ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I’m deeply grateful to my supervisor, P.M. Dr. Syed Alwee Aljunid B. Syed Junid,
for his guidance, patience and support. I consider myself very fortunate for being able to
work with a very considerate and encouraging professor like him. Without his offering to
accomplish this research, I would not be able to finish my study at UniMAP. I’m much
obliged to my group members Nursyazwani and Farah Hayati. Their enlightening
suggestions and encouragements made me feel I was not isolated in my research. I also
want to show my sincere gratitude to my other two committee members, Liyana Dhamirah
and Norizan, for taking their precious time to consider my work.

I’m indebted to Mr. Ir. Anuar B. Mat Safar, for his help during accomplish my
project. He always gives a support for the in-depth discussions about various research
problems. His insights in developing the ZCC code, especially from the perspective of an
experimentalist, clarified a lot of my questions.

I owe many thanks to my classmate and all of my friends, especially Khairul Nizam
that always support and give full attention for me to solve my problem. They always help
me in exchanging any ideas and give the enjoyable studying environment. They made my
life at UniMAP a truly memorable experience and their friendships are invaluable to me.

I am most grateful to my parents, mom and especially to my father, Osman B. Salim

that had passed away last year. They have always loved me and supported my every choice.
As I know, they are the happiest and the most proud when seeing their daughter gets this
degree, I dedicate this project to them. I’m also thankful for the great joys and happiness
brought to me by my other sister’s and brother’s.

i
 APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET

This project report titled Development of New OCDMA Code was prepared and
submitted by Nor Ilyana Bt Osman (Matrix Number : 031080714) and has been found
satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering (Communication Engineering) in
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP).

Checked and Approved by

________________________________
(P.M. Dr. Syed Alwee Aljunid B. Syed Junid)
Project Supervisor

School of Computer and Communication Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

May 2007

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 PEMBENTUKAN KOD ‘OCDMA’ BARU

ABSTRAK

Komunikasi merupakan perkara yang penting pada masa sekarang tidak kira masa,
tempat dan situasi. Medium penghantaran isyarat boleh dikelaskan kepada tanpa wayar dan
berwayar (terutamanya gentian optik di mana ianya mempunyai kelebihan dari segi
penghantaran jarak jauh berbanding dengan medium penghantaran yang lain). Tambahan
pula terdapat tiga jenis akses pelbagai bahagian yang digunakan di dalam sistem
komunikasi iaitu Akses Pelbagai Bahagian Masa (TDMA), Akses Pelbagai Bahagian Jarak
Gelombang (WDMA) dan Akses Pelbagai Bahagian Kod (CDMA). CDMA diakui dapat
menyediakan tahap kecekapan, keselamatan dan kelebihan pelbagai akses di dalam dunia
komunikasi tanpa wayar. Akses Pelbagai Bahagian Kod Optik (OCDMA) merupakan topik
menarik untuk dibuat kajian kerana ianya berpotensi untuk menyokong ledakan komunikasi
tanpa segerak. Perlaksanaan mana-mana sistem OCDMA adalah bergantung kepada ciri-ciri
kod. Pembangunan aplikasi kod ini perlu dipertingkatkan untuk mendapatkan tahap
penghantaran isyarat yang optimum di dalam sistem OCDMA.

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 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, communication is very important at any place, time and situation. The
transmission of signal can be in wireless or cable (especially fiber optic that has more
advantages than others cable for a long distance). Furthermore, there are three type of
division multiple accesses that use in communication systems which are Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA), Wavelength Division Multiple Access (WDMA) and Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA). But, CDMA has been recognized to provide efficiency,
security, and multi-access benefits in wireless communications. This has triggered interest
in providing similar advantages for optical communication systems. Optical code division
multiple access (OCDMA) is an interesting subject of research because of its potential to
support asynchronous, burst communications. The performance of any OCDMA system
strongly depends on the codes properties. The application of codes had been develop need
to be improved to get the good transmission performance in OCDMA system.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET ii
ABSTRAK iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Multiple Access Scheme 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Scope of Work 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) 8
2.2.1 Spread Spectrum 8
2.3 OCDMA Codes 10
2.3.1 Hadamart Code 11

