Analog Modulation

1-38 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Section Amplitude
= Read it
till it
2 Modulation Hertz!
DEFINITION. Modulation is the process of impressing or imparting a low-

frequency source information (voice, audio, video, or data) onto a high-
frequency bandpass signal with a carrier frequency fc by the introduction of
amplitude, frequency or phase perturbation.
DEFINITION. Demodulation is the reverse process where the received

signals are transformed back to their original form.
DEFINITION. Amplitude Modulation is an analog modulation scheme in

which the amplitude of a relatively high-frequency carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal.
A. .THE AM WAVEFORM.
1. Instantaneous Amplitude of the Modulated Wave
ν AM ( t ) = ( Vc + em ) sin ωc t
The modulating signal is more often an arbitrary waveform, such as

audio signal. However, an analysis of sine wave modulation is very
useful, since Fourier analysis often allows complex signals to be
express as a series of sinusoids.
Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO 1-39
Hence,
ν AM (t) = ( Vc + Vm sin ωmt ) sin ωc t
By applying little trigonometry,
mVc mVc
ν AM (t) = Vc sin ωc t − cos ( ωc + ωm ) t + cos ( ωc − ωm ) t
2 2
where :
ν AM (t) = AM modulated wave
Vc = peak amplitude of the carrier in V
em = instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal in V
ωc = angular frequency of the carrier wave in rad/s
ωm = angular frequency of the modulating signal in rad/s
m = modulation index
Read it till it Hertz…jma
ª First, note that the amplitude of the carrier after modulation is the
same as it was before modulation
(In short, AM is a bit of a misnomer).
ª Second, the amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies is a

function of both the carrier amplitude and the modulation index.
ª Third, the carrier component is a +sine function, the upper side

frequency a –cosine function, and the lower side frequency a +cosine
function or the carrier is 90° out of phase with both the upper and lower
side frequencies, and the upper and lower side frequency are 180° out of
phase with each other.
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2. Coefficient of Modulation (m)

A term used to describe the amount of amplitude changed
(modulation) present in an AM waveform.
Mathematically,
where :
V Vm = peak amplitude of the
m= m
Vc modulating signal in V
Vc = peak amplitude of the
carrier signal in V
In terms of AM Envelope,
Vmax − Vmin Vmax = Vc + Vm

m=
Vmax + Vmin Vmin = Vc − Vm
ECE Board Exam: APRIL 2004

An AM signal has the following characteristics: carrier frequency = 150 MHz;
modulating frequency = 3 MHz; peak carrier voltage = 40 volts; and peak
modulating voltage is 30 volts. Calculate the peak voltage of the lower sideband
frequency.
Solution: 40
mV c V 30 15 15
VSB = ⇒m= m = = 0 .75
2 Vc 40
0 .75 (40 )
= = 15 V
2 fc-fm fc fc+fm
Sample Problem:
Calculate the modulation index for a standard AM transmission, if the
maximum peak voltage of the modulated wave is 150 V and the modulating
signal voltage is 50 V peak.
Solution:
Vm
m= ⇒ Vc = Vmax − Vm
Vc
50
=
150 − 50
= 0 .5
Several Cases of m:
a. Undermodulation (m<1, Vm<Vc)
b. 100% Modulation (m=1, Vm=Vc)
c. Overmodulation (m>1, Vm>Vc)

OVERMODULATION creates side frequencies (harmonics) further from the

carrier known as SPLATTER, BUCKSHOT, or SPURIOUS EMISSIONS which
create interference to other radio services and since spectrum space is
tightly controlled by law, overmodulation is illegal.
Sample Problem:
A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak-to-peak voltage of 11 V. Calculate the value of
modulation index if it used to amplitude modulate a carrier of peak voltage
10 V.
Solution:
For Emax;
Vm 11
Emax = Vc + = 10 +
2 2
= 15.5 V
For Emin;
Vm 11
Emin = Vc − = 10 −
2 2
= 4.5 V
For m;
Emax − Emin 15.5 − 4.5
m= =
Emax + Emin 15.5 + 4.5
= 0.55
Answer : 0.55
B. .SIMULTANEOUS MODULATION.
mT = m12 + m22 + m32 … + mn2
where :
m T = total modulation index
m1 , m2 ...mn = modulation indices due to several modulating signals

An AM transmitter is modulated by two sine waves at 1.5 kHz and 2.5 kHz, with
modulation of 20 percent and 80 percent respectively. Calculate the effective
modulation index.
Solution:
mT = m12 + m22 = 0 .22 + 0 .82 = 0 .824
Sample Problem:
Calculate the modulating voltage of an audio signal necessary to provide
100% modulation of a 100-V carrier that is simultaneously modulated by 2
audio waves with m1 and m2 equal to 75% and 45% respectively.
Solution:
For m3 at 100 % mod ulation;
m3 = ( )
m2T − m12 + m22 = (
12 − 0.752 + 0.452 )
= 48 .5 %
For Modulating Voltage;
Vm3 = m3 x Vc = 0.485 x 100 V
= 48 .5 V
Answer : Vm = 48 .5 V

C. .SPECTRUM OF CONVENTIONAL AM SIGNAL.
1. Frequency Spectrum
2. Voltage Spectrum
3. Power Spectrum
D. .CONVENTIONAL AM SYSTEM (DSBFC).
1. AM Bandwidth
BW = 2fm
2. Side Frequency (Sideband)
fSB = fc ± fm
Parameter General Solution

