Circuit animations

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1
 Questions
Question 1
Animation: simple circuit with switch

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows a simple circuit with one battery, two switches, and a resistor. Watch
what happens when both switches are closed, and when either switch opens. Here are some things to look
for:
• How do we define what an ”open” switch is?
• What is opposite of ”open” for an electric switch? Hint: it isn’t ”shut”
• Where does a voltage ”drop” appear?
• Which direction do the electrons move?
• Compare the effects of the two switches: does one switch have any more effect on the circuit’s current
than the other? If so, which one?

2
Direction of electron motion

3
Direction of electron motion

4
Direction of electron motion

5
Direction of electron motion

6
Direction of electron motion

7
Direction of electron motion

8
Direction of electron motion

9
Direction of electron motion

10
Direction of electron motion
switch open!

11
Direction of electron motion
switch open!

12
Direction of electron motion
switch open!

13
Direction of electron motion
switch open!

14
Direction of electron motion

15
Direction of electron motion

16
Direction of electron motion

17
Direction of electron motion

18
Direction of electron motion

19
Direction of electron motion

20
Direction of electron motion

21
Direction of electron motion

22
Direction of electron motion

switch open!

23
Direction of electron motion

switch open!

24
Direction of electron motion

switch open!

25
 Direction of electron motion

switch open!

file 03231

26
Question 2
Animation: Soldering a wire to a lug

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows the procedure for properly soldering a wire to a lug.

27
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

28
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

29
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

30
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

31
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

32
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

33
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

34
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

35
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

36
 Soldering iron

Solder

Wire Lug

37
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41
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file 03450

67
Question 3
Animation: Applying Thévenin’s theorem

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows the steps involved in ”Thévenizing” a circuit.

68
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

69
 This is our original circuit:
18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

70
 We may use Thevenin’s theorem
to simplify this portion of the circuit . . .
18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

71
 We may use Thevenin’s theorem
to simplify this portion of the circuit . . .
18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

72
 We may use Thevenin’s theorem
to simplify this portion of the circuit . . .
18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

73
 We may use Thevenin’s theorem
to simplify this portion of the circuit . . .
18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

74
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

75
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

To this Thevenin equivalent circuit . . .

76
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

To this Thevenin equivalent circuit . . .

RTH

VTH

77
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ
. . . to which we may attach
the same load and analyze.

RTH

VTH

78
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ
. . . toRwhich
load
we may attach
the same load and analyze.

RTH

VTH

79
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ
. . . to which we may attach
the same load and analyze.

Rload
RTH

VTH

80
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ
. . . to which we may attach
the same load and analyze.

RTH
Rload
VTH

81
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ
. . . to which we may attach
the same load and analyze.

RTH
Rload
VTH

82
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

RTH
Rload
VTH

83
 18 V

First we disconnect
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
the load resistor.
R2

12 kΩ

RTH
Rload
VTH

84
 18 V

First we disconnect
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
the load resistor.
R2

12 kΩ

RTH

VTH

85
 18 V

First we disconnect
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load resistor.
R2 Rload

12 kΩ

RTH

VTH

86
 18 V

First we disconnect
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load resistor.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

87
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

88
 18 V Then we calculate how
much voltage appears
across the open load
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ terminals.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

89
 18 V Then we calculate how
much voltage appears
+ across the open load
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V terminals.
R2 -

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

90
 18 V Then we calculate how
much voltage appears
+ across the open load
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V terminals.
R2 -

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

91
 18 V Then we calculate how
much voltage appears
+ across the open load
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V terminals.
10 kΩ
R2 - (18 volts) (14 kΩ + 12 kΩ + 10 kΩ)

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

92
 18 V Then we calculate how
much voltage appears
+ across the open load
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V terminals.
10 kΩ
R2 - (18 volts) (14 kΩ + 12 kΩ + 10 kΩ)
= 5 volts
12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

93
 18 V

+
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V 5V
R2 -

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

94
 18 V
This voltage becomes
+ our Thevenin source
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V 5 V voltage . . .
R2 -

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

VTH

95
 18 V
This voltage becomes
+ our Thevenin source
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V 5 V voltage . . .
R2 -

