3rd verb is always used…..
Rule.No.3. the subject turns to be Subject Agent
an agent in passive….
 I Me
We Us
You You
They Them
He Him
She Her
It It
Rule No. 4. Before the agent we
always use the “By”.

Rule. No.5. except four tense all Tense Passive Made

the tense are converted into Present Simple Is/am/are + 3rd
passive… Verb
Past Simple Was/were+ 3rd
Verb
Future Simple Will/Shall+be+ 3rd
Verb
Present Is/am/are + being+
Continuous 3rd Verb
Past Continous Was/were +
being+ 3rd Verb
Present Perfect Has/have + been+
3rd Verb
Past Perfect Had+ been+ 3rd
verb.
Future Will/shall+have+
Perfect… been+ 3rd Verb.
Those tenses which cannot be
converted into passive voice
Future No Passive
Continuous
 Tense
Present Perfect NoPassive
Continuous
Past Perfect No. Passive
Continuous
Future Perfect No Passive..
Continous
Always those sentences are
converted which have an object in
active voice…

Active voice Passive Voice

I play cricket. (subject is Cricket is played by me. (object is
important) important).
She steals my pen. My pen is stolen by her.
Sentence with two objects.
He gives me (Indirect object) a gift Indirect object Direct object
(direct object ). Human being Non-human being.
Me Pen
1. I am given a gift by him. Us Book
2. A gift is given to me by him. Her Cat
Him Car
Them Mobile
You Laptop..
I play cricket (affirmative The cricket is played by me
sentence)
Do I play cricket (interrogative Is the cricket played by me?
sentence)
I do not play cricket. The cricket is not played by me.
Do I not play cricket? Is the cricket not played by me?
 Past simple tense….
It is a tense which expresses an action that was
completed in the past time but after that same
action was not repeated…..
Sentence Subject+ 2nd Subject=
structure Verb+ Object SHINS,
PITWY….
Did+ subject+
1st Verb+
object
I went to They killed a
school bird
She helped You ran fast…
poor people
I went to school (Affirmative Sentence…)
Did I go to school? (Interrogative sentence).
I did not go to school. (Negative Sentence)
Did I not go to school? (Interrogative-Negative
Sentence).
Passive Voice of past Simple Tense…
Subject(O)+ was/were/3rd Verb+by+ agent.
She played cricket…….. cricket was played by
her..
Did she play cricket? …. Was cricket played by
her?
She did not play cricket…… cricket was not
played by her.
Did she not play cricket?....was cricket not
played by her?
We drank water……… water was drunk by us….
Did we drink water?...... was water drunk by us?
We did not drink water…… water was not drunk by us.
Did we not drink water? Was water not drunk by us?

Future simple tense……

It is a tense which shows an action to be
conducted in the future time….
Or
It is a tense which expresses the intention of any
subject to do something in the future time….
Sentence structure Subject+ will / shall +
1st Verb+ object….
Subject= SHINS= I will teach you
PITWY==will English… (intention
I, we== shall future time… )
They will play cricket
tomorrow….
She will send a letter
tomorrow…

Present Continuous (in the middle, incomplete. In

progress, is going on, is not finished…. But in the
present time….)tense…

The present continuous tense is formed with the

subject plus present particle verb…
The tense shows the work is continue at the time
of speaking is called present continuous
tense(sehar).
This tense shows that the work in continuous in the
present time… (Urwat)
The present continuous tense indicates that an action is
happening now frequently and may continue in the future.
(Mahnoor).
The action that is going on at the time of speaking (now)
is expressed through present continuous……
Sentence structure…..
Subject Helping verb Main verb Object
SHINS, Is/ Am/ are 4th verb— Object…
PITWY present
participle/
ing-form…
Is=
SHINS==
AM= I
Are= P-
TWY…

I am teaching English now. (I am busy in doing the action

of teaching now….) (the action of teaching english is
going on now… ) (the subject is in the middle of teaching
English now…)
He is playing cricket now….
You are learning English now… (affirmative sentence).
Are you learning English now? (interrogative sentence )
You are not learning English now. (negative sentence).
Are you not learning English now? (interro-Negative
sentence….)

Past continuous (in the middle, going on, in

progress, incomplete…. But in a certain time of
past. )tense….