⎛ m2 ⎞
Transmit Power PT = Pc ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
m2Pc
Sideband Power PUSB = PLSB =
4
m2
Transmit Voltage VT = Vc 1 +
2
m2
Transmit Current I T = Ic 1 +
2
where:
BW = AM bandwidth
fm = Modulating frequency in Hz
Vc = Unmodulated carrier in V
VT = Modulated carrier in V
Pc = Unmodulated carrier power in W
PT = Modulated power in W
m = modulation index

ECE Board Exam: NOV 2004

What will be the total sideband power of an AM transmitting station whose carrier
power is 1200 W and a modulation of 95%?
Solution:
m2Pc
PT = Pcarrier + PSB ⇒ where PSB =
2
0.95 2 (1200 )
PSB = = 541 .5 Watts
2

Calculate the power in one sideband of an AM signal whose carrier power is 50
watts. The unmodulated current is 2 A while the modulated current is 2.4 A.
Solution:
⎡⎛ 2 ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2 .4 ⎞ 2 ⎤
m2 I ⎞
I T = Ic 1 + ⇒m= 2 ⎢⎜⎜ T ⎟ − 1⎥ =
⎟ 2 ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = 0.938
2 ⎢⎝ Ic ⎠ ⎥ ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
m2Pc 0 .938 2 (50 )
Pusb = Plsb = = = 11 watts
4 4
Sample Problem:
Calculate the total power and the power in each side frequency for a
standard AM transmission that is sinusoidally modulated to a depth of 80% if
the unmodulated carrier power is 50 kW.
Solution:
For PT ;
⎛ m2 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 0 . 82 ⎞
PT = Pc ⎜1 + = 50kW ⎜1 + ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎠ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
= 66 kW
For Each Side Frequency Power ;
m2Pc (0 .82 )50 kW
Pside = =
4 4
= 8 kW each
Answer : PT = 66 kW , Pside = 8 kW
Sample Problem:
Calculate the amplitude and resulting side frequency if a carrier wave of
frequency 10 MHz with a peak value of 10 V is amplitude modulated by a 5
kHz sine wave of amplitude 6 V.
Solution:
For m;
Vm 6
m= =
Vc 10
= 0.6
For Side Frequency;
fside = fc ± fm = 10 MHz ± 0.005 MHz
= 10.005 MHz and 9.995 MHz
For amplitude;
mVc 0.6 (10 )
VSB = = = 3V
2 2
Answer : VSB = 3 V, fside = 10.005 MHz and 9.995 MHz
Sample Problem:
The output voltage of an AM transmitter is 40 V when sinusoidally
modulated to a depth of 100%. Calculate the voltage at each side frequency
when the modulation depth is reduced to 50%.
Solution:
For Vc ;
VT 40
Vc = =
2
m 12
1+ 1+
2 2
= 32 .65 V
For Each Side Frequency Voltage ;
Vside =
mVc
=
(0.5)32 .65 V
2 2
= 8 .16 V each
Answer : Vc = 32 .65 V, Vside = 8 .16 V

ª The maximum bandwidth of an AM wave is twice of the maximum

modulating frequency.
ª The total power in an AM signal increases with modulation, reaching a

value of 50% greater than that of the unmodulated carrier at 100%
modulation.
ª The extra power with modulation goes into the sidebands; the carrier
power does not change with modulation.
ª The useful power, that is, the power that carries the information, is
rather small reaching a maximum of one-third of the total signal power
at 100% modulation.
E. .SUPPRESSED-CARRIER AM SYSTEM.
1. Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier (DSB-SC)
General Solution of Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(DSB-SC)
mVc mVc
ν(t) = − cos 2 π(fc + fm )t + cos 2π(fc − fm )t
2 2
m2Pc
Transmit Power PT =
2
m2Pc
Sideband Power PUSB = PLSB =
4
mVc
Transmit Voltage VT =
2
mIc
Transmit Current IT =
2

A DSB-SC system must suppress the carrier by 50 dB from its original value of 10
W. To what value must the carrier be reduced?
Solution:
Poriginal Porig
SdB = 10 log ⇒ Pred = S dB
Preduced
10 10
10
Pred = 50 dB
= 0.1 x10 −3 W = 100 μW
10 10
2. Single-Sideband Full-Carrier (SSB-FC)
General Solution of Single Sideband Full Carrier (SSB-FC)
mVc
ν(t) = Vc sin2πfc t + cos 2π(fc − fm )t
2

m2Pc
Transmit Power PT = Pc +
4
m2Pc
Sideband Power PUSB or PLSB =
4
m2
Transmit Voltage VT = Vc 1 +
4
m2
Transmit Current I T = Ic 1 +
4

Assuming 100% modulation H3E system, what would be the transmitted
power in the remaining sideband of an AM signal if the carrier power is 1000
watts?
Solution:
For H3E ⇒ (SSBFC )
m2PC 12 (1000)
PSB = = = 250 watts
4 4
3. Single-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier
General Solution of Single Sideband Suppressed

Carrier (SSB-SC)
mVc
ν(t) = cos 2π(fc − fm )t
2
m2Pc
Transmit Power PT =
4
m2Pc
Sideband Power PUSB or PLSB =
4
mVc
Transmit Voltage VT =
2
mI c
Transmit Current IT =
2
4. Single-Sideband Reduced-Carrier (For 90% Suppression)
Transmit Power Sideband Power
m2Pc m2Pc
PT = 0.1Pc + PUSB = PLSB =
4 4
F. .PERCENTAGE POWER SAVING.
PCAM − Ptx
%PS = x100%
PCAM
where :
PCAM = Conventional or Standard AM
Ptx = Transmitted AM system


