MODULE 9 and 10

21st Century Literary Genres,

Elements, and Structures

Subject Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. define what literary genre is,
2. name the different literary genres of the 21st century and the earlier
periods in Philippine history; and
3. compare and contrast the 21st century Philippine literary genres and
those in the earlier time.

Start-up Activity

Directions: Supply what is asked and write your answers on the blank.
Name at least one spoken poetry you know:
__________________________________
Name at least 3 vloggers you know:
__________________________________________
Have you heard of the page Spookify? Recall a story from the page:
___________________________________________________________________________
__
Name at least 2 sci-fi books/movies you have
read/watched:_________________________________________________________
______

Supplementary Ideas

21st Century Literature Genre of the Philippines

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 ―Reading literature gives one a better understanding of human nature
and the complexity of the human condition. It makes one less
judgmental and more sympathetic. Literature can also be more insightful
than non-fiction.‖ – Professor Tommy Koh

―The possibility of being as free with the camera as we are with the pen is
a fantastic prospect for the creative life of 21st Century.‖ – Carlos
Fuentes

Just as technology advanced in the 21st century, Filipinos have also

adapted, invented, and written some literary innovations far different
from before. Philippine literature, nowadays, deals with current themes
on technological culture and traces artistic representation of shared
experiences. These works are characterized as gender sensitive,
technologically alluding, culturally pluralistic, operates on the extreme
reality or extreme fiction, and questions conventions and supposedly
absolute norms. There are a lot of new forms from the basic genres of
literature; thus, proving how far the literature in the Philippines has gone
and how far it will go on from here.

Illustrated Novel
• 50 % of the narrative is presented without words.
• The reader must interpret the images in order to comprehend
completely the story.
• Textual portions are presented in traditional form.
• Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
• Span all genres.

Digi-Fiction
• Combines three media: book, movie/video, and internet website.
• In order to get the full story, students must engage in navigation,
reading, viewing, in all three formats.

Graphic Novels
• Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using comic
form.
• The term is employed in a broad manner, encompassing non-fiction
works and thematically linked short stories as well as fictional stories
across a number of genres.

Manga
• It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic
books and graphics novels originally published in Japan.

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• Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
• Ameri-manga – sometimes used to refer to comics created by American
artists in manga style.

• Shonen - Boy‘s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)

• Shojo – Girl‘s Manga (Sailor Moon)
• Seinen – Men‘s Manga (Akira)
• Josei – Women‘s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
• Kodomo – Children‘s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty)

Doodle Fiction
• Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing and
drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of traditional font.
• Drawing enhance the story, often adding humorous elements that
would be missing if the illustrations were omitted. Examples: Diary of a
Whimpy Kid

Text-Talk Novels
• Blog, email, IM format narratives
• Stories told almost completely in dialogue simulating social network
exchanges.

Chick Lit or Chick Literature

• Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often
humorously and lightheartedly.
• Chick lit has a bad reputation for being anti-feminist, trashy and
unoriginal, but not all female-featured literature is a waste of time.
• Chick it typically features a female protagonist whose womanhood is
heavily thermalized in the plot. Examples: The Devil Wears Prada

Flash Fiction/Dagli
• Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity
• There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. It
could range from word to a thousand.

The Death Scoop

Malapit na siyang manganak. Nasa bukana na sila ng hospital. Ilang

hakbang na lang nasa pintuan na sila. Biglang lumabas ang pulotong ng
mga reporter at cameramen na kinukunan ang anak ng miyembro ng first
family. Magaling na daw ito sa simpleng lagnat. Di na magkamayaw ang

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mga tao. Nag-uunahan, at nag-aagawan makakuha lang ng scoop. Hindi
na makadaan ang buntis na ginang. Ilang sandali pa, natumba siya at
doon na nanganak. Walang nabuhay sa mag-ina.

Realistic Fiction
•It is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.
•These stories resemble real life, and fictional characters within these
stories react similarly to real people. Stories that are classified as
realistic fiction have plots that highlight social or personal events or
issues that mirror contemporary life, such as falling in love, marriage,
finding a job, divorce, alcoholism, etc.

Historical Fiction
•Historical fiction is a type of story or literature told in a variety of media.
Stories which are based on real life historical events and set in historical
time and place. However, some characters may have never existed along
with their actions which that are insignificant historically, but may be
included to tell a better story
• For example: there may not be specific record of actual dialogue, food
eaten, clothes worn, routes traveled so the author will insert information
that is thought to be historically accurate for the period.