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

96
 18 V
This voltage becomes
+ our Thevenin source
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ V 5 V voltage . . .
R2 -

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH
. . . in the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
5V

97
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

98
 18 V Now we replace each source
in the original circuit with its
own internal resistance.
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

99
 18 V Now we replace each source
in the original circuit with its
own internal resistance.
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ For voltage sources, this
R2 means a short-circuit.
12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

100
 18 V
Now we replace each source
in the original circuit with its
own internal resistance.
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ For voltage sources, this
R2 means a short-circuit.
12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

101
 18 V
Now we replace each source
in the original circuit with its
own internal resistance.
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ For voltage sources, this
R2 means a short-circuit.
12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

102
 Now we replace each source
in the original circuit with its
own internal resistance.
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ For voltage sources, this
R2 means a short-circuit.
12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

103
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

104
 . . . and we calculate
resistance across the open
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ load terminals.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

105
 . . . and we calculate
resistance across the open
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω load terminals.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

106
 . . . and we calculate
resistance across the open
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω load terminals.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

107
 (14 kΩ + 12 kΩ) // 10 kΩ

. . . and we calculate
resistance across the open
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω load terminals.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

108
 (14 kΩ + 12 kΩ) // 10 kΩ
= 7.22 kΩ
. . . and we calculate
resistance across the open
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω load terminals.
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

109
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω 7.22 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

110
 This resistance becomes
our Thevenin source
resistance . . .
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω 7.22 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

RTH

5V

111
 This resistance becomes
our Thevenin source
resistance . . .
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω 7.22 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

7.22 kΩ

5V

112
 This resistance becomes
our Thevenin source
resistance . . .
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Ω 7.22 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

7.22 kΩ

. . . in the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

5V

113
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ
Rload

7.22 kΩ

5V

114
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ
Rload

7.22 kΩ

5V

115
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

Rload

7.22 kΩ

5V

116
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

7.22 kΩ
Rload
5V

117
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

7.22 kΩ
Rload
5V

118
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

7.22 kΩ
Rload
5V

119
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ
Rload
5V

120
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload
5V

121
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V

122
 18 V Now that we have an
equivalent circuit to
work with, we may insert
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ the load there to see what
R2 happens!

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

123
 18 V

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

124
 These load calculations will
18 V reflect what happens in the
original circuit!

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ
R2

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

125
 These load calculations will
18 V reflect what happens in the
original circuit!

14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

126
 These load calculations will
18 V reflect what happens in the
original circuit!
Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2

12 kΩ (same)

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

127
 These load calculations will
18 V reflect what happens in the
original circuit!
Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2 Iload

12 kΩ
(same)
Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

128
 These load calculations will
18 V reflect what happens in the
original circuit!
Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2 Iload
Pload
12 kΩ

Calculate: (same)
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

129
 These load calculations will
18 V reflect what happens in the
original circuit!
Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload
R2 Iload
Pload
12 kΩ

Calculate:
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

130
 18 V

Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload Iload
R2 Pload
12 kΩ

7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

131
 18 V

Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload Iload
R2 Pload
12 kΩ

7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

132
 18 V

Vload
14 kΩ R1 R3 10 kΩ Rload Iload
R2 Pload
12 kΩ The load cannot ‘‘tell’’
any difference between the
original circuit and the
Thevenin equivalent circuit.
7.22 kΩ Vload
Rload Iload
5V
Pload

file 03261

133
Question 4
Animation: Lissajous figures on an oscilloscope with 0 degrees phase shift

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how two sinusoidal voltages with 0 degrees phase shift between them
can draw a Lissajous figure on the screen of an oscilloscope.

134
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

135
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

136
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

137
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

138
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

139
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

140
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

141
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

142
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

0o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

file 03263

143
Question 5
Animation: Lissajous figures on an oscilloscope with 90 degrees phase shift

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how two sinusoidal voltages with 90 degrees phase shift between them
can draw a Lissajous figure on the screen of an oscilloscope.

144
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

145
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

146
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

147
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

148
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

149
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

150
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

151
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

152
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

90o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

file 03264

153
Question 6
Animation: Lissajous figures on an oscilloscope with 180 degrees phase shift

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how two sinusoidal voltages with 180 degrees phase shift between them
can draw a Lissajous figure on the screen of an oscilloscope.