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 Page
2.3.2 Double Weight (DW) 13
2.3.3 Modified Double Weight (MDW) 14

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Theoretical Studies 19
3.2 Simulation 20
3.2.1 Simulation Analysis 20
3.2.2 Design Parameter 21
3.2.2.1 Chip Spacing 21
3.2.2.2 Distance 22
3.2.2.3 Bit Rate 23
3.2.2.4 Transmission Power (Input Power) 23
3.2.3 Performance Parameter 24
3.2.3.1 Bit Error Rate (BER) 24
3.2.3.2 Received Power 24
3.2.3.3 Eye Pattern 25

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 26
4.1.1 Code Development 27
4.1.2 Performance Analysis 29
4.1.3 Code Comparison 31
4.2 Simulation 35

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary 43
5.2 Recommendation for Future Project 44

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 Page
5.3 Commercialization Potential 44

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES
Appendix A (i) : MATLAB programme for insertrow 48
Appendix A (ii) : MATLAB programme for ZCC 51
Appendix B : Layout Design 53
Appendix C : Optisystem 5.0 Advertisement 54

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Tables No. Page

2.0 Hadamard Code Sequences for 6 Users. 12

2.1 Example of MDW ( W = 4 ) Code Sequences. 18

4.0 Symbol and description for the formula. 30

4.1 Comparison between OOC, Hadamard, MDW code, MFH 31

and ZCC code.

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures No. Page

1.0 Fiber optic communications system using optical codec. 3

1.1 A General Study Model of the Research Work. 5

2.0 Time-frequency space usage in (a) TDMA, (b) WDMA, 7

(c) CDMA.

2.1 Spreading process by data signal, spreading signal and 9

message signal.

2.2 Signal for transmission system. 9

3.0 Chip Spacing. 22

3.1 Ideal Rectangular Shaped Weights. 22

4.0 Performance comparison between Hadamard, MDW, MFH 32

and ZCC codes.

4.1 Output for w = 1 and the number of user = 2. 33

4.2 Output for w = 2 and the number of user = 3. 33

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 Page
4.3 (a) For w = 3 and the number of user = 4. 34

4.3 (b) Continue page from Figure 4.2 (s) for w = 3 and the number 34
of user = 4.

4.4 The system architecture of Optical CDMA network under 36

study using OptiSys 5.0.

4.5 Sample eye diagram at Channel 1 output for distance 50km. 37

4.6 Sample eye diagram at Channel 1 output for distance 100km. 37

4.7 Sample signal occurred at BER Analyzer for 38

Channel 1 output (distance=50km).

4.8 Sample Optical Power Meter Visualizer as an input measured. 38

4.9 Sample Electrical Power Meter Visualizer as an input measured 38

at Channel 1.

4.10 BER versus Chip Width for Channel 1. 39

4.11 BER versus Distance for Channel 1. 40

4.12 BER versus Bit Rate for Channel 1. 41

4.13 BER versus Input Power (dBm) for Channel 1. 42

4.14 BER versus Output Power (dBm) for Channel 1. 42

x
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ΔF chip width
Δv total spectral width
B electrical equivalent noise band-width of the receiver
e electron charge
k number of user
kB Boltzmann’s constant
N ,C code length
Psr effective power at receiver

R photodiode responsivity
RL load resistance

Tr temperature of receiver noise

w code weight
BER Bit Error Rate
DW Double Weight
MAI Multiple Access Interference
MDW Modified Double Weight
OCDMA Optical Code Division Multiple Access
PIIN Phase Intensity Induced Noise
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
WDMA Wavelength Division Multiple Access
ZCC Zero Cross Correlation

xi