Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT)

ETU 08213

Cellular and Mobile Communication

Ally, J

jumannea@gmail.com

DIT
 “Most teachers waste their time by asking
questions that are intended to discover what a
pupil does not know, whereas the true art of
questioning is to discover what the pupil does
know or is capable of knowing”

By

Albert Einstein

DIT
5G Network

DIT
 IMT2020
◼ In the World Radio Communication Conference
2015 hold in Geneva, Switzerland, ITU-R officially
approved three resolutions to facilitate the future
5G research process and formally determined the
name of 5G is "IMT-2020“.

◼ With the launch and implementation of the ITU5G

plan, China has accelerated its pace of 5G network
development. Under the leadership of the
government, China's 5G technology R&D test is
under the control of the IMT-2020 (5G) promotion
team and is being actively implemented.
 Challenges in the 5G Era

Ultra high throughput Ultra-large connection Ultra-low latency

 IMT2020 Vision by ITU
10Gbit/s eMBB (1000X traffic)
eMBB
(Enhanced MBB)
VR AI

VR is going to be the next Cloud-based AI access

social platform requires 1Gbit/s speed
—Zuckerberg keynotes

uRLLC mMTC
mMTC uRLLC
Interconnect Key Y2025: One Thousand Billion
(Massive Machine Type (Ultra-Reliable Low-
Industries Connections
Communication) Latency Communication)

Intelligent
1 million connections Manufacturing Connected car Ten Billion Ninety Billion
per square km 1ms Population Things

Source: ITU R. M.[ IMT.VISION]

VR/AR/MR have High Requirements
on Speed
Industry representative:
VR: Oculus Rift and AR MR: Magic
Touch Leap/HoloLens

Everything you see You can see the virtual You can't distinguish
is virtual messages over the between true and
real image virtual image
AR：Augmented
VR：Virtual Reality Reality MR：Mixed Reality
 Typical Requirements for VR Services

Entry-Level VR (in the Advanced VR (in the

Standard Pre-VR (current)
next two years) next three to five years)

Resolution 1080*1200 1920*1920 3840*3840

Color depth 8 8 10

Frame rate 90 90 120

Typical
Bandwidth 50Mbps 200Mbps 1.4Gbps
Requirements
 Large-Scale IoT Connections
Shared Bicycle Smart City

IoT Builds a Better

Connected Society Smart Meter Smart Parking
 Low Latency Requirement of
Automated Driving
System Delay

Increased Brake Distance

Driving Speed: 120km/h

Automatic driving requires

extremely low delay due to
safety reason.
 Key KPIs of 5G Network

➢4G cannot fulfill the requirements of the future applications

5G = Platform
5G Starts from 3GPP Release 15

5G includes:
• New Radio • NextGen Core Network
• LTE Advanced Pro Evolution • EPC Evolution
 5G Networking Mode
◼ Phase1.1 launches the 5G non-standalone networking architecture
(NSA, NR+EPC) and uses the MSA technology to implement
collaboration between the two modes.
◼ Phase1.2 launched the 5G independent network architecture (SA,
NR+NGC).

EPC EPC
NG CORE

S1 S1 NG-C NG-U

LTE 5G NR
LTE 5G NR

Control plane Control plane

User plane User plane

NSA SA
 5G Networking Mode
1. Supports new services such as uRLLC.
2. Decouple from the existing 4G network.
3. The protocol is frozen by the end of 2017, so 5G
can be deployed earlier.
4. The agreement is frozen in 2018.
5. Continuous coverage is required for 5G base
stations.
6. Less investment at the early stage of 5G
deployment.
7. Required to deploy NGC and the deployment
period is long.
uRLLc: Explore Service Requirements
Enhanced 5G Security
5G Will Aggregate All Frequency Bands
 Exploring More Applications in
Emerging Vertical Industries
Application

Smart Grid UAV Smart Smart

Manufacturing
Healthcare

Monitoring and
•
• Public security • Remote • Robot And more…
control • Agriculture & surgery communication &
• Automatic fault forestry control
recovery
Requirements
Network

