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INDEX
CHAPTER 1 Company Profile
• Introduction of Axis Bank
• Vision,Core Values and Mission
• Organisational Structure
• SWOT analysis of Axis Bank'
• Business of Axis Bank
• Major Achievements of Axis Bank
CHAPTER 2 Credit Management An Overview
• Credit Scenario In India
• Functions of Credit Department
• Credit Products offered by Axis Bank
CHAPTER 3 Steps of Lending
• Borrowers
• Credit application form & Initial scrutiny
• Preparation of Credit Proposal
• Sanction & Noting
• Documentation
• Disbursement
• Recovery
• Guarantees
• Solvency Certificate
CHAPTER 4
• Objective of the study
• Introduction about SMEs
• Scope of study
• Research Methodology
• Limitations of study
• Findings of the study
• Conclusion
CHAPTER 5
• References
• Appendix
CHAPTER 1
COMPANY PROFILE
Introduction of Axis Bank
Axis Bank was the first of the new private banks to have begun operations in
1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bank
was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the specified undertaking of the Unit Trust of
India (UTI I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance
Corporation of India (GIC) and other four PSU insurance companies, i.e. National
Insurance Company Ltd., The New India Assurance Company Ltd., The Oriental Insurance
Company Ltd. and United India Insurance Company Ltd.The Bank today is capitalized to
the extent of Rs. 357.71 crore with the public holding (other than promoters) at 57.49%. The
Bank's Registered Office is at Ahmedabad and its Central Office is located at
Mumbai.Presently, the Bank has a very wide network of more than 671 branch offices and
Extension Counters. The Bank has a network of over 2764 ATMs providing 24 hrs a day
banking convenience to its customers. This is one of the largest ATM networks in the
country.The Bank has strengths in both retail and corporate banking and is committed to
adopting the best industry practices internationally in order to achieve excellence.
VISION AND CORE VALUES
CORE VALUES :
• Ethics
• Transparency
• Teamwork
• Ownership
• Customer Centricity
MISSION :
• Customer Service and Product Innovation tuned to diverse needs of individual
Corporate clientele.
• Continuous technology up gradation while maintaining human values.
• Progressive globalization and achieving international standards.
• Efficiency and effectiveness built on ethical practices.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF AXIS BANK :
CEO &
Chairman
ED Technology
ED Corporate & Business
ED Corporate Strategy Processes
Banking
PRESIDENT
PRTESIDEN INTL VICE PRESIDENT
SUPPORT
T BANKING SERVICES
TREASURY
PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT FIN &
PRESIDEN RETAIL ACCT SVP
BANKING
T CREDIT IT
PRESIDENT
H.R.
PRESIDENT PRESIDENT PRESIDENT
BUSINESS INSP & AUDIT COMPIANCE
BANKING
SVP
PROJECT
SVP SVP
SVP
CAPITAL RISK TREASURY
MARKET OPS
SVP
LEGAL
SVP
ADVANCES SVP CORP
BNKG OPS
ZONAL
HEADS
SWOT ANALYSIS OF AXIS BANK :
STRENGTH:
1. Support of various promoters.
2. High level of services includes Corporate Credit,Retail Banking,etc.
3. Knowledge of Indian Market.
4. Strong Technology.
Weakness :
• Number of branches are still low.
Opportunities :
• The market is continuous growth driven by new products and services. So lot of
potential is there.
Threats :
• Increase in the number of foreign players would pose a threat to the PSB as well
as the private players.
Business Of AXIS BANK
(a) EASY ACCESS ACCOUNT The basic savings account product of the Bank is
called the EASY ACCESS and its features are as
follows:
• Multicity At par cheque Book Limit of Rs. 50,000/
• Anywhere Banking
• International Visa Debit Card
• Tele Banking
• iConnectTM Internet Banking
• Mobile Banking
• Free Quarterly Account Statement
• Interest paid on a quarterly basis
• AQB Rs. 5,000/ in metro and urban centers, Rs. 2,500/ in semi urban centers and
Rs. 1,000/ in rural centers.
Easy Access is a primary product to acquire large number of newtobank customers for
the bank.
(b)PRIME SAVINGS ACCOUNT An intermediary product targeted towards the mid
income segment customer base helping to bridge the gap between the base product and
priority offering. It is a value based savings product with customized features enhancing the
customer value.
Product Features:
• At PAR cheque book – Enhanced Limit of Rs. 1,00,000/
• Free Issuance of International Visa Debit Card
• Free Pass Book
• Free monthly statement of account
• No charges on intercity clearing cheques
• Free DD/ PO, drawn on Axis Bank Centers
• Higher cash deposit/withdrawal limits
• Free withdrawal from any Visa ATM in India (upto six transactions per quarter)
• Average Quarterly BalanceRs. 25000/ for metro/urban/semi urban branches and Rs.
10,000/ for rural branches.
(c)SENIOR PRIVILEGE ACCOUNT
Eligibility:
• Savings Bank customers (Male & Female) with 60 years of age or above as on the
date of account opening.
• AQB Criteria: Rs.10, 000 for Metro/Urban Branches & Rs. 5,000 for Semiurban/Rural
Branches.
• Scheme Code: SBSPA
(d)SAVINGS ACCOUNT FOR THE TRUST/NGOS SEGMENT
Eligibility:
• Savings Bank customers (Male & Female) with 60 years of age or above as on the
date of account opening.
• AQB Criteria: Rs.10, 000 for Metro/Urban Branches & Rs. 5,000 for Semiurban/Rural
Branches.
• Scheme Code: SBSPA
(e)SMART PRIVILEGE ACCOUNT
Eligibility:
• Women customers wanting to open a value added savings bank account
• AQB Criteria: Maintenance of an Average Quarterly balance of Rs. 10,000/ at
Metro/Urban Branches and Rs. 5000/ at SemiUrban Branches.
(f)PRIORITY BANKING
Eligibility:
• A minimum average quarterly Balance of Rs. 1 lakh in the savings bank account
• A minimum average quarterly Balance of Rs. 5 lakhs in an Encash 24 (Flexi) Account
(g)POWER SALUTE SALARY ACCOUNTS Defence Salary Account from Axis Bank
is a product designed keeping in mind how tough a life in the Defence Forces is.Not only does
it come absolutely free, no minimum balance iS required either.A person can also access the
entire Axis Bank network, no matter where he is posted. For the defence forces their salary
accounts are converted into pension accounts post retirement.
(2)DEPOSITS
LOAN BUSINESS
(a) HOME LOANS – Purpose of these loan are
• Purchase of a plot of land and Construction of a house thereon
• Construction of a house on plot of land already owned
• Purchase of a new house / flat
• Purchase of old house / flat which is not more than 15 years old (Home Acquisition
Plan)
• Extend /Renovate/Repair of a house or flat already owned by self
• (Improvement/Extension Plan)
• Takeover of existing Housing Loan with additional refinance
• Takeover of existing Housing Loan with additional Finance (TopUp) Loan against
property
• Preallotment Booking finance
• Loans to NRI
• Loan takeover with additional refinance
Loan Amount
Minimum: Rs.1 lac
Maximum: Rs.50 lacs
(b)PERSONAL LOAN Purpose of these loan is to meet personal expenses.
Loan Amount
Minimum:Rs.100, 000/
Maximum:Rs.10,00,000/for Salaried Individuals
• Rs.15, 00,000/ for Salaried Professional Individuals.
