The National Teachers College

629 F. Nepomuceno St., Quiapo, Manila

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Master of Arts in Education major in English

ENG 304 – LITERRARY HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1st Semester, SY 2020 – 2021

Course Code: ENG 304 Section: MAENGFS-G (T)

Course Description: Literary History of the Philippines Units: 3.00
Instructor: Dr. Lorna C. Velasquez Day: Thursday
Name of Student: Mariecel T Baculi Time: 5:00 PM – 7:00PM

Direction: Provide a meaty discussion on the following:

1. Describe the influences made by the culture, politics, and religion in the writings during the Pre- Spanish period, Spanish period, and
Colonial Philippines by filling the matrix below. (25 points)

Major Period Culture Politics Religion

 Animistic- they believed in spirits  Sandugo-ceremony of blood  Islam- conquered

called anito or diwata compact in conclusions of some parts of
 Barong Tagalog already existed as alliance and friendship with the Philippines
Pre-Hispanic part of the clothing of Filipinos. Barangays.  The nature
 Male of Female in the society of religion in
knows how to read and write using  People in the Barangay are the pre-colonial
sharp- pointed tools, leaves, bamboo divided into 4: Philippines is
and trunk skin and they have their 1. Nobility (Maharlika, Datu) often unclear.
own alibata. 2. Freemen (Timawa) Religions present
 Filipino’s already lived in Barangay. 3. Serfs (Aliping Namamahay) include animism, 
 Clothing and Ornaments-The 4. Slave (Aliping Sagigilid) indigenous
natives already wore clothes and religious
 Slavery during Pre-Spanish beliefs and myth
 personal ornaments period was not as harsh and ologies such
Men-wore short-sleeved and cruel as that in other countries. as Anito and
collarless jacket whose length influences
reached slightly below the waist. The  Each Barangay was ruled by a from Hinduism a
color of the jacket appeared to chief called Datu, in some nd Buddhism.
indicate the position of the wearer in places are Rajah, Sultan or Hadji.
the society  Before Roman
Red-for the chief Catholism and
Blue or black- for those below him  Philippines was composed of Islam were
and for the lower part they wore settlements or villages each introduced,
bahag-a strip of cloth wrapped called barangay, named after natives
around the waist, passing between balangay, a Malayan word, worshipped many
the thighs. meaning “boat”. gods and
goddesses.
 Putong- they are wearing putong or  Taxation was already practiced
a piece of cloth wrapped around the by Filipino government prior the  Bathala –
head that served as headgear. arrival of Spanish people. supreme being
Red Putong-means the wearer had
killed a man in war.  There is 2 known written laws  Idiyanale –
Embroidered Putong-one who had promulgated by Datu: god of
killed at least 7 people. 1. Maragtas Code-written about agriculture
 Kalombiga-the name of the 1250 A.D. by Datu Sumakwel
necklace, anklets, earing, rings that of Panay  Sidapa – god
usually made of gold and precious 2. Kalantiaw Code-written of death
stones. about 1433 A.D. by Datu
 Baro-a sleeve upper garment jacket Kalantiaw also of Panay.  Agni – god of
for women together with their tapis or fire
the lower skirt.
 Female clothing - they wore “baro or  Balangaw –
camisa”, a jacket with sleeves. The god of rainbow
lower part is called saya.
 Tatoos were part of the body  Mandarangan
ornaments. – god of war
 Kaingin System-the land was
cleared by burning the shrubs and  Lalahon –
bushes. god of
 Barter system-used in business harvest
transaction by exchanging  Siginaruga
 items/products because there is no n – god of
currency. hell
 Bathala-was the supreme God of  Religious belief
Filipinos.  They also believed
 Filipino’s had no surnames- The in the immortality
Native Filipino parents were of souls and life
acquainted in naming their sons and after death.
daughters according to their physical  There were sacred
characteristics, qualities, or to some animals, which
coincidental events. For instance, if a they venerate like
baby girl was born with a tan skin white monkey
then the name to be made for her (manaul) and
was nearly the same with that skin crocodiles.
color. Additionally, if a newly born  There were also
male baby was looking strong, that sacred place and
baby would be named Si Malakas. sacred trees,
 Houses were made of light materials which nobody was
like wood, bamboo and nipa palm. allowed to cutdown.
 They also
 A ladder was placed to prevent worshipped the
strangers from intruding when the sun and moon.
owner was not around.  Regular sacrifices
 Strong post at the lower part of the and prayers were
house was enclosed. offered to placate
 A jar of heart was placed in a gallery deities and spirits.
called “batalan”. Reward and
 Some of them built tree houses to punishment after
protect themselves against their death was
enemies or from being attacked by dependent upon
wild animals. behavior in this
life.
 Courtship and Marriage
 The man was required to give
a dowry.
 “Bigay-kaya” – was the type of
dowry consisted of a piece of
land or gold.
 The groom’s parent gave a gift
called “panghimuyat”.
  “himaraw” – was another
payment for raising the future
bride during her infancy
period, to be paid by the
groom’s parent also.
 Including the bride’s wet nurse
received a share of dowry; it
was called “bigay-suso”.

