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 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Pr ctiv

~


In mot of th tudi& nvironmntal d
radation ha bn attributd to Anthropocntrim

(human-cntrdn'% A traditional thical& conomical and political  tm ar rootd in
anthropocntrim; th ar found inufficint to anal ( dilmma rlatd to nvironmnt% Nw
framwork lik Environmntal Ethic and dp colog & that r)ct ida of an anthropocntric and
intrumntal  tm of normativ thic& hav bn dvlopd to anwr th qution rgarding
nvironmntal concrn% W hav dicud th volving thori and alo hav attmptd to
appl traditional thical thori& including conquntialim (utilitarianim'& dontolog and virtu
thic& to anal ( th dbat of nvironmntal v% growth from th prpctiv of thical
philooph %
 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

3



Introduction %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%% $
Ethical Framwork : How ufficint Ar Th *%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Environmntal Ethic %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6
Thori of Environmntal Ethic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 6
Librtarian +tnion %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Ecologic +tnion %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Conrvation thic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
What i growth doing to our nvironmnt ! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Global Warming %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Effct of Global Warming%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% 
Tragd of Common: Root cau of Environmntal Dgradation%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Ethical Anal i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Avrting th tragd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
takholdr in Growth %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Dvloping v Dvlopd: Th Etrnal Qution %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Who pa  for th growth* %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 
Who pa  for nvironmntal conrvation*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
What n+t* %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%% $
Environmntal Ku(nt Curv H pothi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
Environmntal nginring%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% 6
Tranfr Mchanim of Utilit %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%% 6
Concluion %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% 6
ibliograph %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% 


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

£
 


It i commonl agrd that w nd conomic growth to nur th wll-bing of vr-incraing
population and alo to furthr improv tandard of living% Economic growth i n a th wa to lift
popl in dvloping countri out of povrt and to fight dia& illitrac and crim% ut what ar
th ffct of conomic growth on th nvironmnt*

Thr ar man dciion that human bing mak with rpct to th nvironmnt% For +ampl:

îc hould w continu to clar cut fort for th ak of human conumption*

îc hould w continu to mak gaolin powrd vhicl*

îc What nvironmntal obligation do w nd to kp for futur gnration*

îc I it right for human to knowingl cau th +tinction of a pci for th convninc of
humanit *

Human-inducd climat chang i th mot troubling and compl+ nvironmntal problm facing
th world a a whol% Th Earth' climat i changing at an unprcdntd rat& and it futur
implication ar wid-ranging% Climat chang i +pctd to hav conidrabl impact on natural
rourc  tm& and thrb chang in th nvironmnt can affct human livlihood and vn
urvival%

Among all thi what w oftn ignor i th diturbing fact that tho who cau thi nvironmntal
damag and tho who pa for it ar not alwa  th am t of popl% For +ampl& it i th big
indutri which cau th air pollution giving ri advr climatic chang which in turn rult in
poor crop c cl% Th indutri cauing pollution mak a gmnt of ocit i%% ownr& workr&
conumr tc% walthir but at who cot - at th cot of th poor farmr who ar mor
vulnrabl to th climat chang with littl or no hild againt it% Anothr +ampl which w all 
vr frquntl i th dia caud b th ga producd b vhicl% Th harmful vapor not
onl pollut th air in which th ownr of th vhicl brath but alo th air in which othr
innocnt b tandr brath%

I it thical that omon pa  th cot of growth of omon l* Or i it thical to dpriv a
ocit & an nation of growth to prrv nvironmnt* Can growth onl b achivd at th cot of

$
 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

th nvironmnt or i thr an altrnativ to it* What i an thical choic growth or nvironmnt*
hould w av nvironmnt bcau it i ncar for our urvival or w hould do it a a dut *

In thi a & w hav trid to anwr th qution about th iu that hav pod dangr to th
vr +itnc of mankind% Hr w hav ma)orl addrd two thical iu -

>c Rponibilit toward our nvironmnt& our co tm%

>c Rponibilit toward fllow human bing who ar not cauing nvironmntal dgradation
but ar gtting affctd b it%