• Rs.10, 00,000/for SelfEmployed Individuals and SelfEmployed Professional
Individuals.
• Rs.20, 00,000/for Doctors.
(c)LEASE RENT DISCOUNTING This is another variant of Loan against
Commercial Property where future rental receivables are discounted and finance is extended
to the owner of the property.
Maximum Loan amount: Rs.5 Cr.
(d)EDUCATIONAL LOAN Its Purpose is to provide financial support to students for
pursuing higher education in India and abroad. To be provided to students who have obtained
admission to different courses.
(e)LOAN AGAINST SECURITIES – It is Loan against Shares/ Mutual Funds and its
purpose is for personal use.
(f)OVERDRAFT AGAINST PROPERTY An overdraft limit is granted to resident
borrowers against a residential/commercial property owned by him.
(g)REVERSE MORTGAGE LOAN Targeted at Senior Citizens (above 60 years of
age) having an owned residential property.
(h)MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
LOAN
Its Purpose is loan for purchase of Medical
Equipments.And its target customers are Self employed Doctors.
(i)JEWELLERY LOAN It is Offered only to Smart Privilege Customers (Nonworking
Housewives) to buy jewellery.
(j)TWO WHEELER LOAN To purchase a two wheeler.
(3)INSURANCE BUSINESS
(b)GENERAL INSURANCE
In early 2005, Axis Bank entered into a corporate
agency tie up with the leading private sector insurance player, Bajaj Allianz General Insurance
Company Ltd, for sales of nonlife insurance products through all its branches. The formal
launch and announcement of the tie up took place during May 2005.
(c)LIFE INSURANCE In December 2006, Axis Bank entered into a Bancassurance
tie up with MetLife, for sales of life insurance products through all its branches. MetLife was
selected by Axis Bank after an extensive assessment of complementary strengths of all the
insurance companies of India. The Bancassurance alliance with MetLife is a referral model
whereby leads generated by the bank are executed by MetLife staff stationed at the bank
branches.
(4)CREDIT CARDS
(a)PLATINUM CREDIT CARD
The Axis Bank Platinum Credit Card would be the
first Chip based Platinum Credit Card in India, offering the highest level of security to our
cardholders.The Platinum Credit Card is a key premium product and would be placed above
the Gold and Silver Credit Card offerings of the Bank. Apart from the highest level of security
the card offers a bouquet of exclusive offers that sets the card apart in premium segment.
(b)GOLD AND SILVER CREDIT CARD VARIANTS – It provides Complimentary
flight vouchers, Fabulous discounts on hotels,Comprehensive insurance package and Fuel
surcharge waiver.
(c)CORPORATE CARD Corporate Cards are mainly used for official spends incurred
by the employees on official Travel and Entertainment, i.e., Hotel Bookings, Flight Bookings,
Restaurants, etc.
(d)PLATINUM CORPORATE CARD Axis Bank Platinum Corporate Card is the
country’s first corporate card on platinum platform.Platinum Corporate Card comes with
additional benefits such as:
• Higher Credit Limits
• Round the clock world wide concierge service
• VISA Golf Benefits providing exclusive privileges at some of world’s finest golf courses
• Platinum Customer Care numbers for immediate fulfillment of any service request on
corporate cards
(5)DEBIT AND PREPAID CARD
(a)DEBIT CARD A Debit Card provides online direct electronic payment from a
Bank Account for payments at Merchant Establishments (shops, restaurants, petrol pumps
etc.), and access to ATMs for cash withdrawals and inquiries. It can be used both as an ATM
Card and as a method of payment (instead of cash / cheques) when purchasing goods and
services.
(b)AXIS BANK TRAVEL CURRENCY CARDS AXIS Bank Travel Currency Card
helps people who are on the move for business or for leisure, directly and through its
intermediaries. AXIS Bank Travel Currency Card is a superior alternative to Travelers
Cheques or Foreign Currency Cash since it ensures a high level of convenience for utilization
and security by not carrying cash.AXIS Bank is a market leader in the Travel Currency Card
segment providing eight currency options in US Dollars, EURO, GBP,Australian Dollars
(AUD), Canadian Dollars (CAD), Singapore Dollars (SGD), Swiss Francs (CHF), and
Swedish Kroners (SEK).
(c)AXIS BANK MEAL CARD The AXIS Bank Meal Card is a prepaid card, aimed
primarily at corporates as a convenient and secure mode to disburse Meal allowances to their
employees. The card is based on the MasterCard Platform, usable at merchant outlets selling
readytoeat items, food and beverages and reloadable on the request of the corporate only.
(d)AXIS BANK GIFT CARD The AXIS Bank Gift card is a rupeedenominated, non
reloadable, prepaid card based on the Visa Electron platform usable at all Visa enabled
merchant outlets and is unique.
(e)REWARDS CARD Rewards card is a prepaid card, aimed primarily at corporates
for the disbursement of Salary/ Commission/ Incentive payments.Rewards Card acts as a
substitute for Cheques, Pay orders or Demand drafts for the corporates with lowticket salary
size.
(f)ANNUITY CARD The AXIS Bank LIC Annuity Card is a rupee denominated card
which is an innovative and extremely convenient way to receive regular Pension / Annuities
from LIC of India.
(6)MERCHANT ACQUIRING SERVICE Axis Bank has launched its Acquiring
business from December 15, 2003. Currently, the Bank has an installed base of more than
77,000 terminals and adding around 5000 MEs per month, the highest in the industry in terms
of nos. added per month. Axis Bank is now the 2nd largest player in the country.
FY10
FY09
FY08
FY07
FY06
8 Growing Demand Deposits
Deposit Q4FY10 FY10
Savings 40% 36%
Current 42% 25%
Total Demand Deposits 41% 31%
Total Deposits 16% 17%
9 Current Account Growth
Current Account deposits for the last 5 years (as on 31st March)
Mar’06 7970
Mar’07 11304
Mar’08 20045
Mar’09 24822
Mar’10 32168
CAGR 42%
30000
25000
20000
Amount
15000 Column E
10000
5000
0
Mar'07 Mar'09
Mar'06 Mar'08 Mar'10
Year
10 Savings Bank Growth Savings Bank deposits for the last 5 years (as on 31st March)
Mar’06 8,065
Mar’07 12,126
Mar’08 19,982
Mar’09 25,822
Mar’10 33,862
CAGR 43%
Savings bank deposits
40000
35000
30000
25000
Amount
20000
Column E
15000
10000
5000
0
Mar'07 Mar'09
Mar'06 Mar'08 Mar'10
Year
Major Achievements of AXIS BANK
• Ranked No. 1 by Prime Database for the 9-month period ended December 31st, 2009
• Ranked No.1 for the Indian Domestic Bonds (Underwriter League Table) by Bloomberg for
the calendar year ended December 2009 and quarter ended March 2010
• Rated the ' Best Domestic Debt House-India' for the year 2009 by Asia Money
• Business leader award for private sector bank given by NDTV.