154
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

155
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

156
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

157
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

158
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

159
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

160
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

161
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

162
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

180o phase shift between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

file 03265

163
Question 7
Animation: Lissajous figures on an oscilloscope with 2:1 frequency ratio

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how two sinusoidal voltages with a frequency ratio of 2:1 draw a Lissajous
figure on the screen of an oscilloscope.

164
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

165
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

166
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

167
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

168
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

169
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

170
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

171
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

172
 Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250 µ
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50 µ
1 50 m 5m 10 µ
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5 µ
5 10 m 100 m 0.5 µ
10 5m 500 m 0.1 µ
20 2m 1 0.025 µ
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Trace rot. Reset Slope
HF Rej

2:1 frequency ratio between Vvertical and Vhorizontal

Vvertical Vhorizontal

file 03266

173
Question 8
Animation: three-phase electric motor

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how three sets of electromagnet poles create a rotating magnetic field
when energized by three-phase AC power. Relative strengths of the magnetic fields produced by each pair
of poles are indicated by the size of the ”N” (North) and ”S” (South) letters. Here are some things to look
for in this animation:
• What determines the direction of the vector arrow?
• Note when each pole pair (A and A’, etc.) reaches its peak magnetic field strength.
• Is there any time where more than one pair of electromagnet poles is at its maximum field strength?

174
 A

B C
N S

N S

C B

175
 A

B C
N

N S

N S
S
C B

176
 A

B C
N
N

S
S
C B

177
 A

B C
N
N N

S S

S
C B

178
 A

B C
N
N

S
S
C B

179
 A

B C
N

S N

S N

S
C B

180
 A

B C
S N

S N

C B

181
 A

B C
S

S N

S N
N
C B

182
 A

B C
S
S

N
N
C B

183
 A

B C
S
S S

N N

N
C B

184
 A

B C
S
S

N
N
C B

185
 A

B C
S

N S

N S

N
C B

A
file 03232

186
Question 9
Animation: sketching characteristic curves for a transistor

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how a family of characteristic curves are sketched for a bipolar junction
transistor. Pay close attention to what parameters are varied as each curve is sketched.

187
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

188
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

189
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

190
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

191
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

192
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

193
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

194
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

195
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

196
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

197
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

198
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

199
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

200
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

201
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

202
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

203
 7

6
IC
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

204
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

205
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

206
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

207
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

208
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

209
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

210
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

211
 7

6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

212
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

213
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

214
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

215
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

216
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

217
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
VCE (volts)

218
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

219
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

220
 7 IB = 40 µA
6
IC IB = 30 µA
5

VCE IC (mA) 4
IB = 20 µA
3

2 IB = 10 µA
IB
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VCE (volts)

file 03237

221
Question 10
Animation: crossover distortion in a push-pull transistor amplifier

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows a simple push-pull, emitter-follower amplifier circuit exhibiting crossover
distortion. Watch what happens as the input voltage goes through a whole cycle, noting when each transistor
begins to conduct, and when each transistor ceases conduction. Here are some things to look for:
• Which transistor handles which portion of the input waveform (positive versus negative)?
• Why is there a ”flat” spot in the output waveform?
• What would have to be done to this circuit to allow it to reproduce the waveform in full?

222
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

223
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

224
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

225
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

226
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

227
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

228
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

229
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

230
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

231
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

232
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

233
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

234
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

235
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

236
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

237
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

238
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

239
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

240
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

241
Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V

242
 Input Output
+V

Vin
Rload

-V
file 03233

243
Question 11
Animation: PWM comparator circuit

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows a comparator used to generate a PWM pulse signal from a triangle wave
and a DC reference voltage. Watch what happens as the input voltage goes through a whole cycle, noting
when the comparator switches output states. Here are some things to look for:
• What input conditions are necessary for the comparator to output a ”high” (+V) state?
• What input conditions are necessary for the comparator to output a ”low” (-V) state?
• Which direction would you move the potentiometer wiper to increase the duty cycle of the PWM output?

