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Table of contents
List of tables
Table 1 Observation Table....................................................................................................................7
Table 2 Sample calculation chart........................................................................................................8
List of figures
Figure 1 testing section........................................................................................................................8
The energy, in general, may be defined as the capacity to do work. Though the energy exists in
many forms, yet the following are important from the subject point of view:
1) Potential Energy
2) Kinetic Energy and
3) Pressure Energy
2 2
v /2g meter of the liquid. Velocity head of the liquid, at that velocity, will be v /2g meter of liquid.
2
is under a pressure of p kg/m , then the pressure energy of the particle will be p/w mkg per kg of
p v²
E= w + 2g +Z
6. Bernoulli’s equation
It states, “For a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of
a particle remains the same; while the particle moves from one point to another.” This
statement is based on the assumption that there are no losses due to friction in pipe.
Mathematically,
p v²
E= w + 2g + Z = Constant
7. Apparatus description
The apparatus is made from transparent acrylic and has both the convergent and divergent
sections. Water is supplied from the constant head tank attached to the test section. Constant level
is maintained in the supply tank. Piezometric tubes are attached at different distance on the test
section. Water discharges to the discharge tank attached at the far end of the test section and from
there it goes to the measuring tank through valve. The entire setup is mounted on a stand.
8. Experimental Procedure
1) Note down the area of cross-section of the conduit at sections where piezometers have been
fixed.
2) Open the supply valve and adjust the flow in the conduit so that the water level in the inlet
tank remains at a constant level (i.e., the flow becomes steady).
9. Observation table
Area of cross-section, A
0.01/ t Run No.2 0.01/ t Run No.1
V=Q/A
2
V /2g
(p/ρg) + z
Discharge =Q2 =
E
V=Q/A
2
V /2g
(p/ρg) + z
Run No.3 Discharge
E
= Q3 = 0.01/ t =
V=Q/A
2
V /2g
(p/ρg) + z
E
Table 1 Observation Table
Plot the following graph on an ordinary graph paper for all runs taken.
1) {(p/ρg) + z} v/s distance (x) of piezometer tubes from some reference point. Draw a smooth
curve passing through the plotted points. This is known as the hydraulic gradient line.
2) E = {(p/ρg) + z + V2/2g} v/s distance (x) of piezometer tubes on the graph {(p/ρg) + z} v/s
distance. Draw a smooth curve passing through the plotted points. This is the total energy line.
9.1 Conclusion
The Total Energy remains the same at different sections of the conduit.
Piezometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tube number
Area of cross-
section, A 8.23x10-4 3.86x10-4 2.11x10-4 3.5 x10-4 5.26x10-4 7.6 x10-4 9.83x10-4
V=Q/A
X 10-4sec) Run No.1 Discharge
Run 1:
Discharge time for 10cm rise in water column: 41 sec
41
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consequential damages or loss. This guarantee specifically excludes the expendables and
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