• Won 3 awards from Euromoney for “Deals of the Year for 2009”
Chapter 2
CREDIT MANAGEMENT AN OVERVIEW
Credit Scenario in India
Against the backdrop of generally strong economic fundamentals, the credit growth has been
impressive.The credit products have become more sophisticated with the increasing maturity
of banks and growth of financial institutions. In order to decrease the borrowing cost and
hedge interest rate risk the companies in India are increasingly using products Credit Linked
Note, Credit Default Swaps etc. With burgeoning Indian economy, increasing focus on
emerging markets with India being one of the frontrunners and improving infrastructure in the
country, this trend in credit growth is expected to continue. In the context of booming credit
growth scenario in the economy, AXIS Bank has been a market outperformer with YoY net
corporate credit growth of 65% for FY10 on top of a 76% growth for FY09.
The net NPA level has been consistently decreasing with better credit selection and close
monitoring and stands at 0.36% at the end of FY10. With aggressive targets being set for
FY11 and opening of overseas branches, the current year portends challenging opportunities
for the Credit Department.
Credit Products Offered by AXIS Bank
Credit facilities can be FUND BASED or NON-FUND BASED. The fund based limits are
those where outlay of the Bank’s funds is involved. Such limits are also known as borrowing
limits. Non-fund based limits are those where the Bank has to meet the commitment / promise
made by a borrower and endorsed by the Bank, only if the borrower fails to honour it. Main
types of facilities under fund based limits and non-fund based limits and the related guidelines
for granting advances against them are discussed below in brief.
1)Fund Based
Fund Based limits are generally granted by way of Overdrafts and Cash Credit, Demand
Loans, Working Capital Term Loans, Bills Purchased / Discounted and Term Loans.
• Overdraft and Cash Credit: In Overdraft/Cash Credit, the borrower is allowed to
carry out debit and credit transactions up to a limit. These are more operative accounts
and have cheque book facility. The term “Overdraft” is generally used for continuing
limits granted against the security of term deposits and other financial securities,
occasional overdrawings / debits in current accounts and also for continuing limits
granted for personal purposes. “Cash Credit” is generally used for continuing limits
granted for working capital requirements of commercial establishments. Cash
credit/overdraft limits are repayable on demand.
• Demand Loans: As the name suggests, are repayable on demand. They are also at
times referred to as Loans. Though technically repayable on demand, a repayment of
the loan in installments spread over a period up to 3 years or so is generally stipulated.
Composite loans given for working capital and for fixed assets as also the loans for
fixed assets where repayment period is stipulated up to 3 years are generally granted
by way of Demand Loans.
• Working Capital Term Loans
Term Loans: Term Loans are generally granted for acquisition of Fixed Assets. They
are repayable by specified number of instalments spread over a period of 3 to 5 years
or some times more. Normally, a term loan, which is repayable up to a period 3 to 5
years, is called Medium Term Loan. Where the repayment is longer than 5 years, it is
called Long Term Loan.
• Term loans are mainly granted for acquisition of capital assets.
• The loans are not repayable on demand, but only in installments ranging over a period
of time.
• The repayment of the loan is generally out of the future earnings of the borrower’s
business.
• The primary security is normally the charge on the fixed assets of the company.
• Bills Purchased/Discounted: these are normally meant for financing working capital
requirements in the post-sale part of the operating cycle of a unit. The facilities are for
purchasing/discounting bills drawn by the customer for goods sold.
2) Non-Fund Based
The two main types of non fund based facilities are Letter of credit and Bank
Guarantees the details of which are given as follows:
Letter of Credit: Letter of credit (LC) is an arrangement where a bank, acting on the
request of the customer (importer/opener of letter of credit), gives an undertaking to a
third party (exporter/beneficiary of the letter of credit) that on his submitting the
shipping documents (drafts, invoices, insurance policy bill of lading), the bank will
meet the trader’s commitment. In international trade, given the fact that the local trader
might not be known to the foreign supplier, such assurance from a bank facilitates the
business.
• Process – Opening of Letter of Credit
The stages in the use of a letter of credit are as follows:
1) After the initial business dealings between the parties involved the Buyer applies to
Issuing bank for a LC.
2) The bank opens a LC on the basis of existing Non fund based limits extended to
the buyer or opens new limits for the buyer. Such extension of nonfund based limits
involves the bank demanding margin or collateral given the buyer’s market standing.
3) Issuing bank sends the letter of credit to the bank (Advising bank) in the seller's
country. The advising bank's main obligation at this step is to authenticate the letter of
credit.
4) Advising bank informs the beneficiary of the letter of credit. At this stage the
beneficiary seller should check that its terms and conditions matches the agreement
and can be complied with, e.g. the goods can be shipped by the required date, the
required documents can be obtained.
5) Beneficiary (seller) ships the goods, then gets the required documentation, which
will usually include a transport document such as a bill of lading.
6) Beneficiary checks that all these documents conform to all the terms and
conditions laid down in the LC.
7) Beneficiary presents the documents to its banker. Depending on the arrangements
specified in the LC, the bank pays the beneficiary.
8) The documents are sent back to the issuing bank. If they are in order, the issuing
bank will debit the applicant, remit the funds to the beneficiary's bank and pass the
documents to the applicant so the goods can be claimed from the carrier.
CHAPTER 3
1)BORROWERS
Credit limits are considered to various types ofborrowers.Depending on the
constitution of the borrower certain formalities are required to be completed, and
precautions need to be taken while dealing with them.
• In case of limited companies
A limited company may be private or public, incorporated under the Companies
Act, 1956.It come into legal existence after the Registrar of Companies issues a
Certificate of Incorporation. The following basic documents should be obtained for
considering requests for advances to limited companies:
o Certificate of Incorporation
o Certificate of Commencement of Business
o Memorandum and Articles of Association
o Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss Statements
o Board Resolution
• Rest Restrictions on the Borrowings by a Company
The Memorandum of Association of the limited company should be scrutinised to
ascertain that the purpose and the amount of advance facility sought are authorised by
the Memorandum of Association. It must be ascertained whether there is any
restriction on the borrowing by the company.
• Restrictions on Borrowing Powers of Directors
The board of directors of a public limited company cannot borrow in excess of the paidup
capital and free reserves of the company without the consent of the company in a general
meeting.
• Restriction on Banking Arrangements with Other Banks
In the case of limited company borrowers, an undertaking should be obtained from
them to the effect that they will not open any current account or approach any other
bank for facilities without obtaining prior clearance in writing from the Bank. It
should also be ensured that the company close their existing accounts, if any, with
other banks, unless satisfactory explanation is offered for continuing the accounts.
• PARTNERSHIP FIRMS
A partnership firm is governed by the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. Original Partnership
Deed should be verified to ensure that the provisions in the deed do not conflict with the
terms of the account. A copy of the deed should be obtained. Important provisions/
stipulations affecting the operations of the bank account should be noted for ready
reference.In every partnership account, the Partnership Letter completed and signed by all
the partners in their personal capacity and on behalf of the firm should be obtained.
• In case of Retirement or Admission of a Partner
Normally, the operations in the existing account should be put on hold to keep the retiring
partner’s estate liable for the debts due to the Bank. The credit facility for the reconstituted
firm should be got reviewed as soon as possible.
• In case of death of a Partner
The operations in the existing account should be stopped / freezed to protect the Bank’s
right against the estate of the deceased. The credit facility of the reconstituted firm should
be got reviewed as soon as possible and the debit balance in the account wiped out by one
or more of the following:
i) Obtaining a cheque or letter of authority signed by all the partners in the new firm formed
in place of the dissolved firm.
ii) Recourse to the estate of the deceased partner.
iii) Payment made by surviving partners.
iv)A fresh account of the new / reconstituted firm should be opened by following the usual
procedure.