Determine the power saving in percent when the carrier is suppressed in an AM
signal modulated to 80%.
Solution:
For Conventional AM;
⎛ m2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
PT = Pc ⎜1 + ⎟ = Pc ⎜1 + 0 .8 ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 1 .32 Pc
For Suppressed Carrier system ;
m2Pc 0 .82 Pc
Ptx = =
2 2
= 0 .32 Pc
Perce ntage Power Saved
P − Ptx
%℘ = CAM x 100 %
PCAM
1 .32Pc − 0 .32Pc
= x 100 % = 75 .75 %
1 .32Pc
Sample Problem:
Calculate the percentage power saving for J3E system at 90% modulation.
Solution:
For Conventional AM;
⎛ m2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
PT = Pc ⎜1 + ⎟ = Pc ⎜1 + 0 .9 ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 1 .405 Pc
For J3E system ;
m2 0 .92
PJ3E = Pc x = Pc x
4 4
= 0 .2025 Pc
Perce ntage Power Saved
P − Ptx
%℘ = CAM x 100 %
PCAM
1 .405Pc − 0 .2025 Pc
= x 100 % = 85 .6 %
1 .405Pc
Comparison between Different Systems (Applicable when m=1)
Total LSB or Percentage

Carrier
System Sideband USB Power
Power
Power Power Saving
DSB-FC 66.67% 33.33% 16.67%

0%
(A3E) of PT of PT of PT
0% 100% 50%
DSB-SC 66.67%
of PT of PT of PT
SSB-FC 80% 20% 20%

16.67%
(H3E) of PT of PT of PT
SSB-SC 0% 100% 100%

83.33%
(J3E) of PT of PT of PT
ª The standard AM broadcast band starts at 535 kHz and ends at 1605
kHz.
ª Carrier assignments start at 540 kHz and continue in a succession of

10-kilohertz increments until the upper limit of the broadcast band is
reached (1610 kHz). This adds up to a total of 107 carrier
assignments, or CHANNELS, over the entire broadcast band.
ª Since interference between such closely spaced stations would be

nearly impossible to prevent, the FCC (U.S.) avoids assigning adjacent
channels to stations in the same area.

I H
1. The standard AM broadcast band ______.
A. starts at 88 kHz and ends at 108 kHz
B. starts at 535 kHz and ends at 1605 kHz
C. starts at 535 MHz and ends at 1605 MHz
D. starts at 88 MHz and ends at 108 MHz
2. Two sinusoidal signals, V1 and V2, are fed into an ideal balanced mixer. V1 is a
20-MHz signal; V2 is a 5-MHz signal. What frequencies would you expect at the
output of the mixer?
A. 5 MHz and 15 MHz B. 20 MHz and 100 MHz
C. 15 MHz and 25 MHz D. 5 MHz and 25 MHz
3. An AM transmitter generates 100 watts with 0% modulation. How much power

will it generate with 20% modulation?
A. 50.12 watts B. 310.1 watts
C. 102 watts D. 256 watts
4. If the carrier power is 1000 watts, what is the power in the USB at 70.7%
modulation?
A. 333.33 watts B. 125 watts
C. 666.67 watts D. 70.7 watts
5. A carrier is modulated by three audio tones. If the modulation indexes for the
tones are 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, then what is the total modulation index?
A. 0.636 B. 1.2
C. 0.707 D. 0.9
6. You look at an AM signal with an oscilloscope and see that the maximum Vpp is
100 volts and the minimum Vpp is 25 volts. What is the modulation index?
A. 0.25 B. 1.25
C. 0.6 D. 0.75
7. A SSB transmitter is connected to a 50-ohm antenna. If the peak output

voltage of the transmitter is 20 volts, what is the PEP?
A. 6 watts B. 4 watts
C. 8 watts D. 2 watts
8. The total power in an AM signal increases with modulation, reaching a value of

_____ greater than that of the unmodulated carrier at _____.
A. 80%, 80% B. 32%, 80% modulation
C. 50%, 75% D. 64%, 80% modulation

_____ greater than that of the modulated wave at _____.
A. 13%, 50% B. 22%, 75% modulation
C. 50%, 50% D. 33%, 90% modulation
10. An AM transmitter supplies a 10 kW of carrier power to a 50 ohms load. It

operates at a carrier frequency of 1.2 MHz and is 85% modulated by a 3 MHz
sine wave. Calculate the rms voltage of the signal. APRIL 2004
A. 547 V B. 825 V
C. 327 V D. 707.1 V
11. For H3E transmitter, the useful power, that is, the power that carries the
information, is rather small reaching a maximum of _____.
A. one-third of the total signal power at 100% modulation
B. one-fifth of the total signal power at 100% modulation
C. one-fourth of the total signal power at 100% modulation
D. one-tent of the total signal power at 100% modulation
12. For A3E transmitter, the useful power, that is, the power that carries the
information in one of the sideband, is rather small reaching a maximum of
_____.
D. one-sixth of the total signal power at 100% modulation
13. The power amplifier of an AM transmitter draws 100 watts from the power
supply with no modulation. Assuming high-level modulation, how much power
does the modulation amplifier deliver for 100% modulation?
A. 16.67 watts B. 50 watts
C. 33.33 watts D. 66.67 watts
14. If the final RF amplifier of an AM transmitter is powered by 100 volts DC, what
is the maximum collector voltage at 100% modulation?
A. 400 volts B. 50 volts
C. 200 volts D. 100 volts
15. Determine the power saving in percent when the carrier is suppressed in an AM
signal modulated to 80%. NOV 2003
A. 75.76% B. 82.82%
C. 33.33% D. 16.67%
16. The most commonly used filter in SSB generation.

