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EMERG
Energie ● Mediu● Eficiență ● Resurse ● Globalizare
www.cnr-cme.ro/publicatii/emerg
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ECHIPA EDITORIALĂ
Editori
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EMERG
Energie ● Mediu● Eficiență
● Resurse ● Globalizare
Publicație trimestrială a CNR-CME și AGIR
ISSN 2668-7003 Volumul VI
ISSN-L 2457-5011 Numărul 3
DOI: 10.37410/EMERG Anul 2020
www.emerg.ro www.cnr-cme.ro/publicatii/emerg
Autorii lucrărilor:
Georgeta ALECU Roxana PĂTRAȘCU
Mohamed Iyad AL NABOULSI Claudia Laurența POPESCU
Niculae-Napoleon ANTONESCU Mihai Octavian POPESCU
Lazăr AVRAM Ion POTÂRNICHE
Claudia BORZEA Mihai-Rareș SANDU
Nicolae DIGĂ Anca-Alexandra SĂPUNARU
Silvia-Maria DIGĂ Alexandru STAN
Adelaida-Mihaela DUINEA Marius STAN
Constantin IONESCU Claudiu TĂNASĂ
Violeta-Maria IONESCU Valentin-Paul TUDORACHE
Andreea-Mădălina LUPAȘCU (OPREA) Mirela Letiția VASILE
Mihail MINESCU Alina VIIȘOREANU-RĂCHIȚEANU
Valentin NĂVRĂPESCU Alexandru-Marius VIIŞOREANU
Filip NICULESCU\ Gabriel VOCHESCU
Iulian OLEȘ
Editura AGIR
București, 2020
Comitetul Național Român al Consiliului Mondial al Energiei (CNR-CME)
și Asociația Generală a Inginerilor din România (AGIR)
WEC/RNC
B-dul Lacul Tei, nr. 1-3, București, Sector 2, 020371, +40372-821-475
+40372-821-476, secretariat@cnr-cme.ro; www.cnr-cme.ro
AGIR
Calea Victoriei nr. 118, etaj 1, sector 1 Bucuresti, tel. 021 3168993, 021
3168994, fax. 021 3125531, e-mail: office@agir.ro; www.agir.ro
EMERG
Energy ● Environment ● Efficiency ● Resources ● Globalization
www.cnr-cme.ro/publicatii/emerg
www.emerg.ro
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editors
Scientific Board
EMERG
Energy ● Environment ● Efficiency
● Resources ● Globalization
Quarterly publication of WEC/RNC and AGIR
ISSN 2668-7003 Volume VI
ISSN-L 2457-5011 Issue 3
DOI: 10.37410/EMERG Year 2020
www.emerg.ro www.cnr-cme.ro/publicatii/emerg
Papers' authors:
Georgeta ALECU Roxana PĂTRAȘCU
Mohamed Iyad AL NABOULSI Claudia Laurența POPESCU
Niculae-Napoleon ANTONESCU Mihai Octavian POPESCU
Lazăr AVRAM Ion POTÂRNICHE
Claudia BORZEA Mihai-Rareș SANDU
Nicolae DIGĂ Anca-Alexandra SĂPUNARU
Silvia-Maria DIGĂ Alexandru STAN
Adelaida-Mihaela DUINEA Marius STAN
Constantin IONESCU Claudiu TĂNASĂ
Violeta-Maria IONESCU Valentin-Paul TUDORACHE
Andreea-Mădălina LUPAȘCU (OPREA) Mirela Letiția VASILE
Mihail MINESCU Alina VIIȘOREANU-RĂCHIȚEANU
Valentin NĂVRĂPESCU Alexandru-Marius VIIŞOREANU
Filip NICULESCU\ Gabriel VOCHESCU
Iulian OLEȘ
WEC/RNC
B-dul Lacul Tei, nr. 1-3, București, Sector 2, 020371, +40372-821-475
+40372-821-476, secretariat@cnr-cme.ro; www.cnr-cme.ro
AGIR
Calea Victoriei nr. 118, etaj 1, sector 1 Bucuresti, tel. 021 3168993, 021
3168994, fax. 021 3125531, e-mail: office@agir.ro; www.agir.ro
CUPRINS
Este timpul pentru soluții eoliene și soluții HVDC în largul Mării Negre
(Iulian OLEȘ).......................................................................................................... 41
CONTENTS
It`s time for offshore wind and offshore HVDC at the Black Sea
(Iulian OLEȘ).......................................................................................................... 41
Elements constituent for the design of a riser system in areas deep water and
extreme deep water applied for offshore drilling (Marius STAN, Valentin Paul
TUDORACHE, Lazăr AVRAM, Mohamed Iyad AL NABOULSI, Claudiu
TĂNASĂ, Georgeta ALECU) ................................................................................ 127
Aspects of the study of the increase of the energy efficiency in the operation
of the induction motors within the ancillary services of a thermoelectric
power plant (Nicolae DIGĂ, Valentin NĂVRĂPESCU, Silvia-Maria DIGĂ) ....... 145
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
Abstract: The paper presents the basics on the reliability and maintenance of wind
power generation systems. The positive and negative practical aspects of the operation of a
monitored wind system shall be analyzed and the strategies applied to perform maintenance of
this system shall be presented in the most commonly known variants: Corrective maintenance,
preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance. Defect analysis of the main components
of the wind system is carried out in order to improve its reliability.
1. Introduction
alina.rachiteanu92@yahoo.com
14 Alexandru Marius Viişoreanu , Alina Viişoreanu-Răchiţeanu
indirect financing of these wind systems can be done through green certified support
schemes by state and European institutions.
With the implementation of the provisions of Directive 2009/28/EC [1] the
target set for Romania for the share of energy produced from renewable energy
sources in gross final consumption was set at 24% for 2020. According to Eurostat[2]
data this target was already achieved in 2017.
When installing wind turbines in a wind farm, should be taken account of
fundamental elements such as the reliability and maintenance of the main
components of the farm so that the technical-economic parameters achieved are as
good as possible and the lifetime of individual components is as long as possible.
This paper will present some theoretical and practical aspects of increasing the
reliability of wind systems, but also the strategies that should be followed to increase
the maintenance of these systems.
a. Gearbox faults
The classification of the categories to which the defects in the wind turbine
gearbox occur and their causes and consequences are listed in Tab. 2.
Reliability and maintenance of wind power systems 17
decrease, and that the resulting heating can damage the insulation of the conductors
and in major cases it can melt even the magnetic core of the stator. [7] [8].
For the detection of defects in an electrical generator, sensors and
transducers can be installed on the shields at the front and rear of the generator and
periodically checked the insulation quality of the stator magnetic core by testing it
at nominal voltages or at higher voltages.
• preventive maintenance;
• predictive maintenance
This means that new equipment is more likely to fail in the first week after
commissioning due to problems with installation, design or manufacture. After this
period the probability of a defect occurring is relatively low for a longer period of
time, which is generally specified by the manufacturer as the service life (duty cycle)
without maintenance. After this period, the probability of failure increases rapidly
with elapsed time. Preventive maintenance management takes this statistic into
account for the purpose of implementing preventive maintenance management and
planning repair and maintenance work.
The benefits of preventive maintenance are:
• it is a repetitive task;
• it is easy to schedule and execute;
• requires little control of the work team and equipment;
• maintenance efficiency is high
• the theoretical training for the maintenance team is easy to organize;
• budget planning is clear, simple to do. Disadvantages of preventive
maintenance:
Reliability and maintenance of wind power systems 21
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work has been funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital of
the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement 51675/09.07.2019,
SMIS code 125125.
5. Conclusions
The paper presents the basic elements for the reliability and maintenance of
wind power generation systems. The objectives pursued in the paper relate mainly
to the characteristics to be met by a maintenance system capable of leading to the
prevention of damage, to extend the service life by increasing the quality of the work
in order to increase economic efficiency and reduce the number and duration of
interruptions in operation of the system.
The positive and negative aspects of the operation of a wind system are
analyzed for its main construction elements: The wind turbine, the electric generator
and the gearbox.
REFERENCES
[1] Directive 2009/28 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009
on promoting the use of energy from renewable sources, amending and subsequently
repealing Directives 2001/77 / EC and 2003/30 / EC
[2] Eurostat, “Renewable energy highlight”
[3] Ionescu C., Ivas D., Munteanu F., Ulmeanu P., “Fiabilitate, mentenanta si risc
industrial” ( “Reliability, maintenance and industrial risk”), Editura AGIR, 2001.
[4] EN 13306:2001 Terminologie de la maintenance
[5] Nakajima, S., ” Introduction to TPM: Total Productive Maintenance”, Productivity Pr;
1988.
[6] Ragheb, M., ”Safety of wind systems”, http://mragheb.com
Reliability and maintenance of wind power systems 23
[7] Verma, A., Kusiak, A., ”Fault Monitoring of Wind Turbine Generator Brushes: A Data-
Mining Approach”, J. Sol. Energy Eng, 2012
[8] Ribrant, J., “Reliability Performance and Maintenance - A Survey of Failures in Wind
Power Systems,” Master Thesis, KTH School of Electrical Engineering, Sweden, 2005.
[9] Tavner, P. J. , Xiang, J., and Spinato, F., “Reliability Analysis for Wind Turbines,”
Wind Energy, 2007
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
Abstract: The paper presents the main elements of surge arresters used in high
voltage electrical networks. A comparison is made between the main characteristics of
surge arresters, both in terms of the construction elements and in terms of the technical
and functional characteristics of surge arresters.
1. Introduction
alex.viisoreanu@yahoo.ro
Surge arrester for protection against overvoltage of high voltage networks 25
The following are the basic protective measures applied to the power
stations, as well as the additional protection measures on the overhead power lines,
at the entrance to the electric station.
Basic protection shall ensure that equipment in the installation is protected
from lightning surges that propagate from the line to the electric station as a result
of lightning strikes in the line. For this purpose, various types of surge arresters are
used. Additional protective measures on overhead power lines at the entrance to the
electric station are the use of earthwire and lightning rods.
The type of protective measures used shall be determined on the basis of the
nominal voltage of the network, the keraunic index of the area where the installation
is located and the operating mode of the network.
It is also possible to determine the keraunic index of the installation area of
the surge arresters, which is the number of stormy days with electrical discharges
during a year, according to weather data over a period of 10 years or more.
In an power station up to and including 400 kV, the protection scheme shall
be applied so that there is a safety margin between the maximum voltage for each
equipment in the station and the lightning pulse withstand voltage.