• INDIVIDUAL BORROWERS
Single Borrower
An account in the name of an individual is operated upon by the account holder him/herself.
An individual borrower may authorise another person to operate the account under a Power
of Attorney. The Power of Attorney should be notarised by Notary Public. The Power of
Attorney must have a specific power to borrow and operate the account whether in credit or
in debit and should also include power to pledge, hypothecate and confirm the security of
the borrower. Upon death of the borrower, the power of the attorney granted by the borrower
ceases to operate.
Joint Borrowers
• In case of more than one borrowers, all must be made jointly and severally liable for
borrowings.
• Authority to any of the joint debtor to operate on a deposit account does not
automatically extend to borrowing without the concurrence of all account holders.
• Specimen of the letters of instructions for joint accounts of two persons.
• PROPRIETARY CONCERNS
• Proprietorship is in the name of a firm or a business owned by an individual who is its
proprietor
● HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILIES (HUF)
A Joint Hindu Family consists of all persons lineally descended from a common
ancestor and includes their wives.The documents should be executed by the Karta and
also by all major copartners or by the Karta, provided a letter of authority signed by all
the major copartners empowering the Karta to sign the documents on their behalf is
furnished. An undertaking letter stating, that the advance is required for the ordinary
purpose of the family business and all of them jointly and severally bind their interest
in the Undivided Hindu Family and also those of their respective issues should be
obtained.
● TRUST
An estate is placed in the hands of Trustees in accordance with the provisions of Trust
Deed. A trust can be Public Charitable Trust or Private Trust for the benefit of private
individuals. Requests for grant of advance facilities to public charitable trusts, private
trusts and for partnership firms having such trusts as partners, should be referred to
Central Office for sanction, irrespective of the power delegated to various delegatees.
Such advances should be considered on merits by Central Office, only after satisfying the
legal provisions / requirements.
2)CREDIT APPLICATION FORM AND INITIAL SCRUTINY
Issuing Credit Application Form
Appropriate Credit Application Form of the Bank may be provided to the prospective
customer, if:
o The request is found to be prima facie in order and generally
conforming to the credit policy and plan/s of the Bank / branch and
basic principles of lending.
o The customer is agreeable to the Bank’s terms and conditions normally
prescribed for such facilities.
Receipt of Credit Application Form
Credit Application Form submitted by the customer should be checked to ensure that:
o It is in the proper form.
o All the applicable items are properly filledin, with appropriate remarks
made against inapplicable items.
o It is signed by the borrowers and guarantors, wherever applicable.
o All the relevant details and necessary enclosures like statements,
reports, certificates, balance sheets, assessment orders, forms etc., are
enclosed.
Credit Application Received Register
All Credit Application Forms received must be promptly entered into the Credit Application
Received and Disposal Register [Specimen Appendix: (V) II]. All the relevant columns of
the Register should be properly filledin. Periodic notings on the progress of the request
should also be made in the respective columns.
Initial Scrutiny
A quick scrutiny of the Credit Application Form submitted by the customer may be
carried out by reviewing the papers and financial particulars submitted by them. The
observations contained in the note on discussions / interview with the customer may
also referred to.
Pre Sanction Inspection and Credit Reports
Presanction inspection should be conducted and credit reports collected for considering all
the credit requests, except the following:
• Advances against the Bank’s Term Deposit Receipts.
• Advances against Shares, LIC Policies, National Savings Certificates,
and other Government securities where the branch has directly registered
its charge with the issuing authority and necessary proof to this effect is
maintained on the branch record.
Rejection of Credit Request
If at any stage, during the processing or sanction of an advance, it is found that the credit
request does not merit consideration, the Branch Head may reject the credit request with due
permission from appropriate authority. The Branch Head should, however, be sure that the
request / requirement of the borrower was understood properly. Reasons for rejection of the
request can be:
o The borrower is undesirable / unacceptable.
o The request is not in accordance with the Credit Policy / Plan of the Bank.
o Finance to such project / activities are not permitted as per the RBI guidelines.
o Project activity is not technically feasible / financially viable.
o Security is not adequate, the risk involved is high.
3)PREPARATION OF CREDIT PROPOSAL
Credit Application and other particulars submitted by the customer, credit reports and
reports / notes of presanction inspection of the account carried out by the Bank
officials would form the basic inputs for preparing the Credit Proposal. It is necessary
that the person preparing the Credit Proposal is thoroughly acquainted with the basic
principles of lending and the uptodate guidelines, policies and procedures of the
Bank and the guidelines / directives of the Reserve Bank of India and other regulatory
authorities on the subject.
• Credit Proposal should normally be prepared by the branch staff. In cases involving
large limits and complex projects or in case of other exigencies, Credit Proposals can
be prepared by or with the assistance of the officials at Zonal/Central Office.
• Credit Proposal must be prepared in required number of copies.
• The Bank has not standardised the Credit Proposal Format for processing credit
requests of Corporate Banking customers as each credit proposition has its own
peculiarities. Depending on requirements of each case, the proposal should be
prepared covering all relevant areas.
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING CREDIT PROPOSAL
The guidelines for preparing credit proposal based on the framework mentioned above
are given below.
1. Proposal Number
Number the proposals serially from the beginning of each financial year. The Alfa Code
of the Branch (short form of the branch name), financial year and serial number of the
proposal would form the proposal number.
2. Date
State the date on which the proposal is submitted along with reasons for delay, if any.
3.Branch
State the name of the branch to which the advance pertains.
4.Present and Proposed Facilities
Give in brief the facilities for which sanction is being sought. .
5.Name of the Company
Mention full and correct title of the advance account.
6.Constitution
7.Date of Incorporation
Mention the date of incorporation of the company. This can be ascertained from the
Certificate of Incorporation issued by the Registrar of Companies. In case of non
corporate bodies, the date / year of establishment may be given
8.Group Affiliation, if any and Other Group Companies
Give the name of the Group to which the company belongs. Also list out other
companies, which are managed by the same group along with brief comment on the
status of banking facilities availed by them.
9.Line of Activity
Give brief description of the nature of business / activities carried out by the borrower
for which the facilities are proposed. In case of manufacturing / industrial concerns,
give brief description of major processes / products.
10.Registered Office
Give full and correct address of the Registered Office of the borrower company.
11.Corporate Office
Give full and correct address where the Administrative Office of the Company is
situated.
12.Works Located
At Give full and correct address of the major factory/s and works.
13.Board of Directors
Give the list of Directors of the Company indicating against each name the type of
office he/she holds, such as Chairman, Vice Chairman, Managing Director, Whole
Time Director, Nominee of ____ (FI) etc.
14.Capital Structure and Share Holding Pattern
Give the amount of paid up capital of the company. Also give the share holding
pattern in percentage terms for different categories of shareholders:
Promoters Also give
names of major
promoters
holding more
than 10% of the
shares
individually.
Group Also give
Companies names of major
group
companies
holding more
than 10% of the
15. Share Price Movement
In case the borrower is a listed company, give the names of stock exchange/s
where it is listed, latest quoted price, high and low prices during last 52 weeks
and EPS.
16.Present Banking Arrangement
Give the names of present bankers to the company and indicate the fund based
and nonfund based limits availed from each of them. Also specify whether the
financing is under a formal consortium arrangement or as multiple banking.