 Courtship and Marriage

 Mixed marriage, that was
marriage between couples
belonging to different social
classes were not common.
 Early Filipinos practiced
divorce. Several grounds of
divorce were:
 Adultery
 Abandonment on
the part of the
husband
 Cruelty and insanity
 It was based on the discovery  Roman
 Arts, literature and music made by Ferdinand Magellan in Catholicism is the
Hispanic influence is based on 1521, consummated by its predominant
Spanish Indigenous, and European tradition. conquest by Miguel Lopez de religion and the
Folk dance, music, and literature Legaspi 45 years later and long largest Christian
have remained intact in the 21st possession for almost four denomination,
century. These were introduced from centuries, until it was terminated with estimates of
Spain in the 16th century, and can be in 1898, when by the Treaty of approximately
regarded as largely Hispanic in Paris, the Philippines was ceded 80% of the
constitution, which have remained in by Spain to the United States. population
the Philippines for centuries. belonging to this
 From 1565 to 1821, the faith in the
Philippines was indirectly Philippines. The
 Cuisine governed by the King of Spain country has a
 through Mexico. From 1821 when significant
The cuisine in the Philippines
Mexico obtained her Spanish Catholic
reflects the influences of Spanish,
independence from Spain, to tradition, and
and Asian cuisine.
1898, the Philippines was ruled Spanish Style
directly from Spain. Catholicism is
They include: Adobo, Afritada,
embedded in the
Albóndigas, Arroz a la Valencia, Arroz
Caldo and a lot more, Bistek and a lot  From 1863, the military of culture, which
Ultramar (colonies) exercised was acquired
more.
general powers of supervision from priests or
over Philippine affairs. Three friars.
 Business
times during the Spanish period
In the business community,
(1810-1813, 1820-1823, and  The Philippines is
the Philippine Chamber of Commerce
1836-1837), the Philippines was
and Industry (PCCI) plays an integral one of two
given representation in the
role in the economic, political and predominantly Ch
Spanish cortes, the legislative
social development of the nation. ristian countries
body of Spain.
Historically, the chamber can be in Asia, the other
traced back as early as the 1890s being East Timor.
with the inauguration of the Cámara  The government which Spain About 86% of the
de Comercio de Filipinas. established in the Philippines was population
centralized in structure and is Catholic, 11%
national in scope. The barangays
 Filipinos Surnames and change of are Muslim, and
were consolidated into towns about 3%
Native Names
each headed by a practice other
As a result, they prepared a
GOBERNADORCILLO, popularly religions or are
long list of surnames for the
called capitan, and the towns into irreligious.
Filipinos to choose from. Changes of
provinces, each headed by a
name of the native Filipinos also  Filipinos at home
governor who represented the
happened when the Spaniards set up altars in
Governor General in the
replace their names into the names of the Hispanic
province.
Saints such as Santo Tomas, San tradition, adorned
Jose, San Carlos and many more. with Catholic
 The power of the government
While there were still native Filipino images, flowers,
was actually exercised by the
names that were retained, the and candles.
Governor-General who resided in
Spaniards, however, changed their During fiestas,
Manila. He was “Governor-
spelling to fit in to the Spanish most
General” “Captain-General”, and
standard.       communities
“vice-royal patron.” As Governor-
General, he had executive, organize church
 Spanish Language Influence services and
administrative, legislative and
The Filipino language, derived from religious
 the Tagalog language, which is the judicial powers. processions in
national language today, was even a honor of a patron
Spanish influence. The Filipino  As Captain-General, he was saint, hold
vocabulary came from the Spanish Commander-in-Chief of all the funfairs and
language and was only changed in Armed Forces in the Philippines. concerts, and
spelling over time. As the viceroyal patron, he feast with a
exercised certain religious variety of Filipino
Learning the Spanish language as powers. Because of these broad foods.
much as Spanish education as a powers, it has been said that the
whole was not really made public to Governor General enjoyed more
the Filipinos. However, some natives, powers than the King of Spain
who had direct contacts with the himself. This was justified,
Spaniards, learned the language. however, because of the distance
Such attachment led the Filipino of the Philippines from Spain.
natives to adopt some of the Spanish
vocabulary and mixed them to the  In the administration of the
Filipino languages. Also, the Philippines, the Governor-
Spaniards inevitably talked to the General was assisted by many
natives in a Spanish language during boards and officers, particularly
the trading and other dealings with the Board of Authorities and the
them in the market and also in Council of Administration.
churches. This made the Filipino to
learn the foreign language slowly.
    