Six-Word Poetry
• Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
• Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him. Shit.
• Marielle Legaspi: I waited. He waited. None happened.

Science Fiction
• Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such
as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than
light travel, parallel universe and extraterrestrial life.
• Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other
innovations and has been called a ―literature of Ideas‖.

Blog
• A web log; a website containing short articles called posts that are
changed regularly.
• Same blogs are written by one person containing their own opinions,
interests and experiences, while others are written by many different
people. (Many blogs can be found in blogspot.com and wordpress.com)

Vlog
• A vlog is designed to share experiences, thoughts, and ideas with an
audience. It is a form of communication which is used to engage an
audience in a personal fashion.

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• A video log. A journalistic video documentation on the web of a person's
life, thoughts, opinions, and interests

Creative Non-Fiction
• Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction
• A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create
factually accurate narratives.
• Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical writing or
journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact, but is not primarily
written in service to its craft.
• As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively young, and is only
beginning to be scrutinized with the same critical analysis given to fiction
and poetry.

Hyper Poetry
•Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up.
•It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented
in variable order but sit on the page much as tradition poetry does, or it
can contain parts of the poem that move and/or mutate.
• It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist.

Speculative Fiction
•Narratives concerned not so much with science or technology as with
human actions in response to a new situation created by science or
technology, speculative fiction highlights a human rather than
technological problem.
•Dystopian, supernatural fiction, weird fiction, superhero fiction,
apocalyptic/post-apocalyptic, fantastical fiction, sci-fi.

Textula
•A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of Filipino poem,
consisting of four lines with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at
the end of each line - that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an
AABB rhyme scheme.
• The modern tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable count, but rhymes
range from dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms
such as AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD. Tanagas do not have titles traditionally
because the tanaga should speak for itself. However, moderns can opt to
give them titles.

I‘s on me
by Ryan Andrei Cruz

The influence of the past

Stilled in our identities

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A part of our present selves
And whoever we will be.

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 Spoken Poetry
• Oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play and intonation and
voice inflection.
• It is a type of poem performed or read in artistic and emotive manner
which can be accompanied by music or presented in the streets or bars,
even café shops. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word
play such as intonation and voice inflection.

TAKE A LOOK AT THE 2 EXAMPLES. ONE FROM OUR COUNTRY AND

ONE IS FROM UNITED STATES.

SAMPUNG BAGAY NA NATUTUNAN KO MULA SA MGA UMIIBIG

Juan Miguel Severo

Sampung bagay na natutunan ko mula sa mga umiibig. UNA,

napakatamis ng mga simula. Ng mga umaga na ang bumubungad sayo ay
ang kanyang mukha. Nagaalmusal ka ng kilig at pagdating sa gabi ay
baon mo siya hanggang sa paghimbing. Dito, dito mo matututunan ang
tunay na kapangyarihan ng isang ngiti. Ng ibang kamay na humahawi
sayong buhok, ng mga mata na sumisisid sa iyong kaluluwa.

PANGALAWA, napakadaling maging kampante at masanay sa

pagmamahal. Ang malunod sa kapangyarihan ng “kami”, ng “tayo”, ng
“atin”. Pero paano naman ang “kanya”? Paano naman ang “ako”?
Napakadaling malunod sa akalang ang iyo ay mananatiling iyo.
PANGATLO, mapapagod ka pero PANGAPAT, ang tunay na pagibig hindi
dapat sinusukuan diba? Pero PANGLIMA, ang tunay na pagibig ay hindi
parating sapat kapag ang mga pakpak na binigay nito sayo ay bumigat at
naging kadenang ni ayaw kang patayuin. Kapag ang langit na dating
nilipad mo ay naging kulungan na nasayo naman ang susi at kandado
pero ayaw mo pa ring lisanin.

PANGANIM, ang pinakamabagsik mang apoy ay mamamatay, maghanda

ka sa sakit. Pero huwag kang magaalaga ng galit. Ito ang PANGPITO,
iiwanan ka na puno ng sugat at pilat at paltos nito. Iiwanan ka nitong
abo. PANGWALO, maghanda ka sa wakas. PANGSIYAM, alam ko, parang
hindi ka pa talaga handa sa wakas. Wala naman kasi yatang nagiging
handa sa wakas. Pero PANGSAMPU, andyan ang wakas. At sa wakas,
mahalin mo pa siya. Sa tingin. Sa tanaw. Mula sa abo na iniwan ng dati
ninyong apoy. Mahalin mo pa siya. Pero kapag ang pakpak ng dati mong
pagibig ay naging gapos na, kapag ang langit na minsan mong nilipad ay
naging kulungan na. Mahalin mo siya, sa huling pagkakataon.