A. Mechanical B. RC
C. LC D. Low pass
17. Which of the following is not a technique of generating an SSB signal?

A. phase shift method B. filter method
C. weaver method D. Armstrong method

18. An emission technique where the total current will be twice as much when the
modulation index is doubled.
A. R3E B. H3E
C. A3E D. J3E
19. What is the maximum modulating signal frequency that can be used with an
H3E system with 20-kHz bandwidth?
A. 10 kHz B. 20 kHz
C. 5 kHz D. 40 kHz
20. An AM broadcast transmitter is tested by feeding the RF output into a 50Ω

(dummy) load. Tone modulation is applied. The carrier frequency is 850 kHz
and the FCC licensed power output is 5 kW. The sinusoidal tone is set for 90%
modulation. What is the average power that is being dissipated in the dummy
load?
A. 7.25 kW B. 7025 W
C. 72.k5 W D. 725 W
21. How many percent of the total transmitted power is present in the sideband in
an A3E system?
A. 16.67% B. 80%
C. 50% D. 33.33%
22. An intelligence signal is amplified by a 70% efficient amplifier before being

combined with a 10-kW carrier to generate the AM signal. If it is desired to
operate at 100% modulation, what is the dc input power to the final
intelligence amplifier?
A. 7.14 kW B. 5.14 kW
C. 4.14 kW D. 6.14 kW
23. A transistor RF power amplifier operating class C is designed to produce 40 W

output with a supply voltage of 60 V. If the efficiency is 70%, what is the
average collector current? NOV 2003
A. 666.67 mA B. 952.4 mA
C. 476.2 mA D. 238.1 mA
24. At 80% modulation H3E, what is the percentage power saving?

A. 66.67% B. 33.33%
C. 12.12% D. 16.67%
25. An AM transmitter has a 1-kW carrier and is modulated by three different sine
waves having equal amplitudes. If the total modulation index is 80%, calculate
the individual values of m in % and the total transmitted power.
A. 56.2%, 1.32 kW B. 46.2%, 1.72 kW
C. 46.2%, 1.32 kW D. 56.2%, 1.72 kW
26. The total bandwidth needed for an AM signal at 55.25 MHz with 0.5 MHz video
modulation is ______.
A. 0.5 MHz B. 1 MHz
C. 101.5 MHz D. 10 MHz
27. A transmitter radiates 9 kW with the carrier unmodulated and 2.08 kW when
the carrier is sinusoidally modulated and then suppressed. The modulation
index is ______.
A. 0.6 B. 0.8
C. 0.68 D. 0.58
28. The "envelope" of an AM signal is due to:

A. the baseband signal B. the carrier signal
C. the amplitude signal D. none of the above
29. The equation for full-carrier AM is:

A. v(t) = (Ec + Em) x sin(ωct)
B. v(t) = (Ec + Em) x sin(ωmt) + sin(ωct)
C. v(t) = (Ec - Em) x sin(ωmt) x sin(ωct)
D. v(t) = (Ec + Em sin(ωmt)) x sin(ωct)
30. An SSB transmitter has an average power ranging from 750-1000 W. What is
the PEP?
A. 9 kW B. 6 kW
C. 3 kW D. 5 Kw
31. Calculate the average power of an SSB signal with 2-tone modulation if the
peak voltage is 25 V, and assume that the load is 50Ω, resistive.
A. 1.56 to 2.08 W B. 1.32 to 2.8 W
C. 1.12 to 2.08 W D. 1.66 to 2.58 W
32. Determine the percentage power saving if the carrier and the USB is
suppressed in an AM system modulated at 85%.
A. 82.23% B. 66.67%
C. 86.73% D. 89.71%
33. When a broadcast AM transmitter is 80% modulated, its antenna current is 15

A. What will be the new output current and the percentage increase when the
modulation depth is increased by 95%?
A. 15.78 A, 17% B. 13.1 A, 20.46%
C. 13.1 A, 17% D. 15.78 A, 20.46%
34. In amplitude modulated wave equation, the carrier is _______ with both the
upper and lower side frequencies, and the upper and lower side frequencies are
_______ with each other.
A. 90° out of phase, 180° out of phase
B. 180° out of phase, 90° out of phase
C. 90° out of phase, 270° out of phase
D. 270° out of phase, 90° out of phase
35. A term used to describe the amount of amplitude changed present in an AM

