AVO Analysis Gathers2120 ProMAX® Reference

AVO Analysis Gathers

AVO Analysis Gathers converts input CDP gathers to either

angle of incidence gathers or angle/offset limited CDP
gathers.

Theory
These gathers are useful as input to AVO Attribute Stacks
and for manual display and analysis of AVO properties.
Angles of incidence at the reflection time are computed using
a method described by Walden. This method is valid as long
as the conventional 2-term NMO equation applies.

Angle Limited CDP Gathers are CDP gathers muted outside a

specified range of incident angles. Angles are calculated
using a one-dimensional approximation (depth variable) to
the input velocity field at each CDP. The data will be ordered
by AOFFSET on input and on output from this tool. This is a
good process to apply when you want to limit the range of
incidence angles of data for input to AVO Attribute Stacks,
AVO Weighted Stacks, or CDP/Ensemble Stack.

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CDP Gather and Angle Limited (5-30 degrees) CDP Gather

30

Angle of Incidence Gathers produce ensembles mapped into

time and angle of incidence space. The angle of incidence is
computed using the input interval velocity field. Within the
ensemble, one trace is output for each angle of incidence bin
specified. A new trace header ANG_VALU is created with the
output angle values in degrees. Angle of incidence gathers
may be input to AVO Attribute Stacks in order to produce
intercept and gradient traces and other attributes derived
from these. Results will not be the same when inputting angle
of incidence gathers to AVO Attribute Stacks as they will be
when inputting offset gathers. Angle of incidence gathers
should not be input to AVO Weighted Stacks since this tool
requires the original offset information to be present.

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CDP Gather and Angle Gather

Usage
Both output gather types provide options for windowing the
results in time and space. Parameters exist for beginning and
ending output times and minimum and maximum
offset/angle in the output gather.
Data must have NMO applied before applying this process.

Input data must be ordered by the following sort keys:

Primary Sort Key: CDP

Secondary Sort Key: AOFFSET

References
Koefoed, O., 1955, On the effect of Poisson’s ratios of rock strata on the reflection
coefficients of plane waves: Geophysical Prospecting, 3, 381-387.

Ostrander, W.J., 1984, Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at non-
normal angles of incidence: Geophysics, 49, 1637-1648.

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AVO Analysis Gathers2123 ProMAX® Reference

Walden, A.T., 1991, Making AVO sections more robust: Geophysical Prospecting,
39, 915-942.

Parameters

Output gather type

Select the output gather type:

• Angle Limited CDP Gathers outputs CDP gathers that
may be limited in time and/or space by parameter selec-
tion.
• Angle of Incidence Gathers outputs various number of
traces per input ensemble, according to parameter
choices. Each output trace represents a constant angle
of incidence.

Reapply top and bottom mute ramps?

This appears if Angle limited CDP gathers to Output gather
type. Select Yes to reapply mute ramps at the times
determined by the specified angle-of-incidence. The ramping
is reapplied only if the new mute times are more severe than
the original mute.

Stack type

This appears if Angle of Incidence Gathers to Output

gather type. Select the stack type from the following choices:
• Trimmed mean stack outputs the trimmed mean (50%)
of offsets contributing to an angle of incidence.
• Straight stack averages offsets contributing to an angle
of incidence.
• Median outputs the median value of offsets contributing
to an angle of incidence.

Minimum angle to output

Enter the minimum angle value output on angle limited CDP

gathers that corresponds to the angle value for first trace of
angle gathers.

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Maximum angle to output

Enter the maximum angle value output on angle limited CDP

gathers that corresponds to the angle value for last trace of
angle gathers.

Maximum time for minimum angle mute

This appears if Angle Limited CDP Gathers to Output

gather type. Enter a time in ms. The bottom (inner) mute
corresponding to Minimum angle to output is constant from
this time to trace end. Enter 0 for maximum time to equal
trace end.

Maximum time for maximum angle mute

This appears if Angle Limited CDP Gathers to Output
gather type. Enter a time in ms. The top (outer) mute
corresponding to Maximum angle to output is constant
from this time to trace end. Enter 0 for maximum time to
equal trace end.

Angle increment in degrees

This appears if Angle of Incidence Gathers to Output

gather type. Enter the output trace increment in degrees for
angle gathers.

Angle tolerance (half bin width) in degrees

This appears if Angle of Incidence Gathers to Output

gather type. Angle tolerance allows variation in the amount
of data contributing to one output angle trace in an angle
gather. This defines the half-width of the angle bins.

Beginning time for gather output

Enter the minimum time to consider for AVO analysis.

Ending time for gather output

Enter the maximum time to consider for AVO analysis.

Minimum offset to be included in gather output

Input gathers can be offset limited to include only absolute

offsets greater than or equal to this value.

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Maximum offset to be included in gather output

Input gathers can be offset limited to include only absolute

offsets less than or equal to this value.

Is this a spatially variant velocity calculation?

This flag allows a slight speed-up for spatial invariance of the

velocity field.

Get velocities from the database?

Select Yes to get an existing velocity parameter file. Select No

to enter the velocity functions.

Note: Velocities must be specified as interval velocities in

time. Previous versions used RMS velocity and converted to
interval velocity internally. In order to ensure that this
conversion does not introduce artifacts due to rapid
variations in interval velocity, the velocity conversion must
now be done using the Velocity Manipulation tool. It is
strongly recommended that the interval velocities be carefully
examined before attempting AVO analysis.

Select velocity parameter file

This appears if Yes to Get velocities from the database.

Select a velocity parameter file.

Velocity function

This appears if No to Get velocities from the database.

Enter an interval velocity.

Apply final datum statistics?

Select Yes to shift data to the final datum using header entry
FNL_STAT.

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