Delay Delay Delay Delay

5~50ms 10~30ms 10~100ms 10~100ms
Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Very high High High Very high
5G Vision and Key Performance
Important Highlights on 5G
5G Networking Scenario
 SA Networking
⚫ 5G network consists of the
following components:
NGC
 Wireless network: NR (New
AMF/UPF AMF/UPF RAN)
 Core network: NGC (Next
NG-C/U

NG-C/U
Generation Core)

⚫ 5G wireless network interfaces

NG-

C/U
NG-
C/U

include:
Xn NG-RAN
gNB gNB  Xn
Xn

Xn

 NG-C (control panel)

 NG-U (user plane)
gNB
 Uu (radio air interface)
 NGC Vs EPC
EPC NE function Corresponding NGC
NF
MME Mobility management AMF

User authentication AUSF

Session management SMF

PDN-GW Session management

User plane data forwarding UPF

SGW User plane data forwarding

PCRF QoS policy and charging rules PCF

HSS User profile database UDM

Main Network Functions of the NGC
AMF:
End node of the uplink NAS signaling;
NAS signaling security;
AS security control;
3GPP signaling node for intra-system interoperation;
UE reachability management in idle mode;
UE location management;
UE access authentication;
SMF:
Session management;
UE IP address allocation;
User plane function selection and control;
Service UPF control;
QoS and policy execution;
Downlink data arrival notification;
Service Oriented Core Network
Architecture
Why Network Slicing is Required in 5G?
Through Slicing to Meet Diversified Business
Requirements
CUPS Improves User Experience and Network
Efficiency
MEC (Mobile Edge Computing
5G Layer 3 Backhaul to Network Edge- Flexible
Connection
Wireless Cloud RAN Evolution
CU Deployment Solution
 New Air Interface Technology
High-level adjustment

Large
bandwidth Massive MIMO

New
Mobile Air Interface
IoT
Internet

Uplink and downlink Polar/LDPC Code

decoupling

Flexible frame structure F-OFDM

The new air interface can flexibly adapt to various

services, supporting higher rate and higher spectral
efficiency
 5G Spectrum- Sub 6G & mm Wave
Sub6G mm wave
Mainly on 3.5GHz Mainly on 28/39/60/73GHz

Visible
light

1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GHz
Sub-3G

Main Spectrum for 5G Extended Spectrum for 5G

◼ 5G Frequency Range (FR) defined in 3GPP:

❑ FR1: Sub6G Hz, include: sub 3G Hz and C-

band
❑ FR2: mm Wave, 5G extended spectrum
resources
 Large Bandwidth

◼ Large bandwidth is a typical feature of 5G.

❑ Maximum cell bandwidth of a Sub6G cell is 100 MHz
❑ Maximum cell bandwidth of a millimetre wave cell is 400
MHz
❑ The bandwidth below 20 MHz is defined to meet the
requirements of the existing spectrum evolution.
 C-Band Coverage Performance
Uplink and downlink coverage of C-band in typical scenarios
(64T64R, TDD 3:1 Indoor Scenario)
Uplink and downlink rate (M) DL UL

Urban Area 750

10/1Mbps_U
300

Urban Area
600
50/5Mbps_U
200
Dense
Urban Area
300
10/1Mbps_DU
Dense 110
Urban Coverage Distance (m)
Area 250
50/5Mbps_DU
70

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

 Uplink and Downlink Decoupling (SUL)
• SUL is a technology to • The uplink coverage problem
compensate the C-Band’s short can be effectively
uplink coverage compensated by switching the
• Compared with downlink uplink transmission to the
coverage, the C band has a 1.8G.
coverage gap of 13.7 dB.