waveform.
A. Deviation B. Coefficient of Modulation
C. Shift D. Drift

36. Calculate the modulation index for a standard AM transmission, if the maximum
peak voltage of the modulated wave is 150 V and the modulating signal voltage
is 50 V peak.
A. 25% B. 75%
C. 50% D. 100%
37. What is the value of modulation index and the relation between modulating
signal amplitude and carrier amplitude if the transmitted AM wave is
undermodulated.
A. m=1, Vm=Vc B. m>1, Vm>Vc
C. m<1, Vm<Vc D. m= infinite, Vm=Vc=0
38. At 75% modulation, what percentage of the total transmitted power is in the
sideband?
A. 21.95% B. 33.33%
C. 16.67% D. 12.67%
39. Calculate the suppressed carrier voltage of a DSBSC system if the transmitted
voltage is 75 V at 89% modulation.
A. 63.476 V B. 119.18 V
C. 68.52 V D. 146.31 V
40. Calculate the modulated current of a SSBSC transmitter if the carrier current is
6.5 A at 75% modulation.
A. 2.44 A B. 6.94 A
C. 7.36 A D. 3.45 A
41. Calculate the power in one sideband of an AM signal whose carrier power is 50
watts. The unmodulated current is 2 A while the modulated current is 2.4 A.
APRIL 2004
A. 22.1 W B. 31.4 W
C. 50 W D. 25 W
42. How many percent of the total transmitted power is present in the carrier in an
H3E system?
A. 0% B. 66.67%
C. 25% D. 16.67%
43. A 200 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75%. The power of the modulated
wave is
A. 56.25 W B. 228.125 W
C. 256.25 W D. 200 W
44. A SSBFC broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10 kW when the modulation

percentage is 65%. The carrier power is ______.
A. 8.26 kW B. 12.11 kW
C. 2.11 kW D. 9.04 kW
45. At 100% modulation J3E, what percentage of the total transmitted power is in
sideband?
A. 100% B. 0%
C. 80% D. 50%
46. The antenna current of an SSBFC AM transmitter is 8 A when only the carrier is
sent. It is increases to 8.5 A when the carrier is sinusoidal modulated. The
percentage modulation is _____.
A. 77.7% B. 71.8%
C. 66.7% D. 50.7%
47. _______ is the process of impressing or imparting a low-frequency source

information (voice, audio, video, or data) onto a high-frequency bandpass
signal with a carrier frequency fc by the introduction of amplitude, frequency or
phase perturbation.
A. Mixing B. Modulation
C. Heterodyning D. Multiplexing
48. _______is an analog modulation scheme in which the amplitude of a relatively

high-frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of an information signal.
A. Pulse Modulation B. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
C. Angle Modulation D. Amplitude Modulation
49. Fourier analysis often allows complex signals to be express as a series of

_______.
A. sinusoids B. pulse
C. ellipse D. rectified signals
50. Mathematical process that allows complex signals to be express as a series of

sinusoids.
A. Bessel Function B. Taylor Series
C. Fourier analysis D. Heaviside Expansion
51. An AM transmitter uses a high level modulation. The RF power amplifier runs
from 12 volt source, putting out a carrier power of 85 watts, with an efficiency
of 85%, what load impedance is required in order for it to deliver the rated
power? APRIL 2004
A. 2.16 Ω B. 0.13 Ω
C. 1.69 Ω D. 0.85 Ω
52. At 50% modulation DSBSC, what is the percentage power saving?

A. 75.75% B. 88.88%
C. 66.67% D. 87.87%
53. At 100% modulation H3E, what percentage of the total transmitted power is in
the carrier?
A. 66.67% B. 20%
C. 33.33% D. 80%
54. A 500 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by two audio waves with

modulation percentage of 55% and 65% respectively. Calculate the total
sideband power if an additional audio wave modulates the carrier at 25%.
A. 196.875 Watts B. 15.625 Watts
C. 696.875 Watts D. 98.43 Watts

55. At 80% modulation J3E, what is the percentage power saving?

A. 66.67% B. 87.87%
C. 75.75% D. 16.67%
56. A radio transmitter, SSB-FC AM radiates 50 kW of carrier power. The radiated

power at 85% modulation will be _____.
A. 68.1 kW B. 9.03 kW
C. 59.03 kW D. 18.1 kW
signal amplitude and carrier amplitude at 100% modulation.
58. What is the carrier power in one sideband of an AM signal whose carrier power
is 300 W, with 80% modulation? NOV 2004
A. 300 W B. 96 W
C. 150 W D. 48 W
59. Overmodulation in AM creates side frequencies further from the carrier known
as ________.
A. splatter B. image frequencies
C. nyquist frequency D. jitter
60. Another name for splatter

A. buckshot B. jitter
C. noise D. hits
61. Calculate the modulating voltage of an audio signal necessary to provide 100%
modulation of a 100-V carrier that is simultaneously modulated by 2 audio
waves with m1 and m2 equal to 75% and 45% respectively.
A. 24.25 V B. 32.8 V
C. 50.3 V D. 48.5 V
62. A DSB-SC system must suppress the carrier by 50 dB from its original value of
10 W. To what value must the carrier be reduced? NOV 2004
A. 1 mW B. 10 mW
C. 0.1 mW D. 0.01 mW
_____ greater than that of the unmodulated carrier at 100% modulation.
A. 25% B. 75%
C. 50% D. 100%
64. For a standard AM transmission, the maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 150 V

and the minimum peak-to-peak voltage is 50 V. Calculate the modulation
index.
A. 75% B. 50%
C. 25% D. 100%
65. An AM transmitter uses high-level modulation. The RF power amplifier draws 12