17.Indebtedness to Axis Bank
Give the extent of present and proposed fund based and nonfund based limits
from our Bank.
18.Banker’s Reference and Rating by Credit Agency
• Give highlights of the Bankers’ Reports obtained recently on the conduct of
the accounts of the company and the other companies of the group.
• In case the company has obtained credit rating from any Rating Agency,
give the latest rating (and its brief description) along with the name of the Credit
Rating Agency, nature of instrument/s for which rating is obtained, date of
awarding the rating and its validity.
19.Credit Risk Rating and Asset Classification
Work out and indicate the Credit Rating as per the Credit Risk Rating system of
the Bank. Also confirm that the asset classification continues to be ‘Standard’.
In case of new accounts, credit rating allocated by the leader of consortium /
other financing banks and also confirmation that it continues as ‘Standard’
account may be given.
20.Brief Background of the Company
Give brief history background of the company. Also give brief description
of major business / activities. In case of manufacturing / industrial
enterprises, give brief description of the major processes and products.
Give comments about the reputation of the company, quality and conduct
of business, soundness of operations etc.
Give brief details about major products and processes involved, installed
capacity, production, capacity utilisation, infrastructure facilities,
technology, expansion plans, main suppliers etc.
22.Major Competitors and Market Share
• Give brief particulars about the major competitors and market share of
the company as well as main competitors. The information may be obtained
from published data, where available and/or market enquiries.
• Give price advantage, tariffs, marketing network, trends and prospects,
main customers of the company visàvis the competitors. Give comments for
major variations.
23.Industry Profile and Prospects
Give overall profile of the industry including size of the market, growth
rate, status of installed capacity, production, demandsupply position,
regulatory environment, industry outlook, impact of technology,
globalisation, liberalization, success factors and trends and prospects.
24.Future Plans
Describe briefly the expansion / diversification and other plans which the
company is in the process of implementation or envisages to implement in
the near future with the possible impact thereof on its functioning and
income generation.
25.Performance and Financial Indicators
In case of existing companies, figures pertaining to four years i.e. last two
years actuals based on audited accounts, estimates for the current year and
projections for the next year are normally given.. The major items of figures
for which information is to be furnished are given below given are as under:
Key Financial Indicators
a) Net Sales
b) Other Income
c) Operating Profit after Interest
d) Net Profit before Tax
e) Net Profit after Tax
f) Paidup Capital
g) Tangible Networth
Ratios
a) Profitability Ratios
b) Turn Over Ratios
c) Liquidity Ratios
d) Leverage Ratios
3. Assessment of Limits
Term Loans
The request for the Term Loan limits should generally be accompanied by
the detailed project report prepared by the Borrower. The bank official
should appraise the project from different angles with the objective of
justifying the investment. The main components of appraisal of a project
are given below in graphic form for ready reference:
The important Ratios that need to be considered for appraising the project are
described below:
Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
• Debit Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) ratio provides the measure of the
ability of the project to service the repayment of its entire long term debt. It
also serves as a guide to determine the period for repayment
• The ratio is valuable as it indicates the margin of safety which exists for
the Bank. A good DSCR should be two or more. When it is less than two,
greater care needs to be exercised.
Internal Rate of Return
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is generally worked out by a process of
trial and error. First cash flows are discounted at cut off rate and if NPV is
negative at this rate, the project is rejected since IRR is less than the cutoff
rate. Secondly if NPV is positive at the cutoff rate, cash flow are discounted
at higher and higher rates, till such time NPV becomes zero.
Break Even Point (BEP)
Break Even Point indicates the volume of sales which the unit must achieve
in order to cover its total costs. If the unit can sell more than the break even
volume, it earns profit.
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis indicates the degree of cushion available in the
profitability of the project to withstand changes with assumed conditions
Format for Critical Project Information
• Assessment of Term Loan Requirement
1. Locational Advantage
2. Cost of Project
3. Means of Finance
4. Schedule of Implementation
5. Project Requirements
6. Schedule of Implementation
7. Loan Eligibility
8. Margin
9. Status of Government Clearance
10. Financial Highlights
11. Refinance
• Risk Perception / Analysis
Some of the suggested risk parameters that may be commented upon in
arriving at the risk perception are given below. All the parameters may not be
applicable to each Credit Proposal. Also the degree of importance of each
parameter may vary across the accounts and time.
Political.
Regulatory
Finance
Currency
Marketing
Manufacturing
Promoters
Cyclicity
Technology
Input Profile
User Profile
4) SANCTION AND NOTING
Delegation of Powers
The powers for sanctioning credit proposals are given in Delegation of
Powers. Key functionaries at Branch, Zonal Office and Central Office have
been delegated with specific powers. The powers above the Sr. Vice
Presidents are delegated to Committee of Executives (COE) and the
Committee of Directors (COD). The Committee of Directors for all practical
purposes enjoys full powers.
Scrutiny of Credit Proposal
• The Credit Proposal complete in all respects and duly recommended,
should be sent to the sanctioning authority.
• Credit Proposal falling within the powers of Central Office should be sent
directly to Central Office, with a copy to the Zonal Office.
• Appraising Officials posted at Zonal Offices/ Central Office are entrusted
with the duty of carrying our detailed scrutiny of Credit Proposal. These officials
while carrying out the scrutiny would particularly ensure that:
1 Credit Proposal is comprehensive and complete in all respect.
2 The request of the borrower is assessed properly by the branch and the Credit
Proposal, including the terms and conditions proposed, conform to the basic lending
principles, Bank’s credit policy and norms & guidelines of Reserve Bank of India /
other regulatory authorities.
3 Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss Account and other financial statements are
analysed properly. Items of Assets and Liabilities are classified properly and
projections made are reasonable and realistic.
4 All relevant ratios are calculated.
5 Assessment of credit requirements is carried out by using appropriate formats,
methods and as per the applicable norms and guidelines.
6 Limits proposed are within the borrowing powers of the company.
• Sanctioning of Credit Proposal
The sanctioning authority should study the proposal and appraise the request for
credit facilities from all the angles. The safety of the Bank’s funds should be the
foremost consideration. The advance, including overlimit business, casual facilities
and one time transactions should be sanctioned as per the discretionary powers
delegated to the sanctioning authorities by the Bank.
• Noting of Proposals
Credit Proposals sanctioned by sanctioning authority should be “Noted” by the next
higher authority.
• The Sanctioning Authority should forward the Credit Proposals
sanctioned during a month along with a “Statement of Noting the
Proposals” in duplicate to the Noting Authority within a week form the
end of the month to which it relates and ensure that it is received back
duly noted from the Noting Authority
• The Noting Authority nevertheless may comment on the quality of the
Credit Proposal, procedural lapses and gaps in factual information, if
any .
• The Noting Authority should immediately inform the higher authority
in case of serious irregularities in the sanction as also about non
compliance with instructions / guidelines issued at the time of previous
sanction or suspicion about malafide intentions on the part of the
Sanctioning Authority.
5)DOCUMENTATION AND CREATION OF SECURITY
Security documents establish the precise relationship between the Bank and the borrower and
form the main basis for the Bank’s legal recourse in court of Law in case the borrower fails to
repay the advance.
While obtaining the documents, it should be borne in mind that, if the Bank is faced with a
situation of remedying any defects or irregularities in the security documents at the time of
filing a suit, it would be difficult to get the cooperation from the borrower and guarantor/s, if
need be, and the Bank’s action against them might be affected.