„ 
 
  
~
 

Environmntal dgradation du to human activiti can b attributd to two main human attitud%
On i anthropocntrim (i%%& human-cntrdn' which i mbddd in traditional wtrn
thinking% Anthropocntrim dcrib th tndnc for human bing to rgard thmlv a th
cntral and mot ignificant ntiti in th univr& or th amnt of ralit through an
+cluivl human prpctiv% It giv human bing moral right to command an thing prnt in&
abov and on th arth and b ond for thir u and bnfit% Anthropocntrim form th bai on
which wtrn political& conomical and vn thical thought ha dvlopd% Whit (6' whil
dicuing th hitorical root of th nvironmntal dgradation argu that th main trand of
Judo-Chritian thinking had ncouragd th ovr+ploitation of natur b maintaining th
upriorit of human ovr all othr form of lif on arth& and b dpicting all of natur a cratd
for th u of human% Conquntl & th ma utili( and conum vr thing l to thir
advantag without an in)utic% For +ampl& Genesis : - tat:

͞God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and
female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful,
and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over fish of
the sea, and over fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the
earth.͟

Th main conqunc of anthropocntricim of traditional  tm i that& it mak it difficult to

appl traditional thical  tm and thori in Growth v% Environmnt dbat% Traditional thical
thori onl provid guidanc in human-to-human intraction and moral dilmma% Intraction


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

with land& plant and animal bing outid th purviw of traditional thic could not b ub)ctd
to th crutin of variou thical framwork% According to th anthropocntrim& onl human hav
intrinic valu that hould b prrvd a uch% Evr thing l i intrumntal in ma+imi(ing th
utilit for human and hnc onl po intrumntal valu% Instrumental value and intrinsic
values wr firt dicud b Plato in th "Rpublic"% An intrumntal valu i worth having a a
man toward gtting omthing l that i good (%g%& a radio i intrumntall good in ordr to
har muic'% An intrinicall valuabl thing i worth having for itlf& not a a man to omthing
l% Traditional thical thori lik valu thic could not b applid a uch to nvironmntal
iu a uch bcau nothing in nvironmnt +cpt human bing hav intrumntal valu%
Thori lik utilitarianim could b of u with om limitation and that too in a ca whn
intrumntal valu ar attributd to th non-human ob)ct% For +ampl& whn w talk about
prvring tigr population for our futur gnration& it i not bcau w bliv that tigr hav
om valu )ut b virtu of +itnc (intrinic valu& Valu thic' but bcau tigr hav
intrumntal valu (athtic valu& maintaining cological balanc tc%'%

„



 „

Inufficinc of traditional thic ha rultd in mrgnc of nw and broad ba thical thori
uch a Environmntal thic% It i an mrging philooph in thic that tri to tackl th
anthropocntricit of traditional thic% It do o b including th non-human (which includ
vr thing in nvironmnt +cpt human bing' into th framwork of traditional thical thori%
It aign intrinic valu to vr thing and hnc thori lik valu thic and utilitarianim bcam
applicabl to thm% Now an nvironmntal thical )udgmnt could b bad on utilitarianim if it
ma+imi( utilit for ma)orit of contitunt of nvironmnt that includ human& plant& animal
and natur a a whol% Thrfor& if a buin pro)ct ma+imi( utilit for human bing but
dtro  th co tm than it i unthical from utilitarian prpctiv a total utilit will b
ngativ%

 
 „



 „

Alan Marhall i a cholar who ha trid to catgori( th variou wa  th natural nvironmnt can
b valud% H dcrib thr gnral approach toward Environmntal Ethic:

6
 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

 





Marhall͛ Librtarian +tnion follow a civil librt approach i%% a commitmnt to +tnd qual
right to all mmbr of a communit % According to thi approach all ntiti animat and in-
animat& can b givn thical worth purl on th bai that th +it%

„ 




Alan Marhall' catgor of cologic +tnion plac mphai not on human right but on th
rcognition of th fundamntal intrdpndnc of all biological (and om non biological' ntiti
and thir ntial divrit % Ecologic E+tnion i can b viwd a a cintific rflction of th
natural world%