A from a 22 V supply, putting out a carrier power of 140 watts. What
impedance would be seen at the modulation transformer secondary? NOV
2003
A. 2.16Ω B. 0.183Ω
C. 1.83Ω D. 1.56Ω
66. At 100% modulation, what percentage of the total transmitted power is in each
sideband?
A. 50% B. 66.67%
C. 16.67% D. 33.33%
67. A standard AM transmission, sinusoidally modulated to a depth of 30%,

produces side frequencies of 4.928 and 4.914 MHz. The amplitude of each side
frequency is 75 V. Determine the amplitude and frequency of the carrier.
A. 500V, 4.907 MHz B. 50V, 4.907 MHz
C. 50V, 4.90 MHz D. 500V, 4.90 MHz
68. The output power of an AM transmitter is 1 kW when sinusoidally modulated to

a depth of 100%. Calculate the power at each side frequency when the
modulation depth is reduced to 50%.
A. 83.33 W B. 750 W
C. 41.67 W D. 20.83 W
69. An audio system requires a frequency response from 50 Hz to 15 kHz for high
fidelity. If this signal were transmitted using AM, what bandwidth would it
require?
A. 15 kHz B. 25 kHz
C. 8 kHz D. 30 kHz
70. An AM transmission of 3 kW is 100% modulated. If it is transmitter as an SSB

signal, what would be the power transmitted? NOV 2004
A. 2000 W B. 500 W
C. 1500 W D. 250 W
signal amplitude and carrier amplitude if the transmitted AM wave is
overmodulated.
72. With low-level AM:

A. the RF amplifiers must be Class A
B. the RF amplifiers must be Class B
C. the RF amplifiers must be linear
D. the RF amplifiers must be low-power
73. The maximum bandwidth of an AM wave is _____ of the maximum modulating

frequency.
A. 3x B. equal to
C. half D. twice

74. An AM signal has the following characteristics: carrier frequency = 150 MHz;
modulating frequency = 3 MHz; peak carrier voltage = 40 volts; and peak
modulating voltage is 30 volts. Calculate the peak voltage of the lower
sideband frequency. APRIL 2004
A. 7.5 V B. 5 V
C. 10 V D. 15 V
75. The amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies is a function of both the
_______.
A. carrier frequency and the modulation frequency
B. carrier amplitude and the modulation index
C. modulated wave amplitude and the modulation index
D. sideband amplitude and the modulation frequency
76. An AM transmitter is modulated by two sine waves at 1.5 kHz and 2.5 kHz, with
modulation of 20 percent and 80 percent respectively. Calculate the effective
modulation index. APRIL 2004
A. 82% B. 85%
C. 80% D. 78%
77. In amplitude modulated wave equation, the carrier component is a _______

function, the upper side frequency a _______ function, and the lower side
frequency a _______ function.
A. -sine, +cosine, +sine B. -sine, –cosine, -sine
C. +sine, –cosine, +cosine D. +sine, +cosine, -cosine
78. For conventional AM, the useful power, that is, the power that carries the
information, is rather small reaching a maximum of _____.
D. one-tent of the total signal power at 100% modulation
79. The values of Vmax and Vmin as read from an AM wave on an oscilloscope is
2.6 and 0.29 respectively. Determine the percentage modulation. NOV 2002
A. 69.2& B. 39.95&
C. 79.9% D. 34.6&
80. If Va sin(ωat) amplitude modulates the carrier Vc sin(ωct), it will produce the
frequencies:
A. ωc + ωa and ωc – ωa B. (ωc + ωa)/2 and (ωc – ωa)/2
C. ωc + ωa and 2ωc + 2ωa D. (ωc x ωa)/2 and (ωc x ωa)/2
81. At 100% modulation, the total sideband power is:

A. equal to the carrier power B. twice the carrier power
C. half the carrier power D. 1.414 x carrier power
82. What will be the total sideband power of an AM transmitting station whose
carrier power is 1200 W and a modulation of 95%? NOV 2004
A. 1200 W B. 541.5 W
C. 270.75 W D. 483.5 W
83. The outline of the peaks of a carrier has the shape of the modulating signal and
is called the
A. Carrier variation B. Envelope
C. Waveshape D. Trace
84. The new signals produced by modulation are called

A. Spurious emissions B. Harmonics
C. Sidebands D. Intermodulation products
85. What is the minimum AM signal needed to transmit information?

A. Both sidebands B. Carrier plus sidebands
C. Carrier only D. One sideband
86. During 100% modulation, what percentage of the average output power is in
the sidebands?
A. 66.67% B. 33.33%
C. 22.22% D. 88.88%
87. An AM transmitter at 27 MHz develops 10 W of carrier power into a 50-Ω load.

It is modulated by a 2-kHz sine wave between 20 and 90% modulation.
Determine the maximum and minimum waveform voltage of the AM signal at
20% and 90% modulation.
A. Vmin(20%)=25.3 V, Vmax(20%)= 37.9 V, Vmin(90%)=3.14 V, Vmax(90%)= 60.1 V
B. Vmin(20%)=33.3 V, Vmax(20%)= 22.1 V, Vmin(90%)=3.14 V, Vmax(90%)= 60.1 V
C. Vmin(20%)=25.3 V, Vmax(20%)= 22.1 V, Vmin(90%)=4.45 V, Vmax(90%)= 12.1 V
D. Vmin(20%)=33.3 V, Vmax(20%)= 37.9 V, Vmin(90%)=4.45 V, Vmax(90%)= 12.1 V
88. The inputs to a balanced modulator are 1 MHz and a carrier of 1.5 MHz. The
outputs are
A. 500 kHz B. 2.5 MHz
C. 1.5 MHz D. 500 kHz and 2.5 MHz
89. A widely used balanced modulator is called the

A. Diode bridge circuit B. Full-wave bridge rectifier
C. Lattice modulator D. Balanced bridge modulator
90. A SSB signal is generated around a 200-kHz carrier. Before filtering, the upper
and lower SB are separated by 200 Hz. Calculate the filter Q required to obtain
40-dB suppression.
A. Q=2.5 B. Q=25
C. Q=250 D. Q=2500
91. Amplitude modulation is the same as