 Catholicism and its Patriarchal
Politics and Cultures
The Spaniards brought the Catholic
religion to the Philippine. They
introduced it to the Filipinos which led
to some uprisings of the natives who
did not want the new belief system.
Luckily for the Spaniards, the
indoctrination of Catholic faith to the
Filipinos happened. Along with the
building of the churches, the political
life of the country was also
revolutionized with religious
 teachings.    
 Fiesta Culture
The fiesta was one of the religious
events of the Catholic church. All
Filipinos must attend to it or else,
they would be labelled as rebels or
traitor. The fiesta was always the
honoring of the town patron saints
respectively held in different barrios
or towns. 

 Democracy consist of 3 branches  Protestantism

Colonial  Education  Executive was introduced
Philippines  Public schools were opened  Legislative
(American  First teacher was called  Judiciary  More or less than
period) Thomasites  United States established in the 300,000 Filipinos
 Medium of instruction is Philippines in 1900 under future became
English President William Howard Taft Protestant
 Schools established are: launched a pacification campaign
University of the Philippines, that became known as the
Philippine Normal College and “policy of attraction.”  There was a
other Agricultural schools. separation of the
 Infrastructure  McKinley appointed a second church and state
 Americans built roads, streets Philippine commission, headed  Religion subject
and bridges by federal judge William H. Taft, in school was
 The new infrastructure helped to begin designing a civil optional rather
make the movement of government based on America’s than compulsory
products and services more model. that leads to the
efficient. separation of the
 Boulevards, zone districts and  In 1907 the Philippine church and state
centers of leisure were also Commission, which had been  The Catholic
established. acting as both legislature and Church was
 Entertainment governor-general’s cabinet, disestablished as
 Movies became more popular became the upper house of a the state religion,
  New kinds of music were bicameral body. giving Protestant
introduced  The new 80-member Philippine missionaries
 Filipinos learned to watch and Assembly was directly elected by more
play games a somewhat restricted electorate opportunities to
 Health and Sanitation from single-member districts, enter the islands.
 Filipinos learned the value of making it the first elective  In 1901
cleanliness, proper hygiene legislative body in Southeast the Evangelical
and healthy practices Asia.  Union was
 Hospitals, clinic and health  Pres McKinley, issuing his established in the
centers were established benevolent assimilation policy Philippines to co-
including public hospital for towards Philippines, declared it ordinate activities
lepers under Military Control. amongst the
 Clothing  Filipinos rose up and fought hard Protestant
 Men-suits, polo shirts, ties and in spite of their scanty arms denominations
jeans  Before the war ended, 200,000 and lay the
 Women-Dresses, high-heeled Filipinos lives taken. foundations for
shoes and handbags  4,000 American soldiers, 20,000 an indigenous
 Food Filipino soldiers, 200,000 Filipino religious
 Ice cream, cookies, hamburger civilians died movement.
 Livelihood  The Anti-Sedition Law  The start of
 Philippine economy improved prohibiting display of Philippine Protestant comity
 Increase in agricultural flag, among others was passed. agreement.
production  Filipinos were defeated but never
 Development of New gave up.
Industries  Some resisted American rule
 Attitude through arms, others through
 Filipinos became more frank legal means.
and humorous  In May 1934, the Tydings-
 Developed stronger belief in McDuffie or Philippine
rights Independence Law was passed.
 “Pagmamano” was replaced  This resulted in the granting of
by kissing the cheeks of independence on July 4, 1946
parents and elders as a sign of after World War II