3





Marhall' catgor of 'conrvation focu onl on th worth of th nvironmnt in trm of it
utilit or ufuln to human% It ha it bai on th argumnt that th nvironmnt hould b
prrvd bcau of it ha +trinic valu that i it i intrumntal to th wlfar of human bing%
Conrvation of nvironmnt i thrfor a man to an nd and thi catgor i purl concrnd
with mankind and it conidration%

A w can obrv from th abov mntiond thori of Environmntal thic& th rational bhind
th prrvation of nvironmnt ma find it bai in diffrnt argumnt; nonthl
nvironmntal thic do rquir that humankind hould prrv th nvironmnt% Though
nvironmntal thic bring buin dciion that affct th nvironmnt undr th ambit of
thic but it nd a ignificant chang in th attitud of popl to b ffctiv% Whn compltl
galitarian ocit i t far-ftchd dram among human& aigning qual intrinic valu a human
to vr thing in natur i utopian dram%


  
  





Lt u +amin what +actl i th tradoff btwn growth and dvlopmnt% On impact of
growth& th impact that ndangr th vr +itnc of lif on Earth& i Global Warming% It i
imprativ to dicu global warming bfor w t on to ttl th dbat btwn growth and
nvironmnt


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

   



Th trm "global warming" rfr to th warming of th Earth in rcnt dcad and it pro)ctd
continuation& impl ing a human influnc% Th ffct of global warming on th nvironmnt and
human lif ar numrou& varid& acclrating% It ha bn caud b incraing concntration of
grnhou ga& which rult from human activit uch a th burning of foil ful and
dfortation%

„ 
    



Human rac ha witning om of th +trm and advr ffct of global warming in rcnt
ar% Th ffct ar -

>c E+trm wathr condition uch a drought& tropical c clon& tunami tc%
>c Local climat chang diturbing th cological balanc of th rgion%
>c Harmful dia uch a kin cancr& dngu fvr& L m dia tc%
>c Mlting of polar ic cap rulting in ri of a lvl%
>c It affct agricultur and food production around th world du to th ffct of lvatd
CO in th atmophr& highr tmpratur& altrd prcipitation tc%

×
  

        

Th abov-mntiond ffct ar onl a fw of th harmful ffct of global warming% Thr i a
largr pictur that nd to b lookd at%

Îc c 
c c c   du to global warming would cau man citi lik Nw York&
Miami& Tok o& Mumbai& Vnic& and hanghai to go undrwatr% What would happn to th popl
living thr* Mot of thm had no involvmnt in or did not vn from th phnomna which
caud thi global warming% Will thr diplacmnt b )utifiabl*

c 
cc c
cc 
c
cacpopl rlocating from coatal ara will
hav to mov mor inland% Th local road and bridg will b ovrloadd from th train% What
would b th thical tand - to not allow th migrant& who du to no fault of thir own had to lav
thir homland& to ntr th inland; Or to lt th inhabitant if th inland uffr th +c
burdn on infratructur& )ob& rourc tc% du to thi migration%

Î
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ca coral rf& an intgral part of th ocan&
blach and di from th incra in watr tmpratur% Th Polar ar i compltl dpndnt of

 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

on a a of ic for urvival% Howvr& th hrinkag of  to , of a-ic in th Arctic i lowl
killing it pr & cauing th pci to di of tarvation% Th poor cratur had abolutl nothing
to do or bnfit from th activiti cauing global warming& thn i it thical to hav thm uffr du
to th human grd%

It i high tim that th mankind hould look at th nvironmnt and it abundant rourc mor
than mr man of th conomic and financial profit& but apprciat it' intactn a a ncit
to hi +itnc% H hould larn to conidr and acknowldg th right of othr living bing on th
nvironmnt a wll and giv thm thir du har in th nvironmntal rourc%

Now vn a w agr that growth cau nvironmntal dgradation& it i till not clar wh
growth& unlik man othr human action& i lf-rgulatd% Wh human& bing a rational ntit
th ar& not abl to gaug th impact of thir action on th nvironmnt and rgulat thmlv%
N+t ction anwr thi qution%