It is a tense which expresses that an action was

being performed by the subject in a continuous
mode in a certain moment of past time…

Sentence structure….
Subject Helping Main verb Object
verb
SHINS, Was/were 4th verb, Object…
PITWY ing-form
Was= I,
SHINS,
Were= P-
TWY…

I was playing cricket yesterday in the evening…

(I was busy in the action of playing cricket
yesterday in the evening…. )
You were teaching us English yesterday in the
morning….
Were you teaching us English yesterday in the
morning?
You were not teaching us English yesterday in
the morning.
Were you not teaching us English yesterday in
the morning?
Future simple tense
Active voice Passive voice
Subject+ will/shall+ SubO + will/shall+ be+ 3rd
verb 1st+ object verb+ by+ agent…
I will buy a mobile… A mobile will be
bought by me..
Will I buy a mobile? Will a mobile be
bought by me?
I will not buy a mobile. A mobile will not be
bought by me.
Will I not buy a Will a mobile not be
mobile? bought by me?

Passive Voice Present Continuous tense….

Active Voice
Subject+ is/am/are+ 4th Verb+
Object
I am driving a car now.
Am I driving a car now?
I am not driving a car now.
Am I not driving a car now?
Passive Voice
SubjectO + is/am/are+ being+
3rd verb+ by+ agent…
A car is being driven by me
now. (affirmative sentence)
Is a car being driven by me
now? (Interrogative Sentence)
A car is not being driven by me
now. (negative sentence)
Is a car not being driven by me
 now? (Interrogative and
Negative sentence).

You are teaching me English. English is being taught to me

by you.
We are stealing your mobile. Your mobile is being stolen by
us.
She is cooking a delicious dish. A delicious dish is being
cooked by her.
Teacher is checking the copies. The copies are being checked
by teacher.
Students are making a noise in A noise is being made by the
the class now. students in the class now.

Past Continuous tense…

Active Voice
Subject + was / were + 4th
Verb+ object
I was using a mobile in the class.
Teachers were making a noise in
the staff room.
Were teachers making a noise in
the staff room?
Teachers were not making a noise
Passive Voice
SubjectO + was/were +
being + 3rd verb+ by+
agent.
A mobile was being used by
me in the class.
A noise was being made by
teachers in the staff room.
Was a noise being made by
teachers in the staff room?
A noise was not being made
in the staff room.
Were teachers not making a noise
in the staff room?
by teachers in the staff
room.
Was a noise not being made
by teachers in the staff
room?

Tense….
Future Continuous tense….
It is a tense which is used to point out an action
that is supposed to be going on in the future
time.
It is a tense which express that a subject will be
busy in doing a certain action in the future time.

Sentence
structure
Subject Helping verb Main verb Object
SHINS, Will/shall+be 4th form… Object
PITWY ing-form
Will=
 SHINS,
PITWY..
Shall= I, WE

I will be going to Karachi tomorrow. (the action of

going to Karachi will continue in the future time…. \ the subject
I will be busy in doing the action of going to Karachi
tomorrow. )

Teachers will be repeating the course in next

month. (affirmative sentence)
Will teachers be repeating the course in next
month? (Interrogative Sentence)
Teachers will not be repeating the course in next
month. (negative sentence)
Will teachers not be repeating the course in next
month? (Interrogative and Negative sentence).
Note: the future continuous tense will not be
converted into the passive voice….
Present Perfect tense….
Past Perfect Tense….
Future Perfect Tense…
Present Perfect tense….
It is a tense which is used to express an action
already done before the time of speaking…
It is a tense which describes an action that a
subject has done or completed in past time but
has the influence in present time….
I have taken breakfast at 9 O’clock… (action of
taking breakfast is already done…. In the past
time…. But its influence is available or found in
present time….. now there is no need of taking
breakfast again…)
Subject+ has/have+ 3rd Verb=+ object….
Has= SHINS--- She, He, It, Name, Singular
Have= PITWY=== Plural, I, They, We, You…
Action already done before the time of
speaking=== just, already…. Some time ago,
few minutes ago,
I have just taken breakfast.
She has already completed her assignment.
Teacher has already started the class.
Students have joined the class few minutes
ago…. (affirmative sentence )
Have students joined the class few minutes ago?
(Interrogative sentence)
Students have not joined the class few minutes
ago. (negative sentence)
Have students not joined the class few minutes
ago? (Interrogative and negative sentence)
Passive voice….
Active voice Passive voice
Subject+ has/have+3rd Subjecto + has/have+
verb+ Object been+ 3rd verb+ by+
agent.
I have just taken Breakfast has been just
breakfast. taken by me.
Have I just taken Has breakfast been just
breakfast? taken by me?
I have not just taken Breakfast has not been
breakfast. just taken by me/
Have I not just taken Has breakfast not been
breakfast? just taken by me?