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Pagkatapos, bitaw na.

BEST TO WATCH AND LISTEN HERE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa3oozI0nJQ

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXPLAINING MY DEPRESSION TO MY MOTHER: A CONVERSATION

Sabrina Benaim

Mom, my depression is a shapeshifter.

One day it is as small as a firefly in the palm of a bear,
The next, it‘s the bear.
On those days I play dead until the bear leaves me alone.
I call the bad days: ―the Dark Days.‖
Mom says, ―Try lighting candles.‖
When I see a candle, I see the flesh of a church, the flicker of a flame,
Sparks of a memory younger than noon.
I am standing beside her open casket.
It is the moment I learn every person I ever come to know will someday
die.
Besides Mom, I‘m not afraid of the dark.
Perhaps, that‘s part of the problem.
Mom says, ―I thought the problem was that you can‘t get out of bed.‖
I can‘t.
Anxiety holds me a hostage inside of my house, inside of my head.
Mom says, ―Where did anxiety come from?‖
Anxiety is the cousin visiting from out-of-town depression felt obligated
to bring to the party.
Mom, I am the party.
Only I am a party I don‘t want to be at.
Mom says, ―Why don‘t you try going to actual parties, see your friends?‖
Sure, I make plans. I make plans but I don‘t want to go.
I make plans because I know I should want to go. I know sometimes I
would have wanted to go.
It‘s just not that fun having fun when you don‘t want to have fun, Mom.
You see, Mom, each night insomnia sweeps me up in his arms dips me in
the kitchen in the small glow of the stove-light.
Insomnia has this romantic way of making the moon feel like perfect
company.
Mom says, ―Try counting sheep.‖
But my mind can only count reasons to stay awake;
So I go for walks; but my stuttering kneecaps clank like silver spoons
held in strong arms with loose wrists.

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They ring in my ears like clumsy church bells reminding me I am
sleepwalking on an ocean of happiness I cannot baptize myself in.
Mom says, ―Happy is a decision.‖
But my happy is as hollow as a pin pricked egg.
My happy is a high fever that will break.
Mom says I am so good at making something out of nothing and then
flat-out asks me if I am afraid of dying.
No.
I am afraid of living.
Mom, I am lonely.
I think I learned that when Dad left how to turn the anger into lonely —
The lonely into busy;
So when I tell you, ―I‘ve been super busy lately,‖ I mean I‘ve been falling
asleep watching SportsCenter on the couch
To avoid confronting the empty side of my bed.
But my depression always drags me back to my bed
Until my bones are the forgotten fossils of a skeleton sunken city,
My mouth a bone yard of teeth broken from biting down on themselves.
The hollow auditorium of my chest swoons with echoes of a heartbeat,
But I am a careless tourist here.
I will never truly know everywhere I have been.
Mom still doesn‘t understand.
Mom! Can‘t you see that neither can I?

BEST TO WATCH AND LISTEN HERE:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqu4ezLQEUA

WHAT DIFFERENCES HAVE YOU NOTICED? IN WHAT WAY THEY

ARE SIMILAR?
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Elements of a Literature (FICTION)

1. Character
Antagonist and Protagonist
Characters are...
1. Individual - round, many sided and complex personalities.
2. Developing - dynamic, many sided personalities that change (for
better or worse) by the end of the story.

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3. Static – Stereotypes; they have one or two characteristics that never
change and are often over-emphasized.

2. Theme
What exactly is this elusive thing called theme?

The theme of a fable is its moral. The theme of a parable is its teaching.
The theme of a piece of fiction is its view about life and how people
behave. In fiction, the theme is not intended to teach or preach. In fact,
it is not presented directly at all. You extract it from the characters,
action and setting that make up the story. In other words, you must
figure out the theme yourself.

The writer's task is to communicate on a common ground with the

reader. Although the particulars of your experience may be different
from the details of the story, the general underlying truths behind the
story may be just the connection that both you and the writer are
seeking.
Here are some ways to uncover the theme in a story:

 Check out the title. Sometimes it tells you a lot about the theme.
 Notice repeating patterns and symbols. Sometimes these lead you
to the theme.
 What allusions are made throughout the story?
 What are the details and particulars in the story? What greater
meaning may they have?