respect.  Sedition of Law of 1901-seditious
 Language to any Filipino to advocate
 The English language was independence
widely taught all over the  Filipino enjoyed the era of
country freedom of religious worship,
  Filipinos adopted American
name
 Negative Impact of American
Colonization in the Filipino Culture
 Americanization of Filipinos
 Colonial Mentality
 Respectful Filipino ways of
greeting were replaced by
merely saying “hi” and “hello”.
 Filipinos started to prefer
white-collar jobs
 Traditional Filipino food was
replaced
 Lost our sense of “bayanihan”
 In summary, Filipinos seems
to reject its own identity
2. Enumerate and discuss the major authors/writers, their selected literary pieces, themes, and styles of writing of the given period by filling
the matrix below. (25 points)
Major Authors/Writers Selected Literary Pieces
Period
Jonatahn Josol Legend of Pineapple
Pre-Spanish
Aesop (Fables under Folktale)
The Fox and The Grapes
freedom of press, to assemble
peaceably for the redress of
grievances, freedom to change
domicile and freedom of speech.
 Repression of liberties removed-
as condition of peace and order
improve.
 Partisan Politics-was one of
those institutions which the
Americans brought to the
Philippines.
 Municipal elections-give the
Filipinos the first taste of politics,
American brand.
 1916-Philippine national elections
were honest and based on the
merits and issues involved.
Themes Styles of Writing
Common way of writing a Philippine
Very common theme legend is it explains physical and
is about the origin of super-natural powers which based on
a thing, place, the belief of the ancestors, guided the
location or name successful faith of mankind. These
were told verbally either in verse or
prose.
A fable includes a simple conflict and
The ultimate purpose of a resolution, followed by a
a fable is to teach the maxim. Fables feature
reader a lesson or moral.  anthropomorphized animals and
Fables often use satire to natural elements as main characters.
 get across or point out flaws The moral of a fable—an overarching
in man or human rule to live by that transcends the
experiences.   specifics of the story—is usually
stated at the end.
The melody is characterized The lyrics of the kundiman are written
by a smooth, flowing and in Tagalog. Many of these have 12
Francisco Kundiman gentle rhythm with dramatic syllables
Santiago intervals.

The theme of the epic The style of writing is originally

Pedro Bukaneg “Biag ni Lam-ang” revolves around the bravery written in Ilokano language but as
and courage of time goes it has been translated to
the main character different languages.
portrayed by Lam-ang, who
was gifted with speech as Biag ni Lam-ang, though dominated
early as his day of birth, by action and tragedy, nonetheless
who embarked on a series contained some comedic points. A
of adventures which prominent example is the scene in
culminated in his heroic which Lam-ang was on his way
death and subsequent home. He passes by the Amburayan
resurrection. River (identified by some as the
biggest river in Ilocos and decides to
Also, the theme is a mix of bathe. The dirt and blood that fell
adventure and romance with from his body then causes the death
exciting and unpredictable of the river's fish, crabs, and shrimp.
outcomes. As he is bathing, some maidens who
were present at the river gladly
attend to him.

Love is naturally the play's

(Myths) dominant and most
William Romeo and Juliet important theme. The play Like this sonnet much of Romeo and
Shakespeare focuses on romantic love, Juliet is written in iambic pentameter,
specifically the intense with ten syllables of alternating stress
passion that springs up at in each line. However, the most
first sight between Romeo common form used is blank verse, a
 and Juliet. In Romeo and
Juliet, love is a violent,
ecstatic, overpowering force
that supersedes all other
values, loyalties, and
emotions.
more fluid, non-structured approach,
although Shakespeare uses this form
less often in this play than in his later
plays.