UL Enhanced

SUL: Supplementary UpLink

Challenges of mm Wave Deployment
 Modulation Technology -QAM Modulation
64QAM 256QAM
LTE 5G
QPSK, 16QAM, QPSK, 16QAM,
Uplink and 64QAM and 64QAM
256QAM
QPSK, 16QAM, QPSK, 16QAM,
Downlink
64QAM, 256QAM 64QAM,256QAM

▪ 5G is compatible with the LTE

256QAM modulation mode. In addition, the
256
64QAM
16QAM (256QAM) is introduced in the downlink,
QPSK which is higher than the LTE modulation
technology. This further improves the
spectral efficiency.
Each symbol of 256QAM can carry ▪ The maximum modulation technology of
eight bits of information the current protocol version is 256QAM.
 MIMO Principles
◼ Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output): Large-
scale antenna array

By using antenna weighting method to control the antenna

arrays, thereby further improve the wireless coverage.
 Massive MIMO Gain

◼ Array gain: Increase the number of antennas to achieve higher array gains and improve
coverage.
◼ Beamforming gain: Beamforming is enabled in both horizontal and vertical directions to
improve coverage and number of users.
◼ Multiplexing gain: A maximum of 16 data streams are supported, improving the system
throughput. Spatial multiplexing to support more users
◼ Diversity gain: By increasing the number of antennas to form more data space transmission
paths, improving data transmission reliability.
 NR Massive MIMO Gain - Broadcast
Beamforming
◼ Traffic channel: ⚫ Broadcast channel:
 High-gain narrow
❑ High-gain narrow beam
beam
❑ Dynamic adjustment of
 Scenario-based
the beamforming
beam scanning
direction

The gNodeB uses multiple antennas to receive the PUSCH data,

improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and stability of received signals
 Higher Spectral Efficiency- Channel Coding
◼ The concerns of Channel Coding selection:
❑ Performance: Error correction capability and
coding rate
❑ Efficiency: Complexity level and energy
efficiency
❑ Flexibility: Length of coder, support of IR-
HARQ…
◼ Turbo Code:
❑ Good performance, but low efficiency for
high speed
◼ LDPC (Low Density Parity Check Code)
for eMBB Data Channel
❑ Low complexity, good for high speed
service (parallel processing)
◼ Polar Code (used in control channel)
❑ Good Performance for small data block
For mMTC and uRLLC, channel coding is not yet determined
F-OFDM Improves Spectral Efficiency

10% guard band <10% guard band

◼ The 5G air interface introduces a better filtering technology to

reduce the guard bandwidth requirement and improve the
frequency utilization
Frequency usage (Sub 6G is used as an example)
Subcarrier System bandwidth
spacing 15 20 40 60 80 100
(kHz) MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
15 94.8 95.4
% %
30 91.8 97.65
95.4% 97.2% 98.28%
% %
60 97.2%

OFDM: Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

 Flexible Air Interface -Numerology
Structure of a subframe (1ms)
15k TTI=1ms
(TTI=1ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 … 13

30k TTI=0.5ms TTI

(TTI=0.5ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …

TTI=0.25ms TTI=0.25ms …
60K
（TTI=0.25ms） 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …

0.5ms 0.5ms

Numerology: a flexible frame format which is Frequency Range Data channel SCS

SCS (SubCarrier Spacing, bandwidth) in NR <1GHz 15kHz, 30kHz

and its flexible configuration on parameters 1-6GHz 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz

such as symbol length and CP length. >6GHz 60kHz, 120kHz

 Enhancement of key capabilities from IMT-
Advanced to IMT-2020
Key capabilities IMT-Advanced (4G) IMT-2020 (5G)
Peak data rate 1 Gbps 20 Gbps

User experienced 10 Mbps 100 Mbps

data rate
Spectrum efficiency 1× 3×

Mobility 350 km/h 500 km/h

Latency 10 ms 1 ms

Connection density 105 devices/km2 106 devices/km2

Network energy 1× 100×

efficiency
Area traffic capacity 0.1 Mbps/m2 10 Mbps/m2
Towards Fully Automated Society
HCIP-R&S-IERS

DIT