Surge arresters (or lightning arrester or surge diverter) for high voltage
electrical networks are classified into two categories:
- Surge arrester with metal oxide without priming spark gaps (Fig. 2.a);
- Silicon carbide surge arrester with priming spark gaps and shunt resistors
(variable resistance) (Fig. 2.b).
a. b.
Figure 2. Types of surge arresters
The differences between the two types of surge arresters, from a constructive
point of view, are the following:
- Variable resistance surge arresters have columns of spark gaps, their
number depending strictly on the rated voltage of the network, and high value shunt
resistors that ensure the distribution of the surge evenly on the primar spark gaps.
Surge arrester for protection against overvoltage of high voltage networks 27
The variable resistor surge arrester reduces the value of the overvoltages by
the non-linear resistors, voltage dependent, to a value equal to the protection level.
The main components of the variable resistor surge arrester are the spark
gaps which ensure, in normal operating mode, the galvanic separation of the variable
resistors from the phase conductor in order to limit the current absorbed by the surge
arrester to a negligible value relative to the nominal current of the main current path.
In turn, the spark gaps are of several types, classic spark gaps and spark gaps with
force extinguishing (self-blowing, magnetic blowing, etc.) [4].
Another component of the variable resistance surge arrester is a resistor
formed from silicon carbide (SiC) or metal oxide (90% ZnO Bi2O3 - bismuth
trioxide). Nonlinear resistors have a very low value so that they provide a low value
of the residual voltage in the overload discharge process. The utilization voltage may
vary over time, and for this reason, a continuous operating voltage Uc, representing
that value of the voltage which can be applied to the surge arrester for a period of
time in which it does not intervene.
The construction of a variable resistor surge arrester and the principle electrical
scheme are shown in Fig. 3. The active part of the surge arrester is formed by the spark
gaps 1 and the variable resistors in series 2. These are composed of several silicon carbide
disks, of special construction and of suitable composition [5]. The entire construction is
protected by the porcelain case 3, and the metal front covers 4 have the role of sealing
the construction and at the same time have the role of connection terminals.
a. b.
Figure 3. Construction of variable resistor surge arrester (a) and principle electrical scheme (b) [5]
28 Alina Viișoreanu-Răchițeanu , Alexandru-Marius Viişoreanu
The shunt resistors, R1, R2, R3, R4, are an integral part of the silicon carbide
surge arrester with priming spark gaps and have a very high value, ensuring that the
surge voltage is distributed evenly on the surge arrester's priming spark gaps.
Defects of the variable resistance surge arrester (Tab.1) occur during operation
and therefore it is advisable to carry out periodic checks such as measuring the
priming voltage at industrial frequency and measuring the conduction current.
Following these measurements, the following can be seen[4]:
- Moisture in the surge arrester due to tightness indicates values below the
permissible limit of the priming voltage at industrial frequency;
- Wrong sizing of the spark gaps, the interruption of the shunting resistors or
the unequal distribution of potentials show values above the permissible limit of the
priming voltage at industrial frequency;
- Due to the mechanical shocks, the chain of non-linear shunting resistors can
be interrupted, thus values under the permissible limit of the conduction currents will
be observed at measurements;
- Short circuiting elements in the surge arrester, such as shunt resistors or
spark gaps, indicate high values of conduction currents.
- The degree of protection is about 20% lower than in the case of classical
construction technology.
Due to these qualities, this type of surge arrester will completely replace the
surge arresters with spark gaps.
The main parameters that are taken into account when choosing the metal
oxide surge arresters are the following:
- Continuous operating voltage of the surge arrester Uc;
- The amplitude and duration of the temporary surges in the network;
- The level of protection provided at the switching and lightning impulse
waves;
- Withstand levels of protective equipment;
- The absorption capacity of the discharged energy;
- Pressure limiter class.
An important aspect is the grounding of the surge arresters with conductor
or grouding plate having a minimum cross-section of 16 mm2.
One of the auxiliary equipments that is mounted on the ground connection
of the surge arrester is the electric discharge meter. It counts the number of
operations. The minimum starting current of the metering is 200 A at a lightning
pulse wave of 8/20 µs. One of the important functions of the electric discharge meter
is the measurement of the residual leakage current to the ground. [6]
Maintenance of metal oxide surge arresters during operation is very
important and the defects or damages presented below in Table 2 can be avoided.
The figure below gives an example of a defect by breaking the porcelain
casing, which appeared as a result of aging and overloading of the surge arrester.
Thus, the defect is repaired by replacing the surge arrester.
Following the checks of the surge arresters with metallic oxides, values can
be ascertained above the permissible limit of the resistive component and the total
conduction current.
Surge arrester for protection against overvoltage of high voltage networks 31
The most common causes that increase the value of the resistive component
and the total conduction current are [4]:
- Electric overload of the surge arrester;
- Moisture due to tightness of the surge arrester;
- Deterioration of the support insulators;
- The effects of pollution on the external insulation of the surge arrester.
According to the operating requirements of the surge arrester, their failure
rate is 0.005% / year.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work has been funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital of
the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement 51675/09.07.2019
,SMIS code 125125.
3. Conclusions
Surge arresters for the protection of electrical networks and of the main
consumers connected to these networks are essential elements of an energy system.
They must ensure the operational safety of these networks for a relatively long time
and also comply with the norms or regulations elaborated by the main beneficiary of
these networks.
32 Alina Viișoreanu-Răchițeanu , Alexandru-Marius Viişoreanu
REFERENCES
Abstract: The paper provides a method and, at the same time, a solution to
increase the yield of electrically driven drilling machines by efficiently implementing
the technological processes specific to hydrocarbon exploratory drill. It is known that
one of these technological processes refers to the execution of deep drill wells (2000-
10000 m) by using diamond system drilling installed on the top of a drill pipes driven
by a draw works in repeated ascending - descending marches. If, upon ascending such
columns, the primary energy is consumed, upon descending in the drilling process, a
large amount of potential energy of the soil is lost for many of the drilling machines.
This paper presents a method and a solution to use such potential energy in the braking
process irrespective of the type of electrical drilling machines.
1. Introduction
Figure no. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the draw works drilling in
which the notes have the following significance:
m = mass of the drill pipes bearing the drill bit
M = draw works driving electrical engine; it can be continuous current or
alternative current
g = gravitational acceleration
h = drill pipes height
s = electrical separator
Increase of energy efficiency of electrically driven drilling installations 35
mmed = 250t
hmax = 6000m
hmed = 4000m
Under these conditions, the potential energy upon descending the drilling
tools is:
m2
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ ℎ = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 250 ∙ 103 kg ∙ 9.81 s
∙ 4000 m = =
6
9810 ∙ 10 J (2.1)
Considering that the power of the machines which form the draw works
totalize approximately 1000kW, we can deduct that the time during which a draw
works operates in descending regime, respectively the two machines totalizing
1000kW, shall operate in generating regime for taverage equal to:
𝐸 9810∙106 J
𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 𝑝 = 1000∙103 W = 9810 s (2.2)
𝑀
The pipe line braking process is real if machine M operating as generator has
a consumer from the auxiliary service area.
Moreover, we can say that we have real energy efficiency, if the energy
obtained at the terminals of machine M is consumed within the area of the auxiliary
services and, especially, if we provide all the energy necessary for the auxiliary
services; therefore, we have chosen two supporting elements in the diagram provided
in Figure no. 2:
➢ Battery u4 which provides storage of surplus energy
➢ Photovoltaic plant in order to provide the energy requirement for the
auxiliary services in case of a “braking” energy deficit.
𝑈𝑔 = 𝑓(Ω, 𝑠) (4.1)
𝑣𝑡 = 𝑔 ∙ 𝑡 (4.2)
It results that the voltage upon the outlet of the machine varies significantly;
therefore, we have used the following constitutive blocks (see Figure no. 2).
➢ Rectifier u1, irrespective of the machine, but strictly necessary if
machine M is an alternative current machine, a uncontrolled rectifier at
whose outlet, in point A, voltage UA has the following value:
̂𝑒 ∙ 6 ∙ sin 𝜋 = 2.33𝑈𝑒
𝑈𝐴 = √3 ∙ 𝑈 (4.3)
𝜋 6
The power necessary for auxiliary services for F400DEC drilling machine is
on average 1000kVA.
38 A.-M. Lupașcu (Oprea), V.-M. Ionescu, I. Potârniche, V. Năvrăpescu, A.-A. Săpunaru
5. Costs, benefits
From the market study it turns out that the investment of implementing the
solution described above amounts to the cost of 565,000 euros and implies the
purchase of converters, photovoltaic power plant and battery accumulator.
Fuel costs are:
30 zile 24 h 0.170 gr 5 lei
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑑 ∙ 𝐷𝑚𝑒𝑑 ∙ 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 2412 kW ∙ 18 luni ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ =
luna zi CPh l
= 8.856.864 euro (5.1)
Considering the above, the fuel savings due to the introduction of the
proposed solution are:
According to these calculations, it result that the period necessary for the
depreciation of an investment for the integration of the proposed solution is the
average time of work in a location, i.e. approximately 18 months. For an activity
including several locations, the abovementioned calculation suggests that, starting
with the 2nd location, the service provider shall save 6.46% on permanent basis.
6. Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital
of the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement
51675/09.07.2019, SMIS code 125125.
REFERENCES
[1] D. Alexa, O.Hrubaru “Aplicații ale convertoarelor statice de putere”, Editura Tehnică
1989, Bucharest.
40 A.-M. Lupașcu (Oprea), V.-M. Ionescu, I. Potârniche, V. Năvrăpescu, A.-A. Săpunaru
[2] C. Bălă “Mașini electrice. Teorie. Încercări.”, Editura Didactică și Pegagogică 1979,
Bucharest.
[3] D. Floricău “Sisteme de comandă pentru convertoare statice de putere”, Printech 1997,
Bucharest.
[4] F. Ionescu, D. Floricău, S. Nițu “Electronică de putere. Convertoare statice”, Editura
Tehnică 1998, Bucharest.
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
Iulian OLEȘ1
Keywords: offshore floating wind farm, offshore HVDC, wind power energy.
Cuvinte cheie: platforme eoliene plutitoare, soluții HVDC în larg, energie electrică
eoliană.
1. Introduction
1Prof.
dr. ing, Department of Measurements, Electrical Devices and Static Converters, University
POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: iulian.oles@yahoo.com
42 Iulian Oleș
The European Union has adopted 32% as a target for the share of
renewable energy in final energy consumption for 2030. The long-term strategy for
2050 aims at a largely carbon-free economy. This would mean that the share of
renewable energies in the electricity mix would be 81 ÷ 85%. A significant
increase in wind and photovoltaic capacities is needed to achieve this target.