   3

   
  „



 



Anothr human attitud that i rponibl for th dgradation of nvironmnt i th bhavior
toward th commonl ownd utiliti% Whn a pron harn th common faciliti %g%
common graland& watr bodi& air& public faciliti tc% th bnfit i n)o d b that ingl
pron or ntit but th cot i born b communit a a whol% In ffct& th pron n)o  full
bnfit from th tranaction but pa  onl a fraction of th cot (total cot/total pron in th
communit '% Thi i a grat bargain for th pron and prompt it to u mor and mor of th
rourc that finall lad to th ovrutili(ation of th rourc% Hardin (6' put forth thi ida in
it minal papr titld ͞Tragd of Common-% Hardin giv an +ampl of hrdr haring a
common parcl of land& on which th ar ach ntitld to lt thir cow gra(% In Hardin' +ampl&
it i in ach hrdr' intrt to put th n+t (and uccding' cow h acquir onto th land& vn if
th qualit of th common i tmporaril or prmanntl damagd for all a a rult& through ovr
gra(ing% Th hrdr rciv all of th bnfit from an additional cow& whil th damag to th
common i hard b th ntir group% In Hardin͛ word:

Îherein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase
his herd without limit - in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

all men rush, each pursuing his own interest in a society that believes in the freedom of
the commons. Hardin (1968 )

To +plain th d namic btwn th growth and nvironmnt w can rplac common gra(ing fild
in Hardin͛ parabl with th common pool of air& watr and co tm availabl for humanit % In
fact& Earth a a whol can b n a common availabl for th utili(ation b humanit % Cattl
gra(r in th +ampl ar th corporation and othr conomic agnt that utili( th rourc
availabl to ma+imi( thir bnfit% Thr i an incntiv to grow for thm& a th corporation
rciv all th bnfit from ach additional factor & whil th damag to th nvironmnt i hard
b th ntir group% Thi m to b bnficial in hort trm for th corporation but it i
unutainabl in th long trm for vr on including th corporation%

„ ~




Tragd of Common rndr itlf to th crutin from th prpctiv of variou traditional thical
thori a hr w ar daling with th intrumntal valu of th natur and natural rourc% In
thi ca action of th conomic agnt ar unthical a in th long run th diminih th utilit of
th common for th popl% Act utilitarianim look to ingl action and ba th moral )udgmnt
on th amount of pain amount of plaur thi ingl action cau% If w appl act utilitarianim to
thi ca& than growth m to b thical a tting up of mor and mor factori will lad to
bttr mplo mnt opportuniti and conquntl bttr incom lvl and tandard of living%
Howvr& th unrtrictd growth i unutainabl and will lad to dtruction of th natural
rourc% Though th conomic agnt hav right to u th rourc& rulting final outcom
rndr thir action unthical undr rul utilitarianim% Rul utilitarianim look at a cla of action
and ak whthr th undrl ing principl of th action produc mor plaur than pain for
ocit in th long larn%

~
 
From thical point of viw& tragd of common could b avrtd if th conomic agnt ar far-
ightd and ͞nobl- nough to car for th common long trm good% In th claic +ampl of
hrdr& it man hrdr will voluntaril limit th numbr of cattl in thir hrd and hnc avoid
ovrgra(ing% Howvr& from conomic viwpoint thr ar two main hurdl in thi approach% Firt
th hrdr ar acting indpndntl and rationall conulting thir own lf-intrt and long trm
ffct ar not quit vidnt% condl & and thi i th ma)or roadblock& vn whn it i clar that it i
not in an on' long-trm intrt and th common ground could b prmanntl damagd& thr