244
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

245
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

246
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

247
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

248
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

249
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

250
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

251
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

252
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

253
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

254
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

255
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

256
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

257
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

258
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

259
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

260
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

261
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

262
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

263
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

264
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

265
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

266
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

267
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

268
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

269
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

270
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

271
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

272
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

273
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

274
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

275
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

276
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

277
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

278
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

279
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

280
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

281
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

282
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

283
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

284
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V

285
 +V

+
Vout
Vin −
Vref

-V
file 03235

286
Question 12
Animation: telephony multiplexer

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how multiple telephone conversations may be ”multiplexed” across a
single communication channel. A high switching speed is necessary to make the conversations seamless,
which may be simulated by watching the animation at a high frame rate and seeing that the respective
conversation outputs appear to be constant. Some questions to ponder:
• Why do you suppose anyone would do this? Why not just have five separate lines, one for each
conversation?
• How fast do you suppose the mux/demux pair would have to switch in order for the received conversations
to appear seamless?

287
 Mux Demux
Conversation A Conversation A

Conversation B

Conversation C

Conversation D

Conversation E

288
 Mux Demux
Conversation A

Conversation B Conversation B

Conversation C

Conversation D

Conversation E

289
 Mux Demux
Conversation A

Conversation B

Conversation C Conversation C

Conversation D

Conversation E

290
 Mux Demux
Conversation A

Conversation B

Conversation C

Conversation D Conversation D

Conversation E

291
 Mux Demux
Conversation A

Conversation B

Conversation C

Conversation D

Conversation E Conversation E

file 03236

292
Question 13
Animation: Johnson ring counter

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows a 4-bit Johnson ring counter circuit. Watch what happens as the clock
signal oscillates. Here are some things to look for:
• Note when the logic state at each flip-flop input gets sent to the Q output.
• Why do you think this is called a ”ring” counter circuit?

293
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

294
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

295
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

296
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 01 01 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

297
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

298
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

299
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

300
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

301
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 01 01 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

302
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

303
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

304
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

305
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

306
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 01 01 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

307
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

308
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

309
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

310
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

311
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
01 1 1 1 1 1 1 01
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
01

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

312
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

313
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

314
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

315
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

316
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 01 01 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

317
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

318
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

319
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

320
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

321
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 01 01 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

322
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

323
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

324
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

325
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

326
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 01 01 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

327
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

328
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

329
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

330
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
0

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

331
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
01 0 0 0 0 0 0 01
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
01

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

332
 D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C C C C
Clk
Q Q Q Q
1

VDD

Clock
Gnd

VDD

Q0
Gnd

VDD

Q1
Gnd

VDD

Q2
Gnd

VDD

Q3
Gnd

file 03234

333
Question 14
Animation: addressing 16 × 8 bit ROM memory

This question consists of a series of images (one per page) that form an animation. Flip the pages with
your fingers to view this animation (or click on the ”next” button on your viewer) frame-by-frame.

The following animation shows how setting the input (address) switches in particular combinations
selects individual memory ”cells” inside the ROM, resulting in data stored within those cells to appear at
the output (data) lines. Questions to ponder:
• What is the organization of this particular ROM chip? (e.g. 256 × 4, 1k × 1, etc.)
• What is the relationship between the hexadecimal numbers stored inside each cell and the alphabetical
characters shown below the chip? What code is being used to represent these characters?
• What character is represented by the hexadecimal code 20? (Hint: this code is used twice in the sequence
shown.)

334
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 1
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 0
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

335
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 0
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Me

336
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 1
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Mem

337
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 1
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 1
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memo

338
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 0
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 1
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 0
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 1
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memor

339
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 1
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 1
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory

340
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 0
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 0
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 0
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory

341
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 1
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
0 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 0
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory I

342
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 1
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 0
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 1
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is

343
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 0
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 0
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 0
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is

344
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 0
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 1
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 0
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is U

345
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 1
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 0
72 79 20 49 D3 0
0 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 1
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is Us

346
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 0
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is Use

347
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 0
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 1
4 5 6 7
0 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 0
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is Usef

348
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 1
0 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 0
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 1
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is Usefu

349
 VDD
VDD ROM memory IC
0 1 2 3
D0 0
1 A0 4D 65 6D 6F D1 0
4 5 6 7
1 A1 D2 1
72 79 20 49 D3 1
1 A2 8 9 10 11
D4 0
1 A3 73 20 55 73 D5 1
12 13 14 15
D6 1
65 66 75 6C D7 0

Memory Is Useful

file 03244

350
 Answers
Answer 1
Note how the opening of either switch is sufficient to halt current throughout the entire circuit. Note
also how a voltage drop appears across the greatest circuit resistance (and the battery terminals, of course).