A. Linear mixing B. Analog multiplication
C. Signal summation D. Multiplexing
92. The principal circuit in the popular 1496/1596 IC balanced modulator is a

A. Differential amplifier B. Rectifier
C. Bridge D. Constant current source
93. The most commonly used filter in SSB generators uses

A. LC networks B. Mechanical resonators
C. Crystals D. RC networks and op amps

94. An unmodulated carrier is 300 Vp-p. Calculate %m when its maximum p-p value
reaches 400, 500, and 600 V.
A. %m1=44.4%, %m2=83.3%, %m3=100%
B. %m1=22.2%, %m2=33.3%, %m3=100%
C. %m1=16.67%, %m2=83.3%, %m3=100%
D. %m1=33.3%, %m2=66.7%, %m3=100%
95. A balanced modulator used to demodulate a SSB signal is called a(n)

A. Transponder B. Product detector
C. Converter D. Modulator
96. Frequency translation is carried out by a circuit called a

A. Translator B. Converter
C. Balanced modulator D. Local oscillator
97. A 100-V carrier is modulated by a 1-kHz sine wave. Determine the side
frequency amplitudes when m=0.75.
A. Vsf=37.5 V B. Vsf=86.5 V
C. Vsf=46.5 V D. Vsf=57.5 V
98. The component used to produce AM at very high frequencies is a

A. Varactor B. Thermistor
C. Cavity resonator D. PIN diode
99. An intelligence signal is amplified by a 70% efficient amplifier before being

combined with a 10 kW carrier to generate the AM signal. If it is desired to
operate at 100% modulation, what is the dc input power to the final
intelligence amplifier?
A. Pin/dc=34.66 kW B. Pin/dc=5.75 kW
C. Pin/dc=7.14 kW D. Pin/dc=3.26 Kw
100. The ac rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 6.2 A when unmodulated

and rises to 6.7 A when modulated. Calculate %m.
A. m=11.9% B. m=33.9%
C. m=57.9% D. m=78.9%
101. The inputs to a mixer are fo and fm. In down conversion, which of the
following mixer output signals is selected?
A. fo B. fm
C. fo-fm D. fo+fm
102. Calculate the required Q for a 1MHz carrier, 80 dB suppression, 200 Hz

frequency separation.
A. Q=12 5000 B. Q=1 250 000
C. Q=1 250 D. Q=125 000
103. In a diode modulator, the negative half of the AM wave is supplied by a(n)
A. Tuned circuit B. Transformer
C. Capacitor D. Inductor
104. Amplitude modulators that vary the carrier amplitude with the modulating
signal by passing it through an attenuator work on the principle of
A. Rectification B. Resonance
C. Variable resistance D. Absorption
105. An AM transmission of 1000 W is fully modulated. Calculate the power

transmitted if it is transmitted as a SSB signal.
A. PSSB=167 W B. PSSB=826 W
C. PSSB=369 W D. PSSB=478 W
106. That circuit that recovers the original modulating information from an AM
signal is known as a
A. Modulator B. Demodulator
C. Mixer D. Crystal set
107. In the phasing method of SSB generation, one sideband is canceled out due
to
A. Phase shift B. Sharp selectivity
C. Carrier suppression D. Phase inversion
108. A SSB transmission drives 121 Vp into a 50-Ω antenna. Calculate the PEP.
A. PEP=642 W B. PEP=31.7 W
C. PEP=146 W D. PEP=35.6 W
109. The desired output from a mixer is usually selected with a

A. Phase-shift circuit B. Crystal filter
C. Resonant circuit D. Transformer
110. A 1-MHz, 40 Vp carrier is modulated by a 5-kHz intelligence signal such that

m=0.7. This AM signal is fed to a 50-Ω antenna. Calculate the power of each
spectral component fed to the antenna.
A. Pc=35 W, Pusb= Plsb=34.96 W
B. Pc=16 W, Pusb= Plsb=1.96 W
C. Pc=87 W, Pusb= Plsb=1.44 W
D. Pc=11 W, Pusb= Plsb=4.22 W
111. The most commonly used amplitude demodulator is the

A. Diode mixer B. Balanced modulator
C. Envelope detector D. Crystal filter
112. Calculate the filter’s required Q to convert DSB to SSB, given that the two
sidebands are separated by 200 Hz. The suppressed carrier (40 dB) is 2.0 MHz.
A. Q=12,241 B. Q=44,670
C. Q=36,250 D. Q=6,610
113. Amplitude modulation can be produce by

A. Having a carrier vary a resistance
B. Having the modulating signal vary a capacitance
C. Varying the carrier frequency
D. Varying the gain of an amplifier

114. A circuit that generates the upper and lower sidebands but no carrier is called
a(n)
A. Amplitude modulator B. Diode detector
C. Class C amplifier D. Balanced modulator
115. In a diode ring modulator, the diode act like

A. Variable resistors B. Switches
C. Rectifiers D. Variable capacitors
116. The output of a balanced modulator is

A. AM B. FM
C. SSB D. DSB
117. An AM transmitter at 27 MHz develops 10 W of carrier power into a 50-Ω

load. It is modulated by a 2-kHz sine wave between 20 and 90% modulation.
Determine the sideband signal voltage and power at 20% and 90% modulation.
A. Vsb(20%)=1.24 V, Psb(20%)=0.21 W, Vsb(90%)=22.06 V, Psb(90%)=64.025 W
B. Vsb(20%)=4.24 V, Psb(20%)=0.14 W, Vsb(90%)=10.06 V, Psb(90%)=64.025 W
C. Vsb(20%)=2.24 V, Psb(20%)=0.1 W, Vsb(90%)=10.06 V, Psb(90%)=2.025 W
D. Vsb(20%)=4.24 V, Psb(20%)=0.61 W, Vsb(90%)=22.06 V, Psb(90%)=2.025 W
118. If m is greater than 1, what happens?