Although almost half of the most favorable area in terms of maritime wind potential
belongs to the UK, the European Union still has considerable resources.
Fixed foundation offshore wind technologies are now mature. For the
floating offshore wind zone, the technology is still emerging, but there are many
solutions already validated. About 80% of the capacity installed on the planet in the
fixed offshore solution lies in European waters. Floating offshore wind solutions
use multiple results already verified on offshore drilling platforms.
The EU's main competitors in this area are: The United States, South
Korea, and Japan through their own business activities. To this is added China,
which has a different strategy, buying parts of successful companies, such as the
Portuguese EDP Group.Europe still has an advantage in this area, namely the
association in research studies, modelling, and simulation of strong university
teams. These teams are necessary because the floating offshore solution involves
extremely tough demands for which models with improved mathematical tools need
to be developed.
3. Achievements worldwide
At the end of 2018, the European Union and Norway together have 79 % of
global offshore wind capacity, i.e. 18.3 GW; China has 20 %, i.e. 4.6 GW; and the
USA, South Korea and Japan together have 1 %, i.e. 0.27 GW.At depths greater
than 60 m, fixed wind turbines are difficult to install. Floating wind turbines can be
installed anywhere, but serious stability problems also arise. There are turning,
rolling, and pitching stresses.
Anchorage solutions reduce stresses and improve stability.The
technological maturity of fixed offshore solutions is the basis for all further
developments.The first floating solutions were the Hywind models.
The anchorage materials shall have a high degree of fatigue and corrosion
resistance.
It’s time for offshore wind and offshore HVDC at the Black Sea 43
• In 2018 Floatgen: 2 MW
Floatgen is a floating solution made by casting in the formwork.
• In 2020 𝑋1 Wind model
The asymmetric pyramid solution ensures stability.
• In 2020 Sea Twirl model: 1 MW
This solution is high speed and powers up to 1 MW.
• In 2020 Hexiconmodel: 10 MW (2 × 5 𝑀𝑊)
The dual solution with two generators ensures power concentration on a
single platform.
Figure 2. Hywind variant [4] Figure 3. SeaTwirl solution (Darrieus model) [8]
Pre-commercial achievements
These models have passed the demonstrator stage and represents verified
solutions.
• In 2017 Hywind solution:5 MW
Hywind is the most widely used floating solution in wind farms.
The installation of a Hywind model is technologically spectacular.
• In 2020 Kincardine solution: 2 𝑀𝑊
This solution surprises by the fact that the propeller has only two blades.
Figure 4. The contribution of energy sources in SEN (National Energy System) [12]
RES (Renewable Energy Fact Sheet) must also realize the potential of the
Black Sea for Romania. If we analyze the map of Romania's wind sources, we find
that in the Black Sea coastal area, the average wind speed is higher than 8.5 m/s,
and the energy potential is over 700 W/𝑚2 . In the high open sea area, the values are
9 m/s and respectively 800 W/𝑚2 . These values of the wind speed and power
density are maximum values.
Romania is not currently harnessing the area with the greatest potential.
The decision to install offshore wind farms cannot be left at the level of the state-
owned company „Hidroelectrica“ due to the difficulties to carry out such projects.
First, we need to build on the studies that have been carried out so far and to hold
debates and conferences on this issue. Both feasibility studies and the actual
installation of wind farms can be carried out with the help of European funds.
The decision to exploit the offshore potential of the Black Sea is of
economic and geostrategic importance that is part of the European target to combat
climate change and reduce carbon emissions.
In the paper A study on the wind energy potential in the Romanian Coastal
environment [14] it is mentioned that there are many locations with potential in the
installation of an offshore wind farm, the first of which is in the north of Romania's
exclusive economic zone on the Black Sea, next to Sf. Gheorghe is about 40 km
from shore. The second location with potential would be near the city of Mangalia,
20 km from shore.
The conclusions on these areas are based on an analysis of factors such as
wind speed and persistence, water depth, distance from shore, and turbine
46 Iulian Oleș
performance. Romania's entire coastal area can support offshore wind farms, using
local and European experience in major wind energy recovery projects.
Figure 5. Romania’s wind resources at 50 m height for different topographic conditions [13]
Figure 6. Optimal location areas (a); free location areas (b). [15]
It’s time for offshore wind and offshore HVDC at the Black Sea 47
Figure7 shows the range of wind speeds in the Black Sea area.
Sufficient areas for the location of several offshore parks can be found in
areas marked in green. In the case of an offshore park, the distance between two
turbines shall be approximately 1 km given the rotor diameter dimension of 154 m.
An offshore park can consist of 40 to 70 turbines and a converter station for power
acquisition. The installed power of such a park can be 500 MW.
The analysis of the Black Sea wind energy potential involves considering
several parameters which represents „data analysis“ in the section „Material and
method“: depth of sea according to distance from shore, WDP parameter meaning
wind power density (W/𝑚2 ), rated turbine power (MW), rated turbine speed (rpm),
height to rotor (m), minimum disconnection speed (m/s), maximum disconnection
speed (m/s), AEP annual electricity production (MWh).
In the analysis we have to start at the nominal turbine speed. If we consider
three producers: SIEMENS, General Electric and AREVA, we notice that the
48 Iulian Oleș
nominal wind speed for a rated projected power is around 13 m/s. At wind speeds
between 13 m/s and 25 m/s, the turbine operates at rated power.
This wind speed is nowhere on the Black Sea coast. On the area from 10
km to 40 km from shore, the average wind speed is around 6 m/s, with a minimum
of 4 m/s and a maximum of 9 m/s.
Consequently, if we install turbines of the type mentioned above, they will
operate at half the rated power. Due to climate change there may also be changes in
wind speed. The result of this situation could be an increase in the rest window (the
time the turbine stops). This parameter may be approximated by values between 15
and 25 %. At the average wind speed of 8,5 m/s, the generated power is about 50 %
of the rated value.
Figure 11. LCC HVDC solution for offshore wind farm connection [21]
5. Economic aspects
Floating offshore solutions also serve to power offshore oil and gas platforms.
6. Environmental aspects
The impact of offshore wind turbines on birds does not differ greatly from
the impact of onshore installations. For marine life, the installation of a foundation
disrupts their entire habitat, but at floating offshore installations it is a less intrusive
influence.
52 Iulian Oleș
There are major restrictions on fishing for floating solutions due to cables
and anchoring chains. A security zone of approximately 1 km diameter around the
platforms is therefore required.
On-site studies are recommended on a case-by-case basis to reduce the
impact on the marine environment. Obviously, port areas, tanker supply areas, oil,
and gas exploitation areas, as well as tourist areas will be bypassed.
7. Conclusions
• The Black Sea offshore area shows wind speed variations from 4 m/s to
9 m/s.
• For harnessing wind potential, the best solution would be to develop
pilot projects or test areas with a limited number of turbines.
• It is also appropriate to consider the emergence of a new generation of
turbines suitable for wind speeds from 4 to 9 m/s.
• The success of the exploitation of wind energy at sea is also related to
the sustained involvement of Romanian research in this field.
• The expertise accumulated in the offshore parks already operating in the
Dobrogea area and in the Braila – Galati area must be capitalized.
• Given that this technology is quite new in the world, setting up a
Romanian Institute for Wind Technologies would be a solution to consider.
• Given that offshore technologies are usually associated with HVDC
technologies, it would be desirable for Romanian research to be able to successfully
take over this area as well.
REFERENCES
[1] Michel Cruciani, „Offshore wind power floating in its industrial and technological
dimension“, Ifri, July, 2019.
[2] http://euanmearns.com/can-offshore-wind-be-integrated-with-the-grid/
[3] Michelle Froese, „Excipio Energy unveils new hybrid floating offshore wind
platform“, Windpower Engineering & Development, 2019.
[4] Kari Larsen, „Hywind floating offshore wind turbine foundation“, Renewable Energy
Focus, 2010.
[5 ] https://renewablesnow.com/news/principle-power-decommissions-2-mw-floating-
demo-in-portugal-541618/.
[6] https://floatgen.eu/
[7] https://www.innoenergy.com/discover-innovative-solutions/sustainable-products-
services/electricity-heat-production/offshore-wind/x1-wind/
[8] http://lunarwind.org/wp/2018/05/seatwirl-investigates-vertical-axis-turbine-designs/
[9] https://www.hexicon.eu/hexicon/
[10]https://www.powermag.com/first-floating-offshore-wind-farm-to-power-oil-and-gas-
platforms-kicks-off/
[11] https://www.delvallebox.com/news/en/kincardine-floating-marine-wind-farm-scotland
It’s time for offshore wind and offshore HVDC at the Black Sea 53
[12] http://www.transelectrica.ro/
[13] http://free-energy-monitor.com/index.php/energy/harta_potential_eolian
[14] Liliana Rusu, Florin Onea, „A study on the wind energy potential in the Romanian
Coastal environment“, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering JMSE, 2019.
[15] Dragoș M. Niculescu, „Studies on the evaluation of renewable energy resources in the
area of the Romanian Black Sea coast“, PhD Thesis, Galați, 2019.
[16] Dragoș M. Niculescu, Eugen V.C. Rusu, „An overview of the wind power potential in
the Romanian coastal environment – moving from onshore to offshore“, ICACER,
2018.
[17] https://www.siemensgamesa.com/
[18] https://www.ren21.net/why-is-renewable-energy-important/
[19] https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/wind-solar-power-generation-8-
2019/ro/index.html
[20] http://new.abb.com/systems/offshore-wind-connections/dc-solutions
[21] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Offshore-wind-farm-integration-to-the-grid-via-
VSC-HVDC_fig13_322750344
[22] K. Nieradzinska, „Optioneering analysis for connecting Dogger Bank offshore wind
farms to GB electricity network“, Science Direct, 2016
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1 Cercetător postdoctoral dr. ing. Proiect POCU MySMIS 125125, Universitatea POLITEHNICA din
București, Școala Doctorală de Inginerie Electrică, e-mail: nicolae.diga@gmail.com
2 Prof. univ. dr. ing., Universitatea POLITEHNICA din București, Dept. de Mașini, Materiale și
vochescugabriel@gmail.com
Modern aspects of calculation and analysis of the operating regimes of centrifugal pumps 55
1. Introduction
where: ρ - mass density of the working fluid [kg / m3]; g - gravitational acceleration
(g = 9.81 m / s2); H (Q) - pressure measured in [m col. (column) H2O]; 1 m col.