Luis El Párnaso Filipino

Spanish Rodríguez  The theme of this book is The work is full of pro-Hispanic
Varela advocating social change in sentiments.
the Spanish Philippines,
inspired by
the Enlightenment and
the French Revolution.

Fr. Pedro The theme was about the

Peláez, S.J., "La Genereción",  Philippines which he uses a journal of religious nature that
the word “perla de oriente” worked much to the defense of his
meaning Philippines. fellow Filipinos.

The theme of this journal is

expressing freedom of the
 Fr. José press, freedom from friar A journal style was reiterating
Apolonio "El Eco Filipino" control in terms of the call of reform to the
Burgos  education, reasonable taxes Philippine government and
of forced labor, and hierarchy.
elimination of the tobacco
 supply.
Francisco
Baltazar Florante at Laura One of its central themes is Florante at Laura is written in a
that religious differences peculiar literary form known as Awit -
should not be used to each stanza has four lines with 12
discriminate against syllables each.
another.

Andres The theme is about sorrow It was written in Tagalog language

Bonifacio Katapusang Hibik and pain that happened to with rhyming words expressing the
ng Pilipinas Philippines during Spanish experience of the Philippines in the
period. hands of Spanish for the last time.

A literary masterpiece which is

political and philosophical. The aim is
to educate and enlighten the whole
Emilio Liwanag at Dilim Patriotism Filipino race about their sacred duty
Jacinto and obligation to uphold the rule of
law and treasure the tenets of love,
loyalty, and above all, patriotism. 

Apolinario True Decalogue Nationalism It is an easy discussing on morality of

Mabini nationalism.

Jose Rizal Mi Ultimo Adios

Mi Ultimo Adios is a poem An untitled poem written by Rizal
that tells us how beautiful which is composed of 14 five-
the Philippines is and how line stanzas.
Rizal wants us to learn from
our past and to see the truth
about how the world view
 us.

The theme is telling the truth A literary pieces written in a sarcastic

Marcelo H. Dasalan at about the true deeds of form expressing doings of the friars
Del Pilar Tocsohan friars acting as holy but hypocrisy, licentiousness and greed
opposite of what they really sarcasm
do to Filipinos.

Andres
Bonifacio Pag ibig sa The theme is patriotism that A poem  expressing about
Tinubuang Lupa calls upon the people to rise exhortation to the Filipino people to
up and rescue the unhappy join the crusade for Philippine
motherland from her independence.
torment.  
It is written Tagalog language. It was
This book of Lope K. Santos considered as the "Bible of working
paved the way on how to class Filipinos. The the pages of the
Lope K. write other Tagalog- novel revolves around the life of
Santos Banaag at Sikat language novels which has Delfin, his love for a daughter of a
a combined themes about rich landlord. The author also
Colonial love, livelihood, and the discusses the social issues such
Philippines truthful and moving status of as socialism, capitalism, and the
society. works of the united associations of
laborers
It is a poem differentiated two kinds
Jose Pag-ibig Romantic Poetry of love. A love which uses its brain
Corazon de and one which depends on emotions
Jesus purely. 

Paz The Small Key The theme of the It is a short story suited to those
Latorena story is about trusting readers having an age of 15 to 28.
each other within a Simply because this story, even it
relationship. does not have a lot of moral lessons,
might open up their mind to what
might happen if they would not use
their heads before making any
decisions.
 The theme of the It is a short story wherein the author
story Footnote to of Footnote to Youth tells the story
Youth means that people and he use omniscient as a point of
will always go with their view. The reader distinguishes about
Jose Garcia Villa Footnote to Youth feelings without hesitations the reaction and feelings of
they will do anything to get the characters in the story. Dodong
what they want specially when he is seventeen and seeking to
the youth and then marry his love Teang.
regretting it at the end.
It is a short story of a Filipino farmer
Alejandro The theme of the wherein the humble Filipino who
Roces We Filipinos Are story are pride and invited the American soldier for a
Mild Drinkers humility of Filipinos drink. The coconut tree symbolizes
wherein it symbolize the pride and humility of every
cultures of a Filipino. Filipino. Just like a coconut tree, it
stays very high but its leaves sway
down to earth remembering the land
that gave it life. 

Good luck!!!