Proper drafting/format of the documents and their correct stamping and execution are the
three essential requirements of proper documentation.Documents by which an advance facility
is secured become inadmissible in evidence in the Court of Law unless they are properly
stamped. Stamp Acts of various States also stipulate penalties / criminal prosecution against
persons who execute or sign the documents not duly stamped with an intention to evade the
duty. Instruments / documents, other than bills of exchange and promissory notes, executed
out of India may be stamped within three months after being first received in India.In case of
instruments chargeable according to the State Stamp Act, the stamps should pertain to the
concerned State. Stamp duty should be paid to the Stamp Office of the State where the
documents are executed.The stamp paper should normally be (stamp duty should be paid) in
the name of the Bank or the customer.The Stamp Law provides that any adhesive stamp
affixed on an instrument should be cancelled in such a way that it cannot be used again. Such
cancellation is done either at the time when the stamps are affixed or at the time of
execution.The customers’ signatures should be obtained on them only after the documents
have been appropriately stamped.
All security documents obtained from the borrowers should be held in clothlined / plastic
Security Dockets only. Separate dockets should preferably be maintained for each facility of
the borrower. The following information should appear on the outer cover:
i) Name of the Account
ii) Account No.
iii) Type of Facility
iv) Limit
• Date of Sanction
Now the CREATION OF SECURITY which includes the third party guarantee.A Guarantee
is stipulated as a security to reinforce the safety of the Bank’s
funds. When guarantee is stipulated as one of the securities in an advance
account.
Parties to the contract of guarantee are:
• Applicant: The principal debtor – the party at whose request the guarantee is being
executed.
• Beneficiary: The party to whom the guarantee is being given and who can
enforce it in case of default.
• Guarantor: The party who undertakes to discharge the obligations of the applicant in
case of his/her default.Thus, a guarantee is a collateral contract consequential to a main
contract between the applicant and the beneficiary.The question of obtaining a guarantee for
an advance arises because the Bank as the lender desires to safeguard its own position and
wants to ensure that the money lent is received back without default. As a means of such
safeguard,the bank seeks from the borrower the guarantee of another person (who is
considered good for the amount in question) for the prompt repayment of debt in case the
borrower fails to repay.
In the event of death of a single guarantor or of one of the joint and several guarantors, steps
should be taken immediately to obtain a new guarantor in place of the deceased. Alternatively,
on merits of the case, the guarantee of the deceased may, on a specific request in writing from
the borrower and all the other guarantors to the advance, be waived and his estate discharged
from liability without obtaining a new guarantor.Since a decision to substitute a fresh
guarantee or to waive the guarantee of the deceased as mentioned above would take some
time, steps should be taken to preserve the liability of the estate of the deceased guarantor to
the Bank under the guarantee.After substitution of another guarantor or the waiver, as may be
decided upon,the new account opened as mentioned above should be closed and the balance in
that account should be transferred back to the main account which should thereafter be
continued and all subsequent entries be put through that account only.
6)DISBURSEMENT, MONITORING, RENEWAL / REVIEW
(A)DISBURSEMENT
Disbursement of any advance (credit facility) should be effected only after:
i) Sanction of facility by the appropriate authority.
ii) Proper execution of security documents by borrower / guarantor and
their checking and verification.
iii) Compliance of all terms of sanction including creation and registration of charge over
securities, where applicable.
• Completion of account opening formalities, where applicable.
Disbursement should be made as per the guidelines in this regard and subject to stipulations,
if any, made in the sanction.Contribution of appropriate margin by the borrower, as
prescribed, should also be ensured before disbursement.Term loans should normally be
disbursed direct to the suppliers of machinery/contractors / landlords, etc. against their
invoices by issuing Pay Orders in their favour after obtaining margin money form the
borrowers. In case of disbursements for purchase of machinery etc., it should be ensured that
site preparation, wherever required, for the installation of machinery is ready.
(B)MONITORING
Proper monitoring (supervision and followup) is the next important step after sanction and
disbursement of credit facilities. A sound monitoring system serves as a backup mechanism
for testing various assumptions made at the time of assessment of credit needs of the
borrowers. It also enables the Bank to evaluate the performance of the assisted unit and its
financial health.The monitoring should be on regular basis for all accounts, irrespective of the
risk rating accorded to the account or the type of facility granted.
The accounts of the borrower with the Bank should be monitored closely to ensure that:
i) The account is operated within the limit.
ii)The account is used for genuine transactions for which the limits are granted and that there
is no diversion of funds or any other undesirable features.Particular care should be taken in
case of cash credit /overdrafts accounts to ensure that the drawings are strictly used for the
purpose for which the credit facilities are sanctioned and no diversion of funds for investment
in associate concern or acquisition of fixed assets/ acquisition of shares / debentures is
allowed.
iii)Turnover in the account is commensurate with the projected sales and operative / financial
statements are submitted by the borrower in time.
iv)Appropriate interest (including penal interest, where applicable) and other charges are
debited to the accounts promptly.
v)The borrower has paid the interest amount and instalments due,wherever applicable.
(C)RENEWAL / REVIEW
Its Purpose is to all credit facilities, other than adhoc guarantees / letters of credit, are
required to be renewed annually. The correct terminology is Review in case of Term Loans
and Renewal in case of other facilities repayable on Demand.The “Annual Renewal/Review”
exercise gives the Bank an opportunity mainly to assess:
i) The performance of the borrower’s business activity.
ii) How well and effectively the borrowed funds were utilised.
iii) The position of the Bank’s security.
iv) The borrower’s position with regard to plough back of profits.
v) Whether the limits are appropriate.
• Whether the operations of the borrower reveal any signs of incipient sickness and if so,
what corrective steps can be taken.
It is the primary responsibility of the bank to monitor advance accounts, ensure that they are
conducted as per the terms of sanction and the interest and instalments, wherever applicable
are recovered promptly.
Recovery Process
1 The recovery of loan is a continuous and seamless process, which should start from the
disbursement of a loan rather than on noticing certain undesirable features/developments. The
bank should thus monitor the accounts on an ongoing basis immediately after disbursement an
watch for any incipient problem in the account.
2 In all accounts, instalment reminders should be sent 10 days before due date and interest
advices as soon as applied. The actual recoveries should be closely monitored. Diary notes
should be regularly maintained for obtaining Revival Letters.
3 If conduct of the account is unsatisfactory, desirability of initiating legal action should be
examined during the validity period of security documents.
4 The next stage of action should be when the account is being persistently irregular and likely
to be categorised as a NPA.
5 The next step would be enforcement of securities. This would be two – pronged – securities
which could be sold without mediation of Court .
6 Once recovery process starts in any account, Bank should immediately stop making any
fresh commitments to the concerned borrowing unit as also to any other units of the same
management.
Filing of Suit
If the borrower does not adhere to the agreed arrangement, steps for recovery including
initiation of legal action should be considered without any delay.
Comprise and Write off
Compromise policy in respect of any account where recovery of the Bank’s dues in full is in
doubt would obviously depend on each individual case. Whenever the borrowers/ guarantors
have substantial means or where sufficient security is available all efforts should be made to
recover the advance including the penal interest by enforcing the security. Compromise
proposals should ordinarily be considered only when the business failure is mainly due to the
reasons beyond the borrower’s control.