(column) H2O = 104 N / m2. Q - flow rate [m3 / h].
The mechanical power at the pump shaft Pmech can then be calculated, which
depends on the efficiency of the operating point according to the calculation
relation (2).
Ph
Pmech = [W] (2)
H C = H 0 C + K CQ 2 (3)
where: H0C - static pressure given by the geodetic position of the consumer with respect
to the pump; KC - the consumer constant for a position of the flow control valve.
In order to exemplify this calculation and analysis algorithm, a
representative case study of a second stage base condensing electric pump was
chosen from the own services of a thermoelectric power plant with groups of 500
MW using coal fuel, of the type from Table 1. Taking into account the complexity
of these laborious computational algorithms, the authors designed computing
58 N. Digă, V. Năvrăpescu, S.-M. Digă, A.-M. Duinea, G. Vochescu
(
H = C1Q3 + C2Q 2 + C3Q + C4
4)
Fig. 1 shows the rated operating point of the electric drive system (drive
electric motor - pump) located at the intersection of the natural characteristic of the
pump with the consumer characteristic, drawn for the hydraulic resistance
corresponding to the open position of its supply valve.
The next step of the calculation algorithm is to solve the problem of regulating
the flow of the centrifugal pump. In order to regulate the flow of fluid supplied to the
Modern aspects of calculation and analysis of the operating regimes of centrifugal pumps 59
consumer by the pump, the most economical method of adjustment will be considered,
which is that by command the speed of the pump drive motor [6], [7].
Thus Fig. 2 shows the characteristics of the consumer for two hydraulic
resistances corresponding to two positions of the consumer supply valve: the valve
open at maximum and the valve open at half.
In order to draw the consumer curve in the case of the half-open valve, is
determined the KC so that its curve passes through the point of the coordinates (Q =
520 / 2 = 260 m3 / h, H (260) = 294.758 m). It results KC = 4.36∙ 10-3.
400
346.22
360
320 PN
280
H_total [m]
H( Q) 240
200
H_C_max( Q) 160
120
80
40
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
0 Q 600
Q [m3/h]
Figure 1. The fixing of the operating point PN in the plane H - Q through the intersection of the
consumer characteristic - valve (water tape) open at maximum (blue) with the pump characteristic
(red).
H_C_max( Q)
1200
H_C_j( Q) 1000
800
600
400
0 200
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
0 Q 600
Q [m3/h]
Figure 2. The characteristics of the consumer corresponding to two positions of the consumer supply
valve: the valve open at maximum (red); the valve open at half (blue).
60 N. Digă, V. Năvrăpescu, S.-M. Digă, A.-M. Duinea, G. Vochescu
2
H 1 n1
= (5)
H 2 n2
In Fig. 3 are presented the natural characteristic of the pump and an artificial
characteristic of it. And in Fig. 4 are represented in the same system of coordinate axes
H - Q, the regulation characteristic of fluid flow provided to the consumer by the pump.
H( Q)
233.33
H_prim ( Q) 200
166.67
133.33
100
66.67
5.831 33.33
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
0 Q 600
Q [m3/h]
Figure 3. The characteristics of the pump corresponding to two positions of the supply valve of the
consumer: the maximum open valve (red); the half open valve (blue).
The next step of the calculation algorithm is the evaluation of the efficiency
which is a very important problem in assessing the pump performances. In this
sense, an analytical expression of the efficiency valid at any operating point in the
H - Q plane is required. Taking into account the monotony of the iso-efficiency curves,
it was concluded that a polynomial approximation gives good results [3], [8].
Modern aspects of calculation and analysis of the operating regimes of centrifugal pumps 61
2000
3
1.57 10
1800
1600
H( Q) 1400
H_total [m]
H_C_max( Q ) 1200
1000
H_C_j( Q)
800
H_prim ( Q) 600 P2
n = 1492 rpm P1
400
200 P3
n = 703.396 rpm
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
0 Q 600
Q [m3/h]
Figure 4. The flow adjustment through modifying the shaft speed of the pump: the natural
characteristic of the pump (red); the characteristic of the consumer for the maximum open valve
(blue); the characteristic of the consumer for the half open valve (green); the characteristic of the
pump for the half open valve (magenta).
of degree 3. In general the 9 triplets of values η - Q - H must best fit the „hill” of
the efficiency that can be observed in Fig. 5.
50
s p( a)
40
s l( a) 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0 Q a a a 900
Q [m3/h]
Figure 5. The variation of the electric pump efficiency (horizontal multistage centrifugal pump) type
Multitec C 200/ 6 -14.2 11.167 – KSB SE & Co KgaA, depending on the flow according to:
manufacturer’ catalogue (red points); spline interpolation: cubic (blue), parabolic (green), linear
(magenta).
Figure 6. The dependence of the efficiency pump on the flow Q and the pumping height H.
Modern aspects of calculation and analysis of the operating regimes of centrifugal pumps 63
- closing the valves (the pump drive motor is supplied directly from the
industrial network of frequency f = 50 Hz).
- driving the pump at a properly chosen speed by a speed / frequency control
system (the pump drive motor is powered by a PWM frequency converter [9]).
Table 2. Centralizer with the values of the calculation parameters in the operating
points for regulating (reducing) the flow of the studied centrifugal pump.
Operating points
Parameters P1 (260 m, P2 (294,758 m, P3 (65,013 m,
520 m3 / h) 260 m3 / h) 260 m3 / h)
η [%] 83.2 59.392 59.392
n [rpm] 1492 1492 703.39
Ph [kW] 375.555 212.881 47.038
Pmech [kW] 451.389 358.433 79.200
4. Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work has been funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital
of the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement
51675/09.07.2019, SMIS code 125125.
REFERENCES
[1] D. Popescu, R.C. Dinu, „Mecanica fluidelor si masini hidraulice,” Notiţe de curs.
Universitatea din Craiova, Facultatea de Inginerie Electrică, 2017 („Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulic Machines,” Course Notes. University of Craiova, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, 2017).
[2] P. Buhuş, ş. a., „Partea electrică a centralelor, staţiile electrice şi posturile de
transformare,” Îndreptar pentru lucrări de exploatare a instalaţiilor electrice din
Modern aspects of calculation and analysis of the operating regimes of centrifugal pumps 65
Sistemul Energetic Național, Institutul Politehnic Bucureşti, 1990 („The electrical part
of power plants, power stations and substations,” Guide for the operation of electrical
installations in the National Energy System, Bucharest Polytechnic Institute, 1990).
[3] I.F. Soran, „Sisteme de acționare electrică,” Editura Matrix Rom, București, 2010
(„Electric drive systems”, Matrix Rom Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010).
[4] V. Ivanov, „Aplicații în Mathcad și Matlab,” Editura Universitaria, Craiova, 2007
(„Applications in Mathcad and Matlab”, Universitaria Publishing House, Craiova,
2007).
[5] *** Multitec „High-pressure Pumps in ring-section design,” Booklet with Performance
Curves, 1777.450/3-90 G3, KSB Aktiengesellschaft, Frankenthal (Germany),
15.11.2001XBS, www.ksb.com.
[6] B. Nesbit, „Handbook of Pumps and Pumping: Pumping Manual International,”
Elsevier Science, 2006.
[7] R.L. Sanks Editor, „Pumping Station Design,” Second Edition Butterworth –
Heinemann, 1988.
[8] *** Europump & the Hydraulic Institute, „Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to
Successful Applications,” Elsevier Science, Kindle Edition, 2004.
[9] I. Boldea, S. A. Nasar, „Electric Drives,” CRC Press LLC, USA, CD version, 1998.
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
1. Introduction
Figure 3. Layout of the primary circuit of branch B1 from the UPB heating network (CHP –
Combined Heat & Power Plant; TB – Target Building; TS – Thermal Substation; DP – Distribution
Point; red line – primary circuit; yellow line – secondary circuit).
KPIs are a key element for assessing the project evolution and success. This
is particularly truth for complex systems, which involves different technological
innovation in a single ensemble, as it is case for WEDISTRICT pilots, and more
generally for different renewable energy technologies integration in district energy
systems.
For the establishment of the correct key performance indicators for the
Bucharest demo-site the followings were considered:
• Type of performance to be expressed (energy, economics, environmental
impact and social impact).
• System boundaries (see Figure 4).
• Phase in which the KPI is analyzed [6].
72 Roxana Pătrașcu, Constantin Ionescu, Mihai-Rareș Sandu
Taking into account the elements expressed previously, for the case of
Bucharest demo-site the following KPIs were defined:
A. Key performance indicators KPIs (Technology) – for each technology
(HP, PV, PVT, TES tank)
The KPIs (Tech) will be calculated:
• as part of the feasibility study (for proposed schemes, based on them, the
optimal scheme is selected),
• after implementation and will be monitored during the period of operation.
B. Key performance indicators KPIs (System) – for the technological
configuration
The KPIs will be calculated:
• as part of the feasibility study (for proposed schemes, based on them,
the optimal scheme is selected),
• after implementation and will be monitored during the period of operation.
C. Key performance indicators KPIs (Building) – for Target Building
The KPI’s (Building) will be calculated:
• during the audit (initial assessment)
• as part of the feasibility study (for proposed schemes, based on them,
the optimal scheme is selected),
• after implementation and will be monitored during the period of
exploitation.
D. Key performance indicators KPIs (DH) – for the district heating system
of UPB
The KPI’s (DH) will be calculated:
• during the audit (initial assessment)
• as part of the feasibility study (for proposed schemes, based on them, the
optimal scheme is selected),
• after implementation and will be monitored during the period of operation.
For exemplification, in the following paragraph, some of the energetic KPIs
are defined and determined during the pre-assessment phase [4][5].
Table 1 provides the energetic KPI’s for the target building with the current
thermal installations (before WEDISTRICT retrofitting scenario).
All the calculations were performed with the surface of Target Building of 532 m2
(1) The calculation was performed considering the conversion factor from final energy to primary energy of 1.17,
according to national order “Ordinul 2641/2017”.
74 Roxana Pătrașcu, Constantin Ionescu, Mihai-Rareș Sandu
(2) The calculation was performed considering the conversion factor from primary energy to CO2 production of
0.205, according to national order “Ordinul 2641/2017”.
The WEDISTRICT new thermal supply unit that will be installed, implies
production of thermal energy based on renewable energy sources and the thermal
connection between UPB DH and Target Building will be re-designed. Therefore, it
is necessary to define the renewable energy ratio for both Target Building and UPB
DH.