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

i littl incntiv for a ingl hrdr to abtain from th incraing th hrd% cau if h do o&
thn h will forgo th bnfit of adding anothr cattl to it hrd but till incur th cot of
additional cattl addd b anothr hrdr% Thrfor a th gam thor uggt& rational dciion
for th hrdr i to kp adding cattl to hi hrd% Thi approach of abtinnc could b uccful
onl whn all th hrdr uing th common dcid collctivl not to ovrgra( th common
which i a utopian cnario% In practic& tragd of common could b avrtd b making
arrangmnt that rduc th undu advantag gaind b tho +ploiting th common
nvironmnt% Uual practic i to impo om charg or pnalti to tho which utili( th
common faciliti% For +ampl& polluting indutri ma b rquird to additional ta+ or ma b
find% Thi will incra th cot of +ploiting th common rourc which i air or watr in thi
ca% If proprl implmntd& uch maur will mak cot of adding of a nw polluting factor
dtrring and growth will b rtrictd to utainabl lvl%

Nvrthl& bfor implmnting an olution to th problm& it i prudnt to idntif who ar th
variou takholdr in thi dbat of Growth of organi(ation% Thi i critical bcau an olution
will dmand accptanc from th takholdr and thir participation in implmntation%

 

 


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

Whn an conom grow thr ar vral takholdr in it& of which nvironmnt i a vr
important takholdr% All th living bing ar a part of th nvironmntal co tm and
continuall ngagd in a highl intrrlatd t of rlationhip with vr othr lmnt
contituting th nvironmnt in which th +it% Thu an thing which happn to thi nvironmnt
alo ha dirct or indirct ffct on othr componnt of th nvironmntal co tm& of which
human bing ar a part% Anothr important takholdr i th communit that hav to choo
btwn nvironmnt and growth% Howvr& th choic of diffrnt communiti to thi option i
far from unanimou% Whil conomicall progriv communiti and nation hav nvironmnt a
on of thir main prioriti& l dvlopd communiti and nation bliv that growth i
indipnabl for thm and thir popl% W +amin thi dichotom from thical prpctiv in th
n+t ction%

 

 

„
 


Thi qution bcom rlvant pciall in ca of dvloping countri& who dpratl nd
growth to nur a minimum lvl of utnanc to thir growing population% Without conomic
growth thr i no wa out for thir folk to cap from povrt & dia and low tandard of
laving% Dvloping countri nd indutrial growth vn to provid baic amniti to thir
population% Addring nvironmntal concrn could prvnt thm from attaining thir indutrial
potntial% Evn impoing chck and balanc on indutri& uggtd a a olution of common
problm arlir& could rndr thir indutr uncomptitiv whn compard to othr countri% And
in thi ra of globali(ation it invariabl man killing th indutr altogthr% Undrdvlopd
countri can alo not adopt clan tchnologi a it rquird hug capital invtmnt which i
b ond th capabiliti of th countri% Thi i main bon of contntion during th global lvl
talk on climat and nvironmnt% W will laborat on thi furthr whn w dicu K oto protocol%
Utilitarian framwork can giv om dirction in olving thi dilmma of chooing btwn th
option of prptual hungr& povrt & dia or braking th c cl b acclaratd growth& though
ndangring th nvironmnt% China ha choon th latr rout and ha managd to achiv high
lvl of growth% Howvr& it ha com aftr conidrabl impact on nvironmnt& a vidnt from
th firt poition China occupi among th biggt carbon dio+id mitting countri% Nvrthl&
China ha bn abl to lift million out of povrt a a conqunc of high growth%


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

 
  

Anothr rlatd thical qution i who pa  th cot of growth and who rap th bnfit% Thi
qution i& in a wa & a logical +tnion of th tragd of common% Th ubtl diffrnc i that in
common problm th conomic agnt who initiall +ploit th common and rap bnfit and
tho who vntuall uffr bcau of thir indicrtion and hort ightdn ar am% Howvr
in thi qution th takholdr ar diffrnt% Thi qution involv moral dilmma of right and
duti and quit and )utic% For +ampl& although China ha managd to improv it conomic
ituation but it ha puhd man mallr iland nation in to th brink of +tinction% Global warming
rulting from th activiti of China and othr carbon mitting nation ha rultd in riing a
lvl which hav ndangrd low l ing countri lik Maldiv tc% All of thi point to th claical
loophol in th utilitarian thor & whr th intrt of th minorit oftn gt ubdud toward th
gratr good% Evn whn w can )utif th action of China and othr carbon mitting nation on
th bai of ma+imum good and thir right to grow and lift thir popl out of povrt ; th
countri cannot b abolvd of thir dut toward th ndangrd countri% Anothr qution
hr i of quit and )utic% nfit of indutriali(ation ar rapd b th countri that ar
growing% Th incra thr pr capita incom and tandard of living of thir popl% Howvr th
cot of thi i born b low l ing nation which i grol un)utifid and hnc unthical%