3. Plot
A plot is a causal sequence of events, the "why" for the things that
happen in the story. The plot draws the reader into the characters‘ lives
and helps the reader understand the choices that the characters make.

CLIMAX

RISING ACTION FALLING ACTION

EXPOSITION RESOLUTION

4. Point of View
Remember, someone is always between the reader and the action of the
story. That someone is telling the story from his or her own point of
view. This angle of vision, the point of view from which the people,

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events and details of a story are viewed, is important to consider when
reading a story.

Objective Point of View

With the objective point of view, the writer tells what happens without
stating more than can be inferred from the story's action and dialogue.
The narrator never discloses anything about what the characters think or
feel, remaining a detached observer.

Third Person Point of View

Here the narrator does not participate in the action of the story as one of
the characters, but lets us know exactly how the characters feel. We
learn about the characters through this outside voice.

First Person Point of View

In the first person point of view, the narrator does participate in the
action of the story. When reading stories in the first person, we need to
realize that what the narrator is recounting might not be the objective
truth. We should question the trustworthiness of the accounting.

Omniscient and Limited Omniscient Points of View

A narrator who knows everything about all the characters is all knowing,
or omniscient.

A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character, either major or

minor, has a limited omniscient point of view.

5. Setting
a) place - geographical location. Where is the action of the story taking
place?
b) time - When is the story taking place? (historical period, time of day,
year, etc.)
c) weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?
d) social conditions - What is the daily life of the characters like? Does
the story contain local colour (writing that focuses on the speech, dress,
mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular place)?

6. Conflict
Conflict is the essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we
encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds.

Human versus Human (Marvel Comics)

External Conflict. Conflict that pits one person against another.
Human versus Nature (2012, San Andreas)

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This involves a run-in with the forces of nature.
Human versus Society (Films/novels with topics like religion and LGBTQ+)
The values and customs by which everyone else lives are being
challenged.
Human versus Self (Mental Illness, decision making, identity crisis)
Internal conflict. Not all conflict involves other people.

7. Tone
In literature, tone is the emotional coloring or the emotional meaning of
the work and provides an extremely important contribution to the full
meaning. In spoken language, it is indicated by the inflection of the
speaker's voice. The emotional meaning of a statement may vary widely
according to the tone of voice with which it is uttered; the tone may be
ecstatic, incredulous, despairing, resigned, etc.

Tone can be determined by three points:

1. An author's attitude or focus point toward his/her subject. In this
concern, the tone can be realistic, somber, depressing, romantic,
adventurous, etc.
2. The devices used to create the mood and atmosphere of a literary
work. In this sense, the tone consists of alliteration, assonance,
consonance, diction, imagery, metre, theme, symbolism, irony, etc.
3. The musical quality in language. Here, the tone depends upon the
sounds of words, their arrangement and their sequence.

8. Mood
Mood, on the other hand, is the vibe that a larger chunk of text gives
you. Think of descriptions of spooky locales in thriller novels, or how a
writer describes realizing that they were in love. What feeling/s is/are
created throughout the story? Is it bright and cheerful or dark and
frightening?

9. Symbolisms
Symbolism is the practice or art of using an object or a word to represent
an abstract idea. An action, person, place, word, or object can all have a
symbolic meaning.

When an author wants to suggest a certain mood or emotion, he can also

use symbolism to hint at it, rather than just blatantly saying it.

10. Imagery
Sensory imagery is a literary device writers employ to engage a reader‘s
mind on multiple levels. Sensory imagery explores the five human
senses: sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell.

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Figures of Speech

1. Alliteration. Involves using words that begin with the same sound. (Sia
Sells Sea shells on the sea shore.)

2. Anaphora. Uses specific clause at the beginning of each sentence (Love

is... Love is...Love is...)

3. Assonance. Focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them

over and over to great effect (Try to light the fire.)

4. Hyperbole. Exaggerated expressions (I could eat mountain of chocolate.)

5. Irony. Use a word in a literal sense that debunks what has just been
said (You are so pretty. You look like a Christmas Tree.)