The renewable energy ratio (RER), or share of renewables, is the fraction of
renewable primary energy used by network compared to total primary energy
consumed in order to fulfil the heating and cooling demand [8].
Considering the system boundaries presented in Figure 4, the equation for
RER is explained below.
𝐸𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑛 (7)
𝑅𝐸𝑅 = ∙ 100 [%]
𝐸𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡
where
• 𝑬𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒏 [𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]: Renewable primary energy used by UPB DH/Target
Building.
• 𝑬𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕 [𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]: Total primary energy used by UPB DH/Target Building.
In the current case, both KPI are equal to zero since the there is no renewable
primary energy used by either of subsystems.
𝐸𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑛 (8)
𝑅𝐸𝑅𝑈𝑃𝐵 𝐷𝐻 = ∙ 100 = 0 [%]
𝐸𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝐸𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑛 (9)
𝑅𝐸𝑅𝑇𝐵 = ∙ 100 = 0 [%]
𝐸𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡
The energy evaluation of the current situation of the other subsystems was
carried out in order to establish the necessary measures to be applied for the
reintegration of the Target Building in the DH system of UPB, with the new heat
supply solution of the building.
4. Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation program, under grant agreement No 857801. This text
76 Roxana Pătrașcu, Constantin Ionescu, Mihai-Rareș Sandu
reflects only the author’s views and the Commission is not liable for any use that
may be made of the information contained therein.
REFERENCES
[1] European Parliament,“Directive (EU) 2018/2002 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 11 December 2018 amending Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency”,
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32018L2002, 2018.
[2] Acciona, “Project Management (Work) Plan”, WEDISTRICT deliverable, Madrid,
2019.
[3] ANRE, “Guide to elaboration of energy audits approved by president ANRE's decision
No. 2123/2014”, Bucharest, 2014.
[4] Ministerul Transporturilor, Constructiilor si Turismului, “Metodologie de calcul al
performanţei energetice a clădirilor” (Methodology for calculating the energy
performance of buildings) MC 001/1 (building envelope), MC 001/2 (energy
performance of building installations), Romania, 2006.
[5] Ministerul Transporturilor, Constructiilor si Turismului, “Metodologie de calcul al
performanţei energetice a clădirilor” (Methodology for calculating the energy
performance of buildings) MC 001/4, Romania, 2009.
[6] IREC, “D.2.2 KPI’s definition”,WEDISTRICT deliverable, Barcelona, 2020.
[7] Ministerul Transporturilor, Constructiilor si Turismului, “Ordinul nr. 2641/2017 privind
modificarea și completarea reglementării tehnice "Metodologie de calcul al performanței
energetice a clădirilor", aprobată prin Ordinul ministrului transporturilor, construcțiilor
și turismului nr. 157/2007””, Romania, 2017.
[8] GEX13-2015: “Ghid privind utilizarea surselor regenrabile de energie la cladirile noi si
existent”, Bucharest, 2015.
[9] European Parliament, "Energy - Climate Change – 2020 Package", 2014.
[10] Ministerul Energiei, “Romania's energy strategy for the period 2019-2030”, Romania,
2019.
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
1. Introduction
Having more and more electric vehicles used in transportation, the risk of
electromagnetic compatibility hazard is increasing. The electromagnetic field is
composed by electric field which is caused by voltages and magnetic field which is
produced by flowing of the electric current.
Electromagnetic fields can be found everywhere in our ambient environment.
There are both natural and human-made electromagnetic sources such as
thunderstorms, the earth magnetic fields, medical devices which use X- rays, the power
grid, TV antennas, radio stations and telecommunications stations. The main focus in
this paper will be to analyze the interaction between ambient magnetic field produced
by a medium voltage (MV) power line of 20 kV and the high voltage network of the
EV represented by the power line between the electric motor which has already
integrated the inverter and the smart battery system.
Magnetic field simulations were performed in a Finite Element Method
Magnetics tool called FEMM which solves 2D planar and axisymmetric problems in
low frequency.
The electromagnetic force is part of the four main fundamental forces. The
other forces are: the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force and the
gravitational force. [3]
Electromagnetic environment is the totality of electromagnetic phenomena
present at a given point.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with
frequencies between 1Hz and 1025 Hz. In figure 1 can be observed the distribution
of electromagnetic field from radio to Gamma ray.
Figure 3: Magnetic field distribution inside one conductor of the power line
For the second case, in the simulation it was introduced an EV cabin. For
the moment, no circuit with current was introduced in the car, the scope being to
see how the electromagnetic environment interacts with the cabin of the EV.
In figure 4 it is represented the interaction of magnetic fields
between the MV power transfer line and an EV cabin. It can be observed
that magnetic flux density lines are not interfering with the body of the car.
Figure 4: Magnetic field interaction between the power grid and an EV cabin
In Figure 5 can be observed how magnetic field flux density lines are
distributed near the contour of the cable. The maximum value of 1.97 T is reached
inside the conductor on the contour of it.
82 V.-M. Ionescu, A.-A. Săpunaru, M.-A. Lupașcu, M. O. Popescu, C. L.a Popescu
Figure 5: Magnetic field distribution inside one conductor of the power line |
in the presence of the EV cabin
EVs have in principle 3 main sources for magnetic field radiation: the smart
battery system which includes the power converters used for battery charging,
connection to the power grid and the management of voltage levels, the electric
motor which can have the inverter integrated directly into it and the HV network of
the car which interconnects the smart battery system to the electric motor.
For the third case, in the simulation it was introduced an EV cabin which has
represented the HV cable of the car, with a diameter of 8 mm and the value of the
current of 100 A.
It will be analyzed how magnetic field produced by the MV power network
interacts with the HV network placed in the car. For simulating the cable power
inside the car it was assigned a circuit of 100 A inside the cooper cable and another
circuit of -100 A inside the body of the car. [6]
In figure 6 can be observed how magnetic flux density lines are distributed.
In the legend we can see that the maximum value for magnetic field flux density
takes values up to 2.061 T, value obtained inside the conductors of the MV power
supply line.
If we are zooming on the electric vehicle cabin we can observe how
magnetic flux density lines are concentrated near the 100 A cable. Under the legend
we can see the values of a point on the contour of the conductor which takes values
up to 0.004 T.
Electromagnetic interaction between the power distribution grid and the HV system 83
Figure 6: Interaction between magnetic fields of the power supply and the HV network
of the electric vehicle in symmetrical construction
Figure 7: Interaction between magnetic fields of the power supply and the HV network
of the electric vehicle in symmetrical construction
7. Conclusions
Because the level of pollution has reached a critical level and the resources
of oil are estimated to finish in 50 years, the conventional cars need to be replaced
in the future with EVs or other non-polluting alternatives.
Introducing EVs in public transportation will raise some electromagnetic
compatibility issues. In current paper there were analyzed from the magnetic point
of view, 3 cases. In the first case the MV power supply network was analyzed and
84 V.-M. Ionescu, A.-A. Săpunaru, M.-A. Lupașcu, M. O. Popescu, C. L.a Popescu
we saw that the maximum value reached for this case was 2.06 T.
In the second case, besides the power supply network it was introduced at
the ground level a vehicle cabin and we saw how are distributed the magnetic
field lines near the 3 active conductors. In this case the maximum values were
1.97 T.
In the third case, a symmetrical construction of the HV cable inside the car
was represented in the presence of the power line supply. For this simulation the
maximum value for magnetic flux density was 2.061 T.
Comparing all these results with ICNIRP 2010 regulation, it can be
concluded that all the values at the surface of the ground, are lower than the
required reference level for general public which is 400 mT.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
[1]. James Larminie, John Lowry – „Electric Vehicle Technology Explained”, John Wiley
& Sons Ltd, 2003
[2]. C. C. Chan - „The rise & fall of electric vehicle in 1828-1930: Lessons learned”,
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2013
[3]. [Online]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism
[4]. [Online]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum
[5]. E/ECE/324/Add.9/Rev.6−E/ECE/TRANS/505/Add.9/Rev.6, 20 November 2019
[6]. Violeta-Maria Ionescu, Anca-Alexandra Săpunaru, Mihai Octavian Popescu, Claudia
Laurența Popescu - „Magnetic Field Constraints in the Passenger Compartment of
Electric Vehicles”, 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe
(ISGT-Europe)
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
1. Introduction
In marine propulsion, gas turbines are used for increased efficiency and
safety, with a very good power to weight ratio, as well as with reduced
maintenance required and low operation costs. Gas turbine engines experience
1 Senior Researcher III, Automation and Electrical Engineering Dept., Romanian Research and
Development Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI, Romania, e-mail: fillip.niculescu@comoti.ro
2 Scientific Researcher, Automation and Electrical Engineering Dept., Romanian Research and
degradations over time that cause great concern regarding engine reliability,
availability, and operating costs [1, 2]. Rolls-Royce has announced the termination
of production for Tyne RM1C gas turbines which have been used as cruise engines
on the ship concerned and will no longer provide maintenance services for these
engines. This situation leads to the need of replacing these gas turbines with similar
ones regarding power, efficiency and propulsion speed, which are currently
available commercially, regarding manufacturing and operation and can be
repaired.
A thorough market analysis was conducted on gas turbines with similar
power performances and constructive solutions of same power gas turbines
currently available, it has been established that the ST40M naval turbine
manufactured by Pratt & Whitney Canada is the most suitable candidate for the
replacement of the RM1C gas turbine as a cruise engine for ship propulsion.
ST40M is being used on the series of large, superfast Norwegian Skjold
corvettes (Fig. 1), for sprint speed. Each propulsion system features four gas turbine
engines, out of which two 4000 kW ST40M turbine engines [3] and two 2000 kW
ST18M engines for cruise speed, in marine construction.
The Tyne gas turbine, manufactured by Rolls Royce, used as cruise engine
on fast ships, develops a maximum power of 4000 kW at a turbine speed of 13970
rpm. The maximum speed of the low pressure compressor is 14600 rpm, while the
inlet gas temperature in the low pressure turbine at maximum power is 700°C.
The ST40M is an aero derivative gas turbine, manufactured by Pratt &
Whitney Canada, whose performance is correlated with the performance of the
PW150A gas turbine for aviation use.
Marine gas turbine for efficient ship propulsion 87
The previous gearbox has been removed and the air intake was modified for
radial-symmetrical air intake to the gas turbine axis. The compressors remained
unchanged being the same as in the PW150A. The low pressure axial compressor has
three axial stages being driven by a low pressure axial turbine with one stage. The high
pressure axial compressor has a single centrifugal stage, driven by a high pressure axial
turbine with one stage.