 
 



 




Thr i alo a qution othr wa round i%% who pa  th cot of utaining nvironmnt (in trm
of forgon bnfit of growth' and who n)o  th bnfit of halth nvironmnt% Whil thr i
gnral agrmnt on that thr hould b don omthing to av th nvironmnt and mitigat
th impact of conomic growth on nvironmnt& who will pick th tab i not clar% Thi i primar
bcau th ditribution of th cot of utaining nvironmnt and bnfit i inhrntl not
quitabl% If w tak +ampl of India& thr ar tat lik Himachal Pradh& Uttrakhand and NE
tat which hav hight fort covr but low GDP% Th hav th option to t up factori&
indutrial unit and vn to utili( th fort covr for trad in timbr tc% Thi will incra thir
rvnu and hnc rai incom lvl if th population% Howvr& if th do o it will vrl
impact th nvironmnt and ovrall fort covr in India will go blow , which minimum lvl
nccar for nvironmntal utnanc% At th am tim& th tat hav to bar th cot of
maintaining thi fort covr in trm of low GDP and growth% Thi i a moral dilmma in th n
that& whil th bnfit of grn covr ar n)o d b vr on onl th tat hav to pa th
cot of lot opportunit to grow% At th global lvl am qution ari and i much mor compl+


 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

and difficult to anwr% Thi qution i put forth b fat growing and polluting countri to provid
om thical ground for thir action% Ochli and Kat( ( '& in thir anal  of th tratgi of
Ama(on rainfort conrvation from thical prpctiv highlight th limitation of anal (ing th
nvironmntal concrn from narrowl dfind anthropocntric and intrumntal good% Th argu
that it i difficult to aign utilit to outcom of nvironmntal prrvation vi-à-vi outcom of
growth% Th tr to olv thi dilmma b uing biocntrim (i%%& nonanthropocntrim'% Th
uggt that aigning intrinic valu to th nvironmnt contitunt )utifi th obligation of vr
countr including dvloping countri toward th nvironmnt on th bai of dontological or
kantian thic% Nvrthl& th accpt that thr i criticim of th focu of wtrn
nvironmntalit on biocntricim% According to Ramachandra Guha th Wtrn concrn ar at
bt& irrlvant to& and at wort& dtructiv of Third World ociti% Guha (' argu that

Îhe history and politics of power relations cannot be ignored. Îhird World nations,
recently freed from political colonization, see the development of indigenous natural
resources as a means of attaining economic freedom. Îhe newly formed policies of non
development and preservation appear to be a subtle form of the old imperialism. Îhe
wealthy industrialized nations of the world, having developed their own natural
resources, and having ͞stolen͟ the natural resources of the Îhird World, now are
planning to prevent any further development, so that the ecological basis of humanity
can be preservedͶa policy which clearly limits the economic and social development of
the poorer, non-industrialized nations.

According to Guha& an )utifiabl nvironmntal movmnt mut includ olution to problm of

quit & ͞conomic and political rditribution%-



o whr i th dbat hading* Do w alwa  hav to choo btwn growth and nvironmnt*
Can't th two b complmntar * Y& th can b% In toda ͛ cnario& both growth and
nvironmnt concrn ar important% Growth can b achivd without harming th nvironmnt%
Th conomic& tchnological and ocial growth& if utili(d fficintl and ffctivl can provid nw
and innovativ tool and tchnologi to furthr nhanc our nvironmnt% Thr hav bn
dvlopmnt& which can mak nvironmnt and growth go hand in hand% N+t w dicu om of
th dvlopmnt%

$
 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

„



 