6. Metaphor. Direct comparison WITHOUT using like or as (She is flower.)

7. Simile. Two things are compared and it uses like, as, etc (She is like a
flower.)

8. Metonymy. One word that has a very similar meaning can be used for
another (Crown- in replacement for king/kingdom)

9. Onomatopoeia. Word that actually sounds like what it means (squeak,

buzz)

10. Paradox. Contradicts itself in the same sentence (Deep down, you're
really shallow.)

11. Personification. Way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a

living thing (The candle is crying.)

12. Synecdoche. Part of a whole (Lead me your ears.)

13. Antithesis. Contradiction that pits two ideas against each other in a
balanced way. (I have a plan – to listen to your plan.)

14. Allusion. Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place,

thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. (You
are the Zeus of today.)

15. Oxymoron. Puts two words together that seem to contradict each
other (silent scream)

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16. Apostrophe. Calling or addressing a 3rd party/something nonexistent
(Hello, darkness, my old friend.)

Self-Reflection

Encircle
your
answer

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 FORM
Read each statement and check ( ) the box that reflects your work
today.
Name: Date:

Section:

Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree

1. I found this work interesting.

2. I make a strong effort.
3. I am proud of the results.
4. I understood all the
instructions.
5. I followed all the steps.
6. I learned something new.
7. I feel ready for the next
assignment.
www.ldatschool.ca/executive-function/self-assessment/

Self-Assessment

Directions: Given the discussion today and the previous lessons, create
a Venn Diagramm comparing and contrasting 21st Century Literary genre
and those in the early times. Take note on their structures and elements.
(30pts.)

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Directions: Given the discussion today and the previous lessons, create
a Venn Diagramm comparing and contrasting Philippine Literature to
other literature (American, Indian, European, etc.) (30pts.)

COMPREHENSION CHECK!
Directions: Read each statement and identify what literary device/figure
of speech is used. Write SL for simile; MT for metaphor; PF for
personification; IR for Irony; HB for hyperbole; ONO for onomatopoeia;
AP for apostrophe; and OM for oxymoron; AT for Antithesis; AN for
Anaphora; EP for Epiphora; SY for Synecdoche; MY for Metonymy; AL for
Allusion; and PR for Paradox on the blank before the number.

___1. Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better.
___2. Give me a thousand of kisses!
___3. You must be a good fortune-teller, for you cannot predict your own
fate!
___4. He was eager to help but his legs were rubber.
___5. Don‘t worry. It is an open secret.
___6. The Earth cries for help!
___7. Does it dry up like the raisin in the sun?
___8. Whooooosh! The wind is so strong.
___9. Don‘t go thinking you‘re Robin Hood just ‗cause you took an extra
peppermint from the candy jar.

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___10. Can we pretend that airplanes in the night sky are like shooting
stars?
___11. It is better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.
___12. Oh Sunshine, come on my way. I need your warm presence.
___13. ―Buzzzzzz! Buzzzzz! Buzzzzz!‖, the annoying black and yellow
creature said.
___14. She shouted silently all her anger and rage she feels inside.
___15. Yes, you are a great singer. The moment that you sing, you ruined
my life.
___16. I see that you have new wheels. Mind giving me a tour?
___17. The bells are singing with the wind.
___18. This is the part where the end starts.
___19. I will fly to the moon if you want me to.
___20. From the cradle to the grave, I will love my daughter.

CHECKPOINT!
Directions: Read each statement carefully and identify what is being
asked. Write your answer on the space before each number.

1. A journalistic video documentation on the web of a person's life,

thoughts, opinions, and interests.
2. It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are
presented in variable order but sit on the page much as tradition
poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and/or
mutate.
3. Oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play and intonation
and voice inflection.
4. A style of fictional literature of extreme brevity.
5. It i+s a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.
6. Combines three media: book, movie/video, and internet website.
7. Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using
comic form.
8. It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all
comic books and graphics novels originally published in Japan.
9. Drawing enhance the story, often adding humorous elements that
would be missing if the illustrations were omitted.

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 10. Narratives concerned not so much with science or technology as
with human actions in response to a new situation created by
science or technology, speculative fiction highlights a human rather
than technological problem.

Directions: Label the parts of a plot.

REFERENCES

Ang, J.G. (2016) Literatura: 21st Century Philippine and World Literature.
Mindshapers Co. Inc, Intramuros Manila

Uychoco, M. A. (2016). 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES

AND THE WORLD Quezon City, Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore.

https://www.slideshare.net/lhengacusan/21st-century-literary-genre

https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippine-
literature/

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ANSWER KEY

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