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why are some kids sad what makes the

wind blow how do birds fly our world is

full of curious phenomena to find

answers or solve problems we can use a

process which was first acknowledged by

the scientist and philosopher eben

al-haytham in the 11th century also

known as our Hassan he's considered to

be the father of optics and the

scientific method there are six steps to

it one observe and ask questions to

research three formulate a hypothesis or

test your hypothesis five conclude six

share results the goal of the scientific

method is to find out the truth

let's try step one observe and question

observation helps us formulate

challenging questions that you will be

able to test a good question converts

the natural sense of wonder into a

focused line of Investigation when is

the best time to drive to school which

food is my dog's favorite for example if

you observe that woman's smile more

often than men you might ask why do

women smile more often step 2 research

find out if other people have asked the

same or similar questions if you

research online use search terms like

study research or meta-analysis which is

a summary of research for a specific

topic read as much as you can about your

particular subject to see what you can

find out about for example research

happiness based on gender or study the

science of smiling in different cultural

contexts

step3 formulate a hypothesis a

hypothesis is a theory that you can test

to see if your prediction is right or

wrong from your observation you have

noticed that women smile more often and

that people who are smiling seem to be

happy from your research you know that

there are different types of smiles shy

genuine and false in one paper you read

that baby girl's smile more often than

baby boys here is a hypothesis women

smile more than men because they are

happier than men step 4 test your

hypothesis when you test your hypothesis

you want to make sure to do this in a

fair way under the conditions are

constant for this hypothesis we can

design a test where an interviewer talks

with a set of men and women for five

minutes each counts how many times they

smile and then asks each one to rate

their level of happiness to get a good

sample of the population we invite 300

women and 300 men seems like a good test

right but wait what if the interviewer

is a woman and men tend to smile more at

women or vice versa or what if the topic

discussed is one that interests women

more than men and what if people aren't

reliable reporters of the right xual

level of happiness so clearly we would

need to be much more careful step 5

analyze and conclude let's assume that

you designed a very careful experiment

controlling for as many variables as

possible

now you can analyze the data to see if

your hypothesis is correct or incorrect

depending on your findings you may want

to change your hypothesis or change the

design of your testing perhaps you have

discovered an even more interesting

question this stage of the scientific

method can be repeated as many times as

necessary until you find just the right

hypothesis and test method to find

accurate results

step 6 share the results when you are

satisfied that you have proven or

disproven something important report

your results in science it is important

to detail your methods so that your

peers can review your work which is a

critical step to getting published if

your results are solid your experiment

can be repeated by other scientists such

reproducibility is a sign of good

scientific work but failed results can

also be interesting an incorrect

prediction could prove to be important

and should always be reported to make

sure you get it completely right here

are three more things you can check

before you publish a any scientific

theory is falsifiable real scientists

know that there is no such thing as a

scientific proof in other words you can

never prove your theory to be a hundred

percent right all you can do is find a

lot of supporting evidence that it could

be correct here is one example say that

someone says hamsters can fly we cannot

prove that this is false yes we have

never seen a hamster fly but we can't

test all possible conditions or look in

all possible places on the planet to

know that all hamsters never fly maybe a

space hamster does so while we can often

prove that a phenomenon exists it's much

harder to prove the non-existence of

something if your theory can't possibly

be proven wrong then it's not

falsifiable and hence not scientific B

correlation is not causation when you

analyze your results it is important to

separate between two possible reasons

correlation or causation let's say you

hear that towns that have more churches

also have more bars could it be that

religion makes people want to drink or

that drinking helps people to find God

if you add more facts such as larger

towns have both more bars and more

churches you can see that a large

halation is a more likely cause of

higher numbers of bars and churches

there is probably a correlation but no

causation if we compare men with women

and would conclude that women smile more

and are more happy then this still

doesn't mean that it's happiness that

makes them smile maybe they just eat

more chocolate and cookies which makes

them both happy and smile a lot

see avoid selective windowing when you

publish you've got to show all relevant

facts Colgate once run an advertising

campaign claiming that 80% of dentists

recommend Colgate what they didn't tell

us is that when they asked dentists to

select their preferred toothpaste

Colgate was just one of many other

brands they also recommended Colgate was

later sued and forced to take down their

misleading ads the purpose of science is

always to find out the truth and nothing

but the truth to use science to mislead

us is wrong and terrible business

practice let's do a last example

together I have two coins one is bigger

why the small coin says one cent the

bigger one says five AHA small coins are

worth less money bigger coins are worth

more money I pull some more coins from

my pocket two more pennies one more

nickel and a quarter dollar which is 25

cents great

my hypothesis seems true but wait is the

quarter worth more because it is bigger

so is that a correlation or a causation

hmm my sample size is pretty small I

don't think I am ready to report my

results can you help out please apply

the scientific method to study your

local currency maybe you have a

hypothesis that we can test until we get

solid repeatable results to report

please publish your findings in the

comments below
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