3  


Ku(nt wa a U A conomit of Ruian +traction% In  h advancd th h pothi& in th arl
tag of conomic growth (with avrag incom riing from a low lvl' nvironmntal dgradation
incra& but at om tag in conomic growth (at om incom lvl' pollution ca to incra
and thn it ubquntl dcra%

Th h pothi tat thr i an invrtd U-hapd rlationhip btwn om indicator of
nvironmntal damag and conomic growth% o during conomic growth& nvironmntal
dgradation will initiall incra& but vntuall dcra% Th h pothi impli that riing incom
itlf i th primar cau of dcraing nvironmntal qualit at low incom and improving
nvironmntal qualit at highr incom

What could b th mchanim or mchanim b which th rlationhip btwn nvironmntal
dgradation and incom i producd* Thr ar vral +planation to thi& fw of which ar-

>c A popl bcom walthir& th hav mor tim to think about othr thing than mr
urvival& tim to think about nvironmntal condition& and& bing walthir& th hav
mor clout to influnc local and national govrnmnt to tak action to improv th
nvironmnt% Thi lad to nvironmntal lgilation bing nactd and nw intitution
dignd to protct th nvironmnt%
>c Anothr caual factor i th phnomnon of tructural chang in conomi% A an conom
dvlop thr i a ubqunt movmnt from an nrg intniv indutrial conom

 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

toward a l nrg intniv rvic bad conom which lad to a rduction in
nvironmntal dgradation%
>c Alo& a a countr bcom walthir& it can afford to pnd mor on rarch and
dvlopmnt& which lad to th dvlopmnt of improvd tchnologi and thu
ubqunt rducd nvironmntal impact%

„



 



„
  


c





 i th application of cinc and nginring principl to improv th
nvironmnt (air& watr& and/or land rourc'& to provid halth watr& air& and land for human
habitation and for othr organim& and to rmdiat pollutd it%

Environmntal nginring involv wat watr managmnt and air pollution control& rc cling&
wat dipoal& radiation protction& indutrial h gin& nvironmntal utainabilit & and public
halth iu% It alo includ tudi on th nvironmntal impact of propod contruction
pro)ct%






   
A laboratd bfor& mot important raon bcau of which ffort of nvironmnt conrvation
ha mt with tiff ritanc i that th cot and bnfit of th ffort ar not ditributd
quitabl % Mchanim uch a Clan Dvlopmnt Mchanim (CDM' ha bn dvlopd whr
advancd countri will provid clan tchnolog to poor countri at ubidi(d rat% uch
mchanim will matur with tim and hnc quickn th pac of clan dvlopmnt whil
addring th qution of quit and )utic%

3
 


Whil nw volving thical thori provid intrting framwork for rolving dilmma
concrning nvironmnt and growth& thir accptabilit till rmain a ditant dram% Th
concpt ma gain a currnc in dvlopd countri but dvloping countri& which ar at th
cntr of dbat& will rmain war of thi ͞Environmntal imprialim-% A dicud toward th
nd mrgnc of nw pollution mitigating and cot ffctiv tchnologi and buin modl
could nd th trad-off btwn nvironmnt and growth and humanit can grow whil utaining
nvironmnt%

6
 Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv

×   

Guha& R% ('% Radical Amrican Environmntalim and Wildrn Prrvation: A Third World
Critiqu% Environmental Ethics & -6%

Hardin& G% (6'% Th Tragd Of Common% Science, Vol162., No.3859 &  $- $%

Ochli L% & Kat(& E% ( '% Rtrivd Fb & & from

http://www%umwltthik%at/download%php*id=

Whit& L% (6'% Th Hitorical Root of Our Ecological Cri% Science,55 &  - %

http://n%wikipdia%org/wiki/Environmntal_thic

http://www%population-growth-migration%info/a /conom k%html

http://n%wikipdia%org/wiki/Environmntal_nginring

http://www%condorct%com%au/n/articl/ %ap+

http://n%wikipdia%org/wiki/Effct_of_global_warming

http://librar %thinkqut%org/C$ /OilEffct%htm


Growth V% Environmnt ʹAn Ethical Prpctiv