A. Normal operation
B. Carrier drops to zero
C. Carrier frequency shifts
D. Information signal is distorted
119. Distortion of the modulating signal produces harmonics which cause an

increase in the signal
A. Carrier power B. Bandwidth
C. Sideband power D. Envelope voltage
120. The process of translating a signal, with or without modulation, to a higher or

lower frequency for processing is called
A. Frequency multiplication B. Frequency division
C. Frequency shift D. Frequency conversion
121. An AM transmitter at 27 MHz develops 10 W of carrier power into a 50-Ω

load. It is modulated by a 2-kHz sine wave between 20 and 90% modulation.
Determine the load current at 20% and 90% modulation.
A. Iload(20%)=0.924 A, Iload(90%)=0.33 A
B. Iload(20%)=0.451 A, Iload(90%)=0.53 A
C. Iload(20%)=0.612 A, Iload(90%)=0.33 A
D. Iload(20%)=0.924 A, Iload(90%)=0.53 A
122. The equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal is a

A. Series resonant circuit B. Parallel resonant circuit
C. Neither A nor B D. Both A and B
123. Amplitude modulation generated at a very low voltage or power amplitude is

known as
A. High-level modulation B. Low-level modulation
C. Collector modulation D. Minimum modulation
124. A modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs?
A. Addition B. Multiplication
C. Division D. Square root
125. The ratio of the peak modulating signal voltage to the peak carrier voltage is
referred to as
A. The voltage ratio B. Decibels
C. The modulation index D. The mix factor
126. Calculate the power advantage gained by suppressing the carrier at 100%
modulation.
A. 7.78 dB B. 6 dB
C. 4.78 dB D. 3 dB
127. Calculate the S/N improvement by suppressing the carrier and one of the
sideband at 100%.
A. 7.78 dB B. 6 dB
C. 4.78 dB D. 3 dB
128. An SSB transmitter has an average power ranging from 750-1000 W. What is
the PEP?
A. 3 kW B. 5 kW
C. 6 kW D. 9 kW
129. Calculate the average power of an SSB signal with 2-tone modulation if the
peak voltage is 25 V, and assume that the load is 50Ω, resistive.
A. 1.32 to 2.8 W B. 1.66 to 2.58 W
C. 1.56 to 2.08 W D. 1.12 to 2.08 W
130. At 80% modulation J3E, what is the percentage power saving?

A. 16.67% B. 66.67%
C. 75.75% D. 87.87%

Analog Modulation

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1-38 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

DEFINITION. Modulation is the process of impressing or imparting a low-

DEFINITION. Demodulation is the reverse process where the received

DEFINITION. Amplitude Modulation is an analog modulation scheme in

1. Instantaneous Amplitude of the Modulated Wave

The modulating signal is more often an arbitrary waveform, such as

ν AM (t) = ( Vc + Vm sin ωmt ) sin ωc t

By applying little trigonometry,

Read it till it Hertz…jma

ª Second, the amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies is a

ª Third, the carrier component is a +sine function, the upper side

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2. Coefficient of Modulation (m)

Vmax − Vmin Vmax = Vc + Vm

ECE Board Exam: APRIL 2004

a. Undermodulation (m<1, Vm<Vc)

b. 100% Modulation (m=1, Vm=Vc)

c. Overmodulation (m>1, Vm>Vc)

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Read it till it Hertz…jma

OVERMODULATION creates side frequencies (harmonics) further from the

mT = m12 + m22 + m32 … + mn2

ECE Board Exam: APRIL 2004

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C. .SPECTRUM OF CONVENTIONAL AM SIGNAL.

D. .CONVENTIONAL AM SYSTEM (DSBFC).

2. Side Frequency (Sideband)

Parameter General Solution

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ECE Board Exam: NOV 2004

ECE Board Exam: APRIL 2004

Answer : VSB = 3 V, fside = 10.005 MHz and 9.995 MHz

Answer : Vc = 32 .65 V, Vside = 8 .16 V

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Read it till it Hertz…jma

ª The maximum bandwidth of an AM wave is twice of the maximum

ª The total power in an AM signal increases with modulation, reaching a

1. Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier (DSB-SC)

General Solution of Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier

Parameter General Solution

ECE Board Exam: NOV 2004

2. Single-Sideband Full-Carrier (SSB-FC)

General Solution of Single Sideband Full Carrier (SSB-FC)

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Parameter General Solution

ECE Board Exam: NOV 2004

General Solution of Single Sideband Suppressed

Parameter General Solution

4. Single-Sideband Reduced-Carrier (For 90% Suppression)

Transmit Power Sideband Power

F. .PERCENTAGE POWER SAVING.

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ECE Board Exam: NOV 2003

Comparison between Different Systems (Applicable when m=1)

Total LSB or Percentage

DSB-FC 66.67% 33.33% 16.67%

SSB-FC 80% 20% 20%

SSB-SC 0% 100% 100%

Read it till it Hertz…jma

ª Carrier assignments start at 540 kHz and continue in a succession of

ª Since interference between such closely spaced stations would be

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