The combustion chamber of ST40M is inverted ring type, the same as the one in
the aviation gas turbine version from which it is derived. However, the geometry is
modified for the use of diesel instead of aviation fuel. Kerosene was replaced with
standard naval diesel fuel for economic reasons [6, 7].
ST40M is the modified version of the aircraft gas turbine, so as to meet the
marine standard, namely treated for resistance to salt mist corrosion.
The ST40M engine has an advanced air-cooling system of the turbine stator
and rotor blades which allows a maximum exhaust gas temperature of t3*=1477ºC
(T3*=1750K). This increased temperature allows a thermal efficiency of 33%. In
order to achieve the specified high thermal efficiency (t=33%), the compression
ratio of the engine’s compressor has a high value of πc=18.
Other important engine parameters are:
- Air flow: Ma = 14.44 kg/s;
- Cruise power: P = 4039 kW;
- Specific consumption: Csp ≈ 3 kWh.
88 Filip Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, Mirela Letiția Vasile
ST40M engine is more compact and lightweight than the current Tyne
turbocharged engine to be replaced. The dimensions of the ST40M gas turbine of
1700 mm x 660 mm x 965 mm (L x W x H) are considerably smaller than those of
the Tyne engine of 2600 mm x 1200 mm x 1000 mm (L x W x H).
On the other hand, the weight of the dry ST40M engine is 525 kg, which is
over 2 times less comparing to Tyne RM1C engine’s weight of 1270 kg. Reducing
the weight of the cruise engines contributes by itself to the increase of the
propulsion efficiency, as the overall ship inertia becomes lower.
3. Turbine replacement
Figure 4. Section through the installation of ST40M gas turbine on test bench
After successful testing, the equipment was transported and installed on the
T22 frigate to be revamped, which has two propellers driven by gas turbines in the
CoGoG (Combined Gas or Gas) system [12].
As shown in Fig. 6, in the propulsion system of the ship, the ST40M engine
replaces the Tyne engine on the port line. After the installation work conducted,
tests were carried out to confirm the proper operation of the turbine.
The tests have been performed with the ship in motion, with the naval
propulsion group set to operate at regimes between idle and maximum speed. In
this way, the turbine load of the propulsion system was achieved by varying the
pitch and the propeller speed. Several tests were carried out, including:
- march ahead of the naval propulsion group;
- verification of the ST40 propulsion system acceleration and deceleration;
- endurance tests;
- march forward with ST40M at larboard and towed axle at starboard;
- march ahead and astern.
The march ahead with the ST40M engine at port and the Tyne engine at
starboard was performed with the two engines in tandem, with the power control levers
(PCL) at the same positions, to compare the propulsion characteristics of the ST40M
engine with those of the Tyne engine.
The tests were performed in two stages. In the first stage, we obtained the
propulsion characteristics of the two engines. Then, the difference between them was
corrected by adjustments made to the characteristic of the ST40M engine.
The adjustment consisted in metering the fuel flow to the ST40M engine so that
at the command received from the power control lever, at the same positions of the
levers the two propulsion lines port and starboard, to develop the same propeller speed.
The results from the first set of tests in Table 1 show that, at the same positions
of the power control levers, the fuel flow into the ST40M engine was considerably
lower, but the propeller speed was also lower than the one driven with Tyne.
As a result of the corrections of the ST40M engine's characteristics, the two
propulsion lines of the ship operate around same parameters (Table 2), for the same
positions of the control levers (propeller pitch and propeller speed), which confirm
that the two lines have developed the same propulsion power.
Point No. - 1 2 3 4
Time - 11:16 11:34 11:56 12:04
ST40 Tyne ST40 Tyne ST40 Tyne ST40 Tyne
PCL div 24 24 40 40 50 50 56 56
Throttle % 23 20 54 40 76 62 96 78
Fuel flow l/min 4.8 7.2 7.8 11.9 12.0 17.8 15.4 21.4
Propeller rpm 49 53 70 79 88 99 100 110
speed
Pitch div 32 32 34 34 34 34 34 34
Ship speed knot 5.2 9.6 11.8 13.1
Point No. - 1 2 3 4
Time - 14:19 14:25 14:31 14:41
ST40 Tyne ST40 Tyne ST40 Tyne ST40 Tyne
PCL div 24 28 40 40 50 50 54 54
Throttle % 6 15 42 38 64 58 76 72
Fuel flow l/min 5.7 7.6 10.4 11.0 14.8 17.3 17.5 19.9
Propeller rpm 56 54 77 76 97 101 105 108
speed
Pitch div 32 32 34 34 34 34 34 34
Ship speed knot 6.0 9.0 11.6 14.1
92 Filip Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, Mirela Letiția Vasile
From the results shown in Table 2 above, for the positions of the control
levers, the consumption of the propulsion system with ST40M is lower with ~12%
than with Tyne engine. Therefore, at the revamp of the T22 frigate, which will
suppose replacing both Tyne engines for cruise speed, a fuel saving of almost a
quarter shall be obtained. Even though the fuel flow is lower, the propellers speed
values are very close, which demonstrate the increased efficiency of ST40M.
6. Conclusions
The replacement of the outdated Tyne gas turbine, whose production and
service have been terminated, with the newer ST40M gas turbine is economically
justified. Besides the maintenance that can be ensured due to the ongoing
manufacturing of its component parts, the ST40M turbine is also noted for its lower
weight and lower fuel consumption at the same developed power.
The results obtained by replacing the turbines on the ship during sea tests
have been presented. After conducting a first set of tests aiming to find the
adjustments and corrections that had to be made, the second set of tests with the
engines running on the ship's propulsion lines have shown the increased efficiency
of the newer ST40M turbine.
From tests conducted with the frigate in motion, substantial fuel savings can
be forecasted, along with the reduction of the carbon dioxide and monoxide
emissions and of other secondary products resulted from the fuel combustion
process, which are environmentally harmful.
Future research will consider revamping the T22 frigate by replacing both
Tyne engines, and assessing the parameters of ST40M gas turbines during normal
operation. As well, the efficiency increase of the new propulsion system comparing
to the old engines will be observed. The fuel reduction and the carbon dioxide
emissions shall also be measured, highlighting the reduction percentage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
1 Prof. PhD. Eng., President of the Senate Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Member of the
Academy for Technical Sciences of Romania, e-mail: mminescu@upg-ploiesti.ro
2 Prof. PhD. Eng., Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Secretary of A.G.I.R. Prahova,
e-mail: mstan@upg-ploiesti.ro
3
Assoc. Prof. PhD. Eng., Faculty of Oil and Gas Engineering, Vice-President of A.G.I.R. Prahova, e-
mail: valentin.tudorache@upg-ploiesti.ro
4
Prof. PhD. Eng. DHC, Honorary Rector at Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Honor Member of
the Academy for Technical Sciences of Romania; Honor President of A.G.I.R. Prahova, e-mail:
nnantonescu34@upg-ploiesti.ro
5
Student PhD. Eng.,Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, e-mail: mstan@upg-ploiesti.ro
Vibration analysis in the process of operation of installations and machines 95
1. Generalități
Figura 2 Deteriorarea flancurilor active ale dinților prin formarea de gropițe (pitting)
Figura 2. Deteriorarea flancurilor active ale dinților prin formarea de gropițe (pitting)
6
Pag 529, M. P. Norton, D. G. Karczub, Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for Engineers, Cambridge
University Press, 2003,
https://books.google.ro/books?id=jDeRCSqtev4C&dq=CDA/MS/NVSH+107&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Vibration analysis in the process of operation of installations and machines 101
Figura 3.3 Manifestările unor surse diferite, în domeniul frecvență și în domeniul timp
Figura 3.3. Manifestările unor surse diferite, în domeniul frecvență și în domeniul timp
7
COMPENDIU DE VIBRAŢII - Mobil Industrial AG. SRL,
http://www.mobilindustrial.ro/current_version/online_docs/COMPENDIU/index.htm,
8
ISO 10816-1 - ISO standards in PDF - ansi.org,http://vibrotestdiagnostic.ro/serv_alin.shtml?expandable=1,
Vibration analysis in the process of operation of installations and machines 105
9
http://www.mobilindustrial.ro/current_version/online_docs/COMPENDIU/magnitudinea_vibratiilor.htm
110 M. Minescu, M. Stan, V.-P. Tudorache, N.-N. Antonescu, A. Stan
2) Maşini mari sau grele, bine reglate, aşezate pe fundaţi rigide, maşini mari
de forţă şi de lucru (de exemplu: compresoare, suflante, ventilatoare etc.,
cu puteri instalate de peste 300 kW);
3) Maşini aşezate pe fundaţii elastice cu amortizoare (compresoare
centrifugale, compresoare elicoidale şi altele similare), maşini şi agregate
de acţionare cu efecte de mase neechilibrate (mori cu ciocane, mori cu
bile, mori ventilator) şi alte utilaje cum ar fi: centrifuge, transportoare
vibrante, maşini de preparat şi altele similare.
Pentru fiecare dintre cele trei categorii, standardul împarte amplitudinea
vibraţiilor măsurate pe corpurile lagărelor, pe trei nivele ale căror limite sunt
specificate, bineînţeles cu excepţia cazurilor când limitele sunt prescrise de producător.
Tot în acest standard se recomandă:
✓ Dacă amplitudinile vibraţiilor măsurate se încadrează la nivelul
Satisfăcător, nu sunt necesare măsuri speciale.
✓ Dacă ele depăşesc limita superioară a nivelului Satisfăcător, se admite
funcţionarea sub supraveghere, până la prima revizie sau reparaţie, când
trebuie înlăturate cauzele acestei depăşiri.
✓ Dacă amplitudinile vibraţiilor măsurate nu depăşesc nivelul Admis,
trebuie analizate cauzele şi înlăturate cu ocazia primei revizii sau
reparaţii.
✓ Dacă amplitudinile depăşesc limita superioară a nivelului Admis, maşina
trebuie oprită pentru înlăturarea cauzelor vibraţiilor.
La punerea în funcţiune a maşinilor şi a agregatelor energetice, precum şi
după revizii şi reparaţii, trebuie ca la toate verificările Vef să nu depăşească 4,6 mm/s.
Toate aceste standarde prezentate mai sus, precum şi altele care se pot întâlni
în literatura de specialitate - STAS 12476-86, STAS 8681-78, STAS 10822-84, ISO
2373 - sunt utile pentru a crea o imagine cât mai reală asupra stării de funcţionare a
utilajului, dar nu este obligatoriu ca aceste valori să fie strict respectate.