Details of write off accounts should be recorded in a register maintained at the branch
containing the following details.
i) Serial number
ii) Name of the borrower
iii) Account Number
iv) Amount of sacrifice/waiver of interest
v) Amount written off
vi) Date & authority of sanction
vii) The number, amount and date of debit to Central Office.
8)GUARANTEES
Issuing guarantees on behalf of customers is a major nonfund based business of banks. A
guarantee is acontract to perform the promise or discharge the liability of a third person in
case of his/her default. It constitutes a contingent liability which arises in the event of default
by the customer.
There are three parties to a bank guarantee:
i) The Applicant customer on whose behalf the guarantee is given, also known as Principal
Debtor.
ii) The Beneficiary to whom the guarantee is given.
iii)The Issuing Bank who gives the guarantee, also called as the Surety.
Types of Guarantees:
Bank Guarantees are broadly of two types viz. Deferred Payment Guarantees and
Ordinary Guarantees.
i)Deferred Payment Guarantees
A Deferred Payment Guarantee is a contract or undertaking by the bank to the supplier that
the price of machinery or goods supplied by them on deferred payment terms will be paid in
agreed instalments with stipulated interest on the respective due dates, in case of default in
payment thereof by the buyer.A deferred payment guarantee is akin to a term loan, and as far
as the buyer is concerned, it serves the same purpose as that of a term loan. A company which
desires to acquire plant and machinery can buy them by making full payment at the time of
delivery itself, either from its own source, or by availing of a suitable term loan from a
bank/financial institution.In case of a term loan, the bank makes the payment either to the
buyer or directly to the seller and the buyer (borrower) repays his obligations in stipulated
instalments to the bank. In the case of a deferred payment guarantee, the bank merely executes
a guarantee on behalf of the buyer to the seller’s bank, who on the strength thereof discounts
the seller’s bills drawn on the buyer.
ii)Ordinary Guarantees
Ordinary Guarantees are of two types Financial Guarantees and Performance Guarantees.
Financial Guarantees It is a contract of guarantee, whereby the bank becomes the surety for
the applicant who is the principal debtor and assumes all the liability of a surety under the
Indian Contract Act. If the applicant fails to repay the underlying debt, the bank as surety is
called upon to repay the unpaid portion of the debt. Financial guarantees are given in lieu of
purely monetary obligations.
Text and Authentication of Guarantee
A bank should normally be issued in the form Standardised by the Bank.If a guarantee is
required to be issued in a different format due to insistence of beneficiary, it should be ensured
that the guarantee is:
i)For a definite period.
ii)For a definite object and enforceable on happening of a definite event.
iii)For a specific amount.
iv)In respect of a bonafide/commercial transaction.
v)Without any onerous clause.
vi)Without any clause providing for automatic renewal on its expiry.
Other guidelines and precautions to be taken while issuing guarantees are as follows:
i)In order to prevent unaccounted issue of guarantees, as well as fake guarantees, as suggested
by IBA, bank guarantees should be issued in serially numbered security forms.
ii)The body of the guarantee, as per the requirements of the beneficiary /applicant, should be
typed in continuation sheets.
iii) To have uniformity, the guarantees should be numbered giving alpha code of the branch,
year and serial number of the guarantee.
iv)The guarantee should be adequately stamped.
v)The guarantee should be signed by atleast two authorised signatories of the bank.
9)SOLVENCY CERTIFICATES
Banks are occasionally required to issue Solvency Certificates for the contractors /
businessmen / companies. Solvency Certificates should be issued only to the customers
having borrowing limits with the same bank or to those having satisfactorily conducted
accounts for a minimum period of six months.An application stating amount, purpose and in
whose favour the certificate is required should be obtained from the customer. All necessary
information along with necessary copies in support documents should be obtained.The
amount of Solvency / Capacity Certificate should be decided after satisfying about the
customer’s means and capacity. The following aspects need to be taken into consideration for
deciding the Solvency of the customer:
• Volume of Business.
• Means and standing of the Customer (Net worth should be verified from audited
Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Account, Statement of Assets & Liabilities, Income Tax,
Wealth Tax, Sales Tax, Returns etc.)
• Operations in the account.
• Track record/past performance in respect of work/contracts/business undertaken.
• Market reports
CHAPTER4
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• To understand the Decision Making Matrix of SME Companies while deciding on
availment of Bank Credit facility.
Introduction about SMEs
SMEs are the backbone of all developing economies including India. They are the most
efficient tools for balanced regional development and the most potential employment
generators. As per available statistics, Indian SMEs employ about 18 million persons working
in 3.3 million enterprises. They are the second largest employer after agriculture. In recent
years the sector has consistently registered higher growth rate as compared to the overall
industrial sector.
The sector's contribution to GDP as of now is around 17 percent. According to an
ASSOCHAM report its share in GDP is expected to grow by a minimum of five percent to
grab up to 22 percent share in GDP by 2012. This will be on the back of aggressive up
gradation by the enterprises to reduce their input costs, improve productivity and thus increase
their exports.
Riding on the fruits of liberalization, the SME sector has been growing at a rate of 35 percent
over the last two years. Now this growth pace will be accelerated to about 40 percent. This
will further increase the share of SMEs in the manufacturing output from 4042 percent over
46 percent.
Keeping up the spiraling trend, the SMEs contribution to exports is also expected to rise from
38 percent to 44 percent in the coming few years.
Currently this sector comprises of about 95 percent of industrial units in the country and
contributes to about 40 percent of the value edition to the manufacturing sector.
SCOPE
The Sample of 16 SMEs has been taken to give the actual picture of the SMEs deciding
upon the availment of various credit facilities being given by the bank on the basis of
various attributes on a scale of 1 to 5(with 1 being the least important and 5 being the
most important) in order of the importance that these variables have on the SMEs
requirement while selecting a particular bank for a credit facility.The various attributes
are
• Interest Rate
• Margin Money
• Bank Charges
• Securities asked for
• Reputation of the bank
• Easy Availability of credit
• Service Quality of the Bank
• Turnaround Time
• Technical Guidance
• Relaxation in Recovery Norms
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Bank basically means business and in business collection of raw data allows the
managers to see the real scenario and then take a decision as per the data obtained.
There are various implications in this statement
• The bank gets the clear picture of preference by SMEs
• They can examine the available information in the form of data to make a
decision.
• The information can only be gathered by data collection and then analysing the
available data.
Therefore,it can be said that the data collection is an important part of the project.
DATA INFORMATION
Both Primary and Secondary data will be used. Primary data is been collected by the way of
interview and Secondary data which is not originally collected but rather obtained from
published source.
Apart from this past data is been taken into consideration in order to darw infrences and
analyse the performance.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• Observation is based much on secondary data and primary data is used for further
analysis.
• Since questionnaire method is used to collect primary data, so the borrowers were
reluctant to fill it as it involved time and disclosure of confidential financial information.
• In case of borrowers who were newly established firms, it was difficult to judge the
credit worthiness of those firms because of non availability of previous year’s balance sheet
and other information
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
GENERAL FINDINGS
These includes the various attributes on which the SMEs decides the requirements while
selecting a particular bank before availing the credit facility.
1) INTEREST RATE
An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by a borrower for the use of money that
they borrow from a lender.
6%
6%
13%
1
2
3
4
5
75%
Comments
• Most of the SMEs has given more importance to interest rate like as shown in the chart
more of the area is covered at scale 5.