Answer 2
Nothing to note here.

Answer 3
Nothing to note here.

Answer 4
Nothing to note here.

Answer 5
Nothing to note here.

Answer 6
Nothing to note here.

Answer 7
Nothing to note here.

Answer 8
Note how each pole pair (A and A’, B and B’, C and C’) develops its peak magnetic field at different
times.

Answer 9
Nothing to note here.

Answer 10
For silicon transistors, the crossover distortion amounts to approximately 1.4 volts (from +0.7 to -0.7
volts) in the input waveform.

Follow-up question: in terms of percentage, do you think crossover distortion increases as the input
signal increases in peak-to-peak magnitude, or decreases? Explain your reasoning.

Answer 11
Nothing to note here.

Answer 12
This animation must be played with a very fast frame rate to do the principle justice. If this is not
possible, imagine the mux/demux pair moving at a blinding speed – so fast that your eyes could not follow
the motions of the selector switches. What do you suppose the words next to the output lines (Conversation
A, Conversation B, etc.) would look like?

Answer 13
Note that each rising edge of the clock pulse has its own frame in the animation sequence, to better
show you what happens at those crucial times.

351
Answer 14
Nothing to note here!

352
 Notes
Notes 1
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the behavior of this switch circuit and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.

Notes 2
The purpose of this animation is to let students see proper soldering technique: applying heat to the
”work” and not the solder directly is the most important element of the technique.

Notes 3
The purpose of this animation is to let students see how Thévenin’s theorem may be applied to the
simplification of a resistor network.

Notes 4
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the evolution of Lissajous figures and see how they
are created from the interrelationship between two sinusoidal waveforms. Similar to experimentation in the
lab, except that here all the data collection is done visually rather than through the use of test equipment,
and the students are able to ”see” things that are invisible in real life.

Notes 5
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the evolution of Lissajous figures and see how they
are created from the interrelationship between two sinusoidal waveforms. Similar to experimentation in the
lab, except that here all the data collection is done visually rather than through the use of test equipment,
and the students are able to ”see” things that are invisible in real life.

Notes 6
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the evolution of Lissajous figures and see how they
are created from the interrelationship between two sinusoidal waveforms. Similar to experimentation in the
lab, except that here all the data collection is done visually rather than through the use of test equipment,
and the students are able to ”see” things that are invisible in real life.

Notes 7
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the evolution of Lissajous figures and see how they
are created from the interrelationship between two sinusoidal waveforms. Similar to experimentation in the
lab, except that here all the data collection is done visually rather than through the use of test equipment,
and the students are able to ”see” things that are invisible in real life.

Notes 8
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the evolution of the rotating magnetic field and
reach their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is
done visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that
are invisible in real life.

Notes 9
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the generation of characteristic curves and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.

353
Notes 10
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the behavior of this amplifier circuit and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.

Notes 11
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the behavior of this comparator circuit and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.

Notes 12
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the behavior of this multiplexer circuit and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.

Notes 13
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the behavior of this counter circuit and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.
In this animation, I show each rising edge of the clock signal in its own frame, whereas the falling edge
of the clock shares a frame with the first half of the ”low” state. I do this because these are positive edge-
triggered flip-flops, and so the rising edge of the clock pulse is most important. I could have slowed things
down on the falling edge of the clock as well, but since there is little ”action” happening then, I decided to
save a frame and make it a shorter animation.

Notes 14
The purpose of this animation is to let students study the behavior of this switch circuit and reach
their own conclusions. Similar to experimentation in the lab, except that here all the data collection is done
visually rather than through the use of test equipment, and the students are able to ”see” things that are
invisible in real life.

354