Se recomandă ca un utilaj nou sau corect reparat, imediat după punerea în
funcţiune, să se încadreze în domeniul ʺAʺ de severitate.
Recomandăm ca motoarele electrice măsurate în gol, fie pe poziţia de
montaj dar decuplate de utilajul antrenat, fie pe un stand de probă rigid, care să
simuleze identic prinderea motorului pe fundaţie, să se încadreze ca nivel de
vibraţii în domeniul ʺAʺ al respectivei clase.
În caz contrar, este posibil ca după cuplarea utilajului, atunci când apar de
cele mai multe ori creşteri semnificative şi obiective ale nivelului de vibraţii pe
întregul utilaj, acesta să se situeze în domeniul ʺCʺ sau chiar ʺDʺ.
Figura 5 5– Defecte
Figura Defecte localizate
localizate
Nr.
crt. Simbol U.M. Denumirea UP 5T – 1500 – 1000 C
1 P max Kg Sarcina maximă în prăjina lustruită 5000
500
700
2 S mm Lungimea cursei prăjinii lustruite 900
1200
1500
3 n l/min Numărul de curse duble pe minut 5,7...20
4 M max. Kgfm Cuplul maxim la axul de ieşire al 1000
reductorului
5 G kg Greutatea unităţii fără electromotor 6810
11
http://www.tjringtop.com/HG/Hybrid.Balance.shtml, Tianjin Ring-Top Petroleum Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
118 M. Minescu, M. Stan, V.-P. Tudorache, N.-N. Antonescu, A. Stan
(3)
12
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/vib-150708034459-lva1-app6891/95/vibration-monitoring-58-
638.jpg?cb=1436327172
Vibration analysis in the process of operation of installations and machines 123
6. Concluzii
7. Recomandări
REFERENCES
[4] Stan, M. „Fiabilitatea sistemelor şi aplicaţii”, Editura Universităţii Petrol – Gaze din
Ploieşti, Ploieşti, 2008;
[5] Stan, M. „Metode avansate de proiectare a utilajului petrolier, Editura Universităţii
Petrol – Gaze Ploieşti, Ploieşti, 2006;
[6] Tudor, A, ş.a. „Durabilitatea şi fiabilitatea transmisiilor mecanice”, Ed. Tehnică,
Bucureşti, 1998;
[7] Vlad, I. „Maşini și utilaj petrolier pentru foraj – extracţie” (procese dinamice şi
vibratorii dezvoltate în utilajul petrolier), partea a II-a, Institutul de Petrol şi Gaze,
Ploieşti, 1984;
[8] Vlad, I. „Maşini si utilaj petrolier pentru foraj şi extracţie”, Institutul de Petrol şi
Gaze, Ploieşti, vol. I, 1981, vol. II, partea I, 1981, partea a II-a, 1984, partea a III-a,
1984;
[9] *** Complete composite catalogue, globalsupplyline.com;
[10] *** http://www.mec.upt.ro/corina.gruescu/FSM_curs_2012.pdf;
[11] *** https://www.fastenal.com/en/69/bolted-joint-design;
[12] *** http://www.industrialheating.com/articles/91175-understanding-component-
failures;
[13]***http://www.mobilindustrial.ro/current_version/online_docs/COMPENDIU/index.ht
m;
[14] *** https://www.google.com/search?tbm=, Failure gears;
[15]***https://books.google.ro/books?id=jDeRCSqtev4C&dq=CDA/MS/NVSH+107&sour
ce=gbs_navlinks_s, Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for Engineers,
Cambridge University Press, 2003;
[16]***https://www.msdi.ro/utilizarea-analizei-spectrale-a-vibraiilor-mecanice-pentru-
identificarea-defectiunilor-echipamentelor-dinamice, MENTENANŢĂ şi
DISTRIBUŢIE INDUSTRIALĂ, 2015;
[17] *** ISO 10816-1 - ISO standards in PDF - ansi.org,
[18] *** http://vibrotestdiagnostic.ro/serv_alin.shtml?expandable=1;
[19] *** http://www.dinamice.ro/mentenanta/masuratori;
[20] *** ISO 10816, http://www.pic2fly.com/ISO+10816+Table.html.
EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
Keywords: deep water and extreme deep water, oil, gas, riser system, drilling
platform, marine currents, pressure, temperature, effort, wave.
1
Prof. PhD. Eng., Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Secretary of A.G.I.R. Prahova,
e-mail: mstan@upg-ploiesti.ro
2
Assoc. Prof. PhD. Eng., Faculty of Oil and Gas Engineering, Vice-President of A.G.I.R. Prahova, e-
mail: valentin.tudorache@upg-ploiesti.ro
3
Prof. PhD. Eng., Dean of the Faculty of Oil and Gas Engineering, Member of the Academy for
Technical Sciences of Romania, President of A.G.I.R. Prahova, e-mail: lavram@upg-ploiesti.ro
4
Student PhD. Eng., Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
5
PhD. Eng., Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, e-mail: claudiutan@gmail.com
6
PhD. Eng., Manager of National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering,
e-mail: alecu@icpe-ca.ro
128 M. Stan, V. P. Tudorache, L. Avram, M. I. Al Naboulsi, C. Tănasă, G. Alecu
Cuvinte cheie: apă adâncă și apă extrem de adâncă, petrol, gaz, sistem de riser,
curenti marini, presiunea, temperatura, efort, val.
1. Introducere
0°C; curenți marini de 3 noduri (5,5 km/h); prezența aizebergurilor (zona Canada și
Groelanda), prezența frecventă a zăpezii, ploii sau ceții. Activitatea de forajul
sondelor offshore, se realizează numai cu platforme poziționate dinamic,
semisubmersibile și vapoare de foraj.
Platformele marine, ancorate în Golful Mexic, au forat în ape adânci de
1.836 m (6.023ft). Condițiile sunt diferite în Golful Mexic, deoarece prezența
curenților marini de fund face dificil managementul sistemului de risere.
Platformele marine cu putere disponibilă suplimentară sunt construite atât
pentru menținerea poziției sub efectul acțiunii curenților mari, cât și pentru a stoca
volumul suplimentar de noroi, dar și de risere necesare pentru construcția sondei.
Cele mai importante schimbări în construcția sondelor, situate în ape adânci
și extrem de-adânci, sunt legate atât de adâncimile mari de apă, cât și de condițiile
de fund, mediul ostil în care se desfășoară activitatea, precum valuri de 30 m
înălțime; vânturi care depășesc 80 noduri (148,2km/h); temperaturi scăzute ale
aerului -15°C; temperatura apei mării 0°C; curenți marini de 3 noduri (5,5km/h);
prezența aizebergurilor (zona Canada și Groelanda), prezența frecventă a zăpezii, a
ploii sau a ceții.
Lucrarea prezintă o analiză a realității cu care se confruntă operatorii din
industria petrolieră, dar și, în mod special, a operatorilor în exploatarea sistemului
de risere. Operatorii din industria de petrol se orientează către adâncimi foarte mari
de apă, deorece există resurse importante care asigură producții mari. Aceasta
analiză se referă la stabilirea condițiilor limită care apar în timpul operațiunilor de
foraj. Denumim acest complex de factori ca mecanica riserelor.
De asemenea, lucrarea se referă la stabilirea modului de lucru în
conformitate cu recomandările API în vigoare și obținerea unor rezultate teoretice
pentru forajul în ape adânci și extrem de adânci. Aceste rezultate constituie baza de
pornire la simularea cu ajutorul unui software specializat și obținerea de rezultate
utile exploatării sistemului de risere în forajul sondelor în ape extrem de adânci.
Din cauza faptului că, atât riser-ul, cât şi articulaţia inferioară nu sunt
proiectate să preia mişcarile axiale ale platformei, aceste tensiuni vor fi descărcate,
într-o anumită măsură, în inelul de tensionare aflat la partea superioară dar, în cazul
depăşirii anumitor limite constructive, aceste tensiuni pot produce solicitarea
pistonului sistemului de tensionare. Dar, cel mai bun mod de administrare eficientă
a sistemului de risere, este acela de menţinerea controlulului platformei în limita
parametrilor operaţionali stabiliţi printr-un sistem computerizat performant de
management şi, respectiv, a asigura o tensiune superioară adecvată. Aceasta nu este
o sarcina uşoară și constă în managerierea interdependenței între principalii
parametrii ai unui sistem de control eficient.
Componența unui sistem de risere și regimul de forțe (interioare și exterioare)
care acționează în coloana de risere, trebuie să țină cont de următoarele aspecte:
a) acțiunea valurilor
b) rezistența la curenții marini și/sau mișcarea relativă a platformei
c) greutatea lineară a riserelor
d) presiunea diferențială dată de apa de mare și gradienții de noroi
e) tensiunile de la partea superioară și inferioară a coloanei.
Notă: Calculul sistemului de risere are la bază recomandările API RP 16Q.
Așadar, principalele forțe ce afectează stabilitatea sistemului de risere sunt
prezentate în Figura 1. În aceasta figură sunt reprezentate diferite forţe (interne şi
externe) la care este supusă colona de risere, și anume: acţiunea valurilor; acţiunea
curenţilor marini; greutatea proprie a coloanei de risere; presiunea diferenţială a
apei de mare şi a coloanei de noroi; tensiunea superioară şi cea inferioară.
Pentru acest calcul s-a folosit criteriul von Mises care stipulează că ,,Atunci
când se aplică o tensiune asupra unui material şi acesta se deformează, maşina de
încercare efectuează lucru mecanic, care este asociat cu deformaţia elastică şi este
stocat în corp sub formă de energie potenţială de deformaţie. Această energie
poate fi împărţită în două componente: o componentă asociată cu schimbarea
volumului şi una asociată cu schimbarea formei corpului deformabil. Presiunea
produce o schimbare numai de volum şi nu produce deformaţie plastică (în
metale).”
134 M. Stan, V. P. Tudorache, L. Avram, M. I. Al Naboulsi, C. Tănasă, G. Alecu
Figura 4 Relaţiile Von Mises & Tresca aplicate unei secţiuni din riser
Figura 4. Relațiile Von Mises & Tresca aplicate unei secțiuni din riser
Observații:
1) Dacă prima condiţie a fost îndeplinită, atunci trebuie verificată limita maximă
de abatere de la verticală, precum şi îndeplinirea condiţiilor de operare în
siguranţă, indiferent de alţi factori care pot influenţa buna desfăşurare a
activităţilor de foraj, incluzând şi situaţiile de urgenţă.