• Some of the other SMEs who has selected 4 because they are good earning firms and
they prefer other attributes more.
2) MARGIN MONEY
Borrowed money that is used to purchase securities. This practice is referred to as "buying on
margin".
Margin Money on Scale
6%
13%
1
2
3
4
5
44%
38%
Comments
• In Margin Money most of the SMEs give importance at scale 3 then 4 i.e. 38%
• Most of the SMEs those who tick at 3 are Partnership firms.
3) BANK CHARGES
The term bank charge covers all charges made by banks to their customers. These charges may
take many forms, including:
• monthly charges for the provision of an account
• charges for specific transactions (other than overdraft limit excesses)
• interest in respect of overdrafts
Bank Charges on scale
6%
19%
13%
1
2
3
4
5
19%
44%
Comments
• To the margin money SMEs has given less importance.While some has selected 2 on
scale.
• Margin Money is only being preferred more by PSUs which are well established and
has more profits.
4)SECURITIES
A security is a negotiable instrument representing financial value.These includes the both
primary,collatoral or both securities.
Securities on scale
6%
6%
25%
1
19% 2
3
4
5
44%
Comments
• The 44% is being weighted to scale 4.which refers to less important than other.
• It shows they do not give more importance to securities.
5) REPUTATION
Reputation can be considered as a component of the identity as defined by others.Reputation
is the opinion (more technically, a social evaluation) of the group of entities toward a person,a
group of people or an organization on a certain criterion.
Reputation on scale
7%
1%
1
2
3
4
5
92%
Comments
• Most of the SMEs has given more importance to the reputation of the bank because it
gives the surity to the customer also while availing any credit facility.
• Reputation is the most important criteria among all other attributes by the SMEs.
6)EASY AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT
Easy availability of credit facilities includes less paper work,relaxed norms for lending which
waste less time of the borrower.
1
2
3
4
5
81%
Comments
• Easy availability of credit is being given less importance and 62.5% is given scale 3.
And those who has given 3 are those SMEs who are already same bank(axis bank)
clients.
• These days most of the businesses would like to complete their work with less time
involvement.
7)SERVICE QUALITY OF BANK
38% 1
31% 2
3
4
5
25%
Comments
• 38% of the SMEs give the importance to the service quality at scale 5.
• The SMEs which are partnership firms has given more importance to service quality.
8)TURNAROUND TIME
Turnaround time is the total time taken between the submission of a program for execution
and the return of the complete output to the customer.
1
2
3
4
5
81%
Comments
• The turnaound time is also given less importance by SMEs.
• The SMEs with higher credit amount has given more importance.
9)TECHNICAL GUIDANCE
Technical guidance involves the help in technology up gradation by the bank which may be
useful in the business development.
Technical guidance on scale
6% 6%
25% 1
2
3
4
5
63%
Comments
• These days most of the businesses need the upgradation done in their
technology,which needs to be easily processed by the SMEs.
• As per my study,mostly SMEs wants regular information on technology upgradation
which is useful in the business development.
10)RELAXATION IN RECOVERY NORMS
1
2
3
4
5
89%
Comments
• It is most important attribute which is being given more importance by the SMEs
while availing the credit facility.
• The 89% is given most importance attribute.
CONCLUSION
The following graph will easily help to understand that among all the main attributes which
one is the most important and which one is given the least importance on 3,4,5 scales.
Case 1 On Scale 3
Scale 3 interpretation
3.77%
13.20%
18.86%
1
5.60%
2
3
5.60%
4
5
1.80% 6
7
8
9
10
24.50%
18.86%
9.40%
In this Pie Chart it has been shown that on scale 3 which attribute is given importance in
between.From this pie chart it has been concluded that most SMEs has given priority to
turnaround time and technical guidance as compared to other attributes.and no one has given
on scale 3 at interest.
Case 2 – Scale 4
Scale 4 Interpretation
6% 6%
11%
17%
1
2
3
4
11% 5
6
7
8
3%
9
20% 10
6%
20%
In this Pie Chart it has been shown that on scale 4 which attribute is given importance more
than 3 and less than 5.From this pie chart it has been concluded that most SMEs has given
priority to Bank Charges And Securities as compared to other attributes and no one has given
on turnaround time.
Case 3 – Scale 5
Scale 5 interpretation
22% 20%
1
2
3
2% 4
2%
4% 5
6
7
5%
11% 8
9
10
7%
4%
24%
In this Pie Chart it has been shown that on scale 4 which attribute is given the most
importance.From this pie chart it has been concluded that most SMEs has given priority to
Reputation And then to interest rate and after interest rate the service quality is the most
important attribute for any SMEs which they see first while availing any credit facility.
CHAPTER5
REFERENCES
Websites
• http://www.axisbank.com/
• http://www.purplemath.com/modules/meanmode.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org
• www.google.com
• www.casesonbank.com
• http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx
Personnel
1 Dr. Lokesh Yadav
2 Mr. Arvind Dwivedi
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
COMPANY DETAILS
• Name of the entity
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Country and date of formation
……………………………………………………………………………………….
• Line of business
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Registered
Address……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...……………………………………………………… Pin
…………………………………………………………....
• Telephone number…………………………………………… Mobile
……………………………………………...
• Fax…………………………………………………………… Email
………………………………………………..
• Constitution (Please Tick)
• Proprietorship Firm
• Partnership Firm
• Private Limited Company
• Others (please specify)…………………………………………………………………………………….
COMPANY STATISTICS
• Turnover (Annual Gross Sales)
• FY2011 (Projected)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
▪ FY2010 (Projected)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
▪ FY2009 (Audited)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
▪ FY2008 (Audited)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
• Number of employees
• On Roles……………………………………………………………………………………………………
• On Contract ...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Number of Suppliers
• <5
• 510
• 1025
• 2550
• 5075
• >75
• Number of Customers
• <5
• 510
• 1025
• 2550
• 5075
• >75
• Composition of Business
• Domestic Trade ………………%
• Exports ………………………..%
• Imports ………………………..%
• Product details
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….........................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................
BANK DETAILS
Please mention the following details keeping in mind the banks the company is dealing with i.e. have a/c with or
using any kind of loan facilities.
Type of funding line/Bank
Name of the bank Amount
Accounts
CC (Cash Credit)
WCDL (Working Capital
Demand Loans)
O/d (Overdraft)
LC (Letter of Credit)
[Including LC issuance and
LC bill discounting]
BG (Bank Guarantee)
Buyers Credit
Other Facilities like Current
Accounts, etc or funding lines
other than the ones
Rate the following attributes on a scale of 1 to 5 ( with 1 being least important and 5 being the most
important ) in order of the importance that these variables have on your requirements while selecting a
particular bank for a credit facility. Please mark your option by selecting the cell corresponding to the
rating on the preference scale.
Attributes 1 2 3 4 5
Interest rate
Margin money
Bank Charges
Securities asked for (Primary, collatoral or both)
Reputation of the bank
Easy availability of credit (less Paper work, relaxed
norms for lending)
Service quality of bank
Turnaround Time
Technical guidance(Any help in technology up
gradation by the bank which may be useful in the
business development)
Relaxation in recovery norms
PERSONAL INFROMATION (of the person filling the above details)
• Name
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
• Designation
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
• Phone Number
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
• Email address
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………