Past Perfect Tense….

It is a tense which expresses an action that was
done long time ago by the subject and after that
another action took place.
(past perfect)8.00=========(past simple)9.30
Buying a mobile selling a mobile…
It is a tense which describes an action that is
performed by subject in the past time but after
that action the subject has also performed
another new action….

Sentence structure…
Subject + had+ 3rd verb+ object…
I had gone to Karachi when I was in 9th class.
They had won the match when I did not play
cricket.
Teacher had completed the course last year.
(affirmative sentence)
Had teacher completed the course last year?
(interrogative sentence)
Teacher had not completed the course last year.
(Negative sentence)
Had teacher not completed the course last year?
(interrogative & negative sentence)
Passive voice…
Active Passive voice
Subject+ had+ 3rd subjecto + had + been+
verb+ object 3rd verb + by +
agent….
Teacher had completed The course had been
the course last year. completed by teacher
last year.
Had teacher completed Had the course been
the course las year? completed by teacher
last year?
Teacher had not The course had not
completed the course been completed by the
last year. teacher last year.
Had the teacher not Had the course not
completed the course been completed by
last year? teacher last year?
Present perfect continuous tense….
It shows that something started in the past and in continuous in
the present time…..
It expresses an action that is going on in the present time, but we
also express the total duration of time and the starting point of
time in which action began….
Since… to express the starting For…to express the total
point of time…… duration of time……
Since Monday…….. For two hours….
Since morning….. For three days….
Since 8’oclock… For five years….
Since April….. For fifteen minuts….
Since 1992….. For many days…

Sentence structure ….
Subject….+ has/have+ been+ 4th + object+ since/for+ time….
Have= I, we, you, they, plural…
Has= He, she, it, Name, singular….
I have been writing on the black board for 5 minutes..
I have been writing on the black board since morning….
She has been running in the race for 2 hours……
She has been running in the race since last night….
Teacher has been teaching English for three months…..
(affirmative sentence)
Has teacher been teaching English for three months?
(Interrogative Sentence)
Teacher has not been teaching English for three months.
(Negative sentence)
Has teacher not been teaching English for three months?
(Interrogative and Negative sentence…)

Past perfect Continuous Tense….

It expresses an action that was in the middle/or continuous/going

on/ in progress in the Past time…. But we also express the total
duration of that action or the starting point of that action…..
For /since….
Sentence structure….
Subject+ had+ been+ 4th Verb+ object+ since/for+ time….
She had been cooking a delicious dish for 20 minutes…
They had been playing cricket since Morning….
Students had been taking examinations for three weeks….
Teacher had been checking copies since last Monday….
(affirmative sentence)
Had teacher been checking copies since last Monday?
(Interrogative Sentence)
Teacher had not been checking copies since last Monday.
(negative sentence)
Had teacher not been checking copies since last Monday?
(interrogative and negative sentence….)
Future perfect continuous tense…..
It expresses an action that will be going on in the future time up
to a certain limit of time…..
Deadline…… by….. till……..
By next month… till next month…
By next Monday…. Till next Monday…
By this morning…. Till this morning….
Sentence structure….
Subject+ will/shall+ have+ been+ 4th verb+ object+ till/by+
future time…
I will have been checking your copies by next Monday….
She will have been buying a new mobile till next week…..
Students will have been visiting Moen-Jo-Daro by April….
(affirmative sentence)
Will students have been visiting Moen-Jo_daro by April?
(Interrogative sentence)
Students will not have been visiting Moe-Jo-Daro by April.
(Negative sentence)
Will students not have been visiting Moen-Jo-Daro by April?
(Interrogative and Negative sentence)

Tomorrow… 1. Application to principal

2. Letter to your
brother/sister… or
parents…friend…
3. Essays…..

2 applications
Q. write an application to the principal of your
school for three days leave to attend your cousin’s
marriage ceremony.
Q. write an application to the principal of your
school to request for three days leave due to strong
fever.

Structure of application
writing…
Each and every part of
application…
Reader…
Subject:
Body paragraphs
Introduction
Reasons
Request

Signature…

2 essays
Write an essay on the pollution
in your college caused by many
students in break time.

2 letters