2) Trebuie menţionat faptul că, API 2RD recomandă o analiză structurală și
dinamică a sistemului de risere dacă se consideră că mediul operaţional implică
riscuri suplimentare. Se vor efectua simulări cu un software specializat, bazate
pe o abordare cvasi statică pentru a determina limitele de abatere de la verticală
pentru operaţiunile de foraj.
Figura 12 - Sistem clasic de risere de foraj specific pentru o unitate de foraj mobilă semisubmersibilă
Figura 12. Sistem clasic de risere de foraj specific pentru o unitate de foraj mobilă
semisubmersibilă
Echipamentele folosite pentru aceste adâncimi mari de apă sunt de capacitate uşor
diferite de cele folosite în ape de adâncime medie sau mică. Echipamentul cel mai
important, configurat special pentru aceste adâncimi, este ansamblul de
prevenitoare de erupţie. Acesta este de tip greu și se folosește, în mod special,
pentru adâncimi de apă foarte mari. În mod firesc, echipamentele adiacente care
deservesc ansamblul de prevenitoare de eruptie, sunt configurate special pentru
adâncimi mari de apă (sistemul de tensionare, coloana de risere, sistemul de
compensare pe verticală, sistemul de poziţionare dinamică şi sistemul de comandă
electronică a ansamblului de prevenitoare de erupţie).
2) S-a pus în evidenţă timpul relativ mic de pierdere a stabilităţii coloanei
de risere în condiţii de urgenţă, ceea ce reclamă un răspuns adecvat din partea
echipei operaţionale. Tensiunile şi încărcările caracteristice unei coloane de risere
pentru adâncimi mari de apă au fost, de asemenea, evidenţiate şi analizate.
3) Din cauza adâncimilor mari de apă, probabilitatea de apariţie a
fenomenului de rupere prin oboseală a capului de sondă este probabilă. Un calcul
teoretic a fost dezvoltat folosind configuraţia de risere proiectată pentru adâncimea
de apă de 1.921 m. Acest calcul a verificat, într-o prima fază, efectul tensiunilor
dezvoltate la capul de sondă şi s-a concluzionat că dezvoltarea de tensiuni ciclice la
capul de sondă este mult mai puternică pentru apele de adâncimi mari comparative
cu forajele convenţionale, din cauza lungimii mari a coloanei de raizre. În
completare, se propune gasirea unor soluţii pentru reducerea tensiunilor în zone
accepatbile. Calculul de verificare, cu noile valori ale sistemului, a demonstrat
eficienţa măsurilor adoptate. Folosind metoda elementului finit, s-a modelat harta
de tensiuni a capului de sondă cu datele obţinute prin calculul teoretic. Această
simulare a tensiunilor aplicate la capul de sondă a confirmat eficienţa măsurilor
corective luate în vederea reducerii încărcărilor statice şi dinamice la capul de
sondă. Modelarea s-a realizat folosind software-ul SolidWorks.
4) În consecință, exploatările offshore, în zone cu ape adânci și extrem de
adânci, sunt esențiale pentru acoperirea cererii de tiței și gaze în viitor. Costurile și
riscurile asociate unor astfel de proiecte sunt ridicate și se fac pe termen lung. Mai
mult, viabilitatea acestora este afectată de reducerea prețului petrolului. Există un
drum lung de la forarea unei sonde de explorare de succes până la punerea acesteia
în exploatare.
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[16] ***ANSI/API 17J “Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe” 3;
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EMERG, Volume VI, Issue 3/2020 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011
Abstract: In this paper, the authors systematized and interpreted the results
obtained by running their own design computing programs, developed using the
facilities offered by the Mathcad mathematical software package combined with
facilities offered by appropriate custom chart wizard, provided by Excel. These
programs were developed based on the algorithms for calculating the parameters of
the equivalent scheme, the electrical balance components and the energy efficiency
indicators (efficiency, power factor) for a three-phase induction motor with squirrel
cage rotor with deep rectangular bars within the ancillary services of a thermoelectric
power plant, using a complete mathematical model for different degrees of loading.
1 Cercetător postdoctoral dr. ing. Proiect POCU MySMIS 125125, Universitatea POLITEHNICA din
București, Școala Doctorală de Inginerie Electrică, e-mail: nicolae.diga@gmail.com
2 Prof. univ. dr. ing., Universitatea POLITEHNICA din București, Dept. de Mașini, Materiale și
1. Introduction
one required by the work machine, having as main positive effects: reduction of the
absorbed power and improvement of the power factor [1].
Obviously, the replacement is possible only if the starting conditions and
those related to maintaining the operating stability of the respective drive (pump -
drive electromotor) are ensured.
The paper highlights the role of computer-aided scientific research in
increasing the energy efficiency of induction motors for driving specific aggregates
in the energy industry. This gives the possibility to analyze the different operating
scenarios of the electric drive systems (pump - drive electromotor) existing on the
market of ancillary services.
RR' = RRV
'
k R + RRC
'
; X σ' R = X σ' RV k X + X σ' RC . (1)
' '
Considering that the notations have been made: X R = X σR + X μ and that
X μ it does not depend on slip, the relations (2) can be written:
X R' = X RV
' '
k X + X RC '
with X RV = X ' RV ; X RC
'
= X σ' RC + X μ . (2)
148 Nicolae Digă, Valentin Năvrăpescu, Silvia-Maria Digă
where:
'
RRV , X σ' RV - the phase leakage resistance, respectively reactance corresponding to
the portions of the rotor winding contained within the magnetic core of the rotor,
relative to the stator;
'
RRC , X σ' RC - the phase leakage resistance, respectively reactance corresponding to
the portions of the rotor winding located outside the rotor core;
k R , k X - two functions depending on the slip which for the motors with rectangular
section bars have the expressions (3), (4):
πfμ 0 bb
= h' s ; h' = h (4)
ρ bc
where:
ξ - a dimensionless size called conventionally, the reduced height of the bar;
μ 0 - the vacuum magnetic permeability;
ρ - the resistivity of the bar material;
bb, bc - the width of the section of the rotor bar, respectively that of the rotor slot;
h - the height of the section of the rotor bar, expressed in cm.
Taking into account the characteristics of the materials used usuallz, at the
frequency of 50 Hz was obtained for copper h ' = 6h bb / bc [1].
From the equivalent schemes of the induction machine (T [1], Π [2]), the
equivalent scheme in Π, shown in Figure 1, was chosen for modelling.
I Is Rs j • X σs I 'R j • X σ' R
IW I R R'
μ
s
Us RW j• Xμ
The authors analyzed in this study, a motor intended to work within the
ancillary (internal) services of a thermal power plant (CET) with 60 MW groups
using black fuel oil, which drives the starter boiler mineral oil pumps or the black
fuel oil transfer pumps (moving from one tank to another). This induction motor
with squirrel cage rotor with deep rectangular copper bars, in the studied
construction version, has the following catalogue data, according to Table 2.
This construction variant MIB2 425M 65-2 of a three-phase induction
electric motor (M) in closed construction I (protection degree IP 44) with deep bar
short-circuit rotor (B), construction variant 2, 425M gauge, has the height of the
axis of rotation 425 mm and is a horizontal motor with housing fixing (welded,
150 Nicolae Digă, Valentin Năvrăpescu, Silvia-Maria Digă
steel) with soles, two portgear shields, a single shaft end with a diameter of 65 mm
and 2 poles.
The motor cooling of closed construction (MI) is done by self-ventilation
in the closed circuit, with the help of an air-to-air type heat exchanger. The winding
insulation is in the insulation class F. The motor is coupled directly to the driven
mechanism and is intended for continuous operation regime, corresponding to the
type S1 service. The motor with the rotor in short-circuit can be started by direct
coupling to the network.
Table 3. The computed parameters of the calculation equivalent scheme for the drive
induction motor studied
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
βP = 0.25 βP = 0.5 βP = 0.75 βP = 1 βP = 1.25
120.000 120
100.000 100
80.000 80
60.000 60
40.000 40
20.000 20
0.000 0
βP = 0.25 βP = 0.5 βP = 0.75 βP = 1 βP = 1.25
160 60
Absorbed reactive power,
140 Qa [kVAr]
50
120
40 Reactive power needed
100 magnetization machine,
Qu [kVAr]
80 30
Reactive power covering
60 stator dispersion, Qs
20 [kVAr]
40
Reactive power covering
10
20 rotor dispersion, QR
[kVAr]
0 0
βP = 0,25 βP = 0,5 βP = 0,75 βP = 1 βP = 1,25
120 45
Absorbed reactive power,
40 Qa [%]
100
35
80 30 Reactive power needed
magnetization machine,
25 Qu [%]
60
20 Reactive power covering
stator dispersion, Qs [%]
40 15
10 Reactive power covering
20
5 rotor dispersion, QR [%]
0 0
βP = 0,25 βP = 0,5 βP = 0,75 βP = 1 βP = 1,25
350
300
Active power absorbed
250 from the network, PA
[kW]
200 Absorbed reactive power,
Qa [kVAr]
150
Apparent power, Sa [kVA]
100
50
0
βP = 0,25 βP = 0,5 βP = 0,75 βP = 1 βP = 1,25
- The efficiency for load degree regime βP = 0.25 will be 94.651% of the
rated efficiency and the power factor will be 77.508 % of the rated power factor.
- The efficiency for load degree regime βP = 1.25 will be 99.858% of the
rated efficiency and the power factor will be 99.228 % of the rated power factor.
97 0 .9
0 .8
96 cos
0 .7
sc_( a ) 95 sc_ cos( b )
eta [%]
0 .6
cos fi
Figure 7. The variation of the energy indicators of the studied drive induction motor
according to the load degree
(cspline - third order spline function, resulting in a cubic curve between the nodes;
pspline - second order spline function resulting in parabola segments connected
between nodes; lpline - first order spline function resulting in a polygonal line
between nodes). In Figure 7 were represented in addition to the values of these
indicators obtained from the calculation and the curves obtained by these
interpolations.
The analysis of the calculated values of the efficiency and the power factor
presented in Table 4 and of the corresponding characteristics represented in Figure
7, shows that when operating with loads βP > 0.75, the values of these indicators are
practically those of the rated regime.
Only if the motor operates on loads βP < 0.75, can be taken into
consideration the problem of replacing it with a similar motor of lower rated power
and whose energy indicators (efficiency, power factor) have to comply with certain
conditions [6], [ 7], [8], [9], this solution leading to the reduction of active power
losses.
4. Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work has been funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital
of the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement
51675/09.07.2019, SMIS code 125125.
156 Nicolae Digă, Valentin Năvrăpescu, Silvia-Maria Digă
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