Mom Lab Repport 7

INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Mechanics of Material Lab
Experiment No.7
DEFLECTION IN BEAM
LAB REPORT
Submitted to: SIR AHMAD HAFEEZ
Dated: 20/04/2018
Batch: 15
Section: A
Group no.: B(II)
Submitted by:
Name of students Registration No.

M HAMZA SHAHZAD 160101046
M BASIM 160101072
M HUSSAIN 160101075
SAAD AZFAR 160101059
ABDULLAH FATIK 160101070
MUHAMMAD TALHA 160101044
ASIM MEHMOOD 160101109
0
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
1
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
2. OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 2
3. THEORY ............................................................................................................................ 2
4. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 3
5. EXPERIMENTATION ...................................................................................................... 5
5.1. PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 5
5.2. OBSERVATIONS ...................................................................................................... 6
6. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 8
7. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 10
8. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 10
9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 10

1. INTRODUCTION
A structural element which is used to support heavy loads in different structures
is called beam. Beam in any structure bears huge load which tries to bend the
beam and beam support the structure by resisting the bending produce by the
load. Ability of the beam to resist the load depends on the type of beam,
material of beam and shape of beam. When a beam is under stress, then that
stress tries to change its shape and dimensions. Change in shape of the beam is
called deflection.
To practicing engineers, the amount a of deflection in a beam is a major
consideration in the design of buildings, bridges, etc.… A beam which deflects
too much may cause cracking in floor tile, squeaking as one walks through a
building, and although a beam maybe of sufficient strength, too much
deflection may cause structure’s occupants uneasiness. Therefore, it is
necessary for the designer to anticipate the amount a beam will deflect while
the structure is in use and limit it accordingly.
This deflection in beams depends on many factors like applied load, length of
the beam, width of the beam and thickness of the beam. Method of loading and
the material of the beam also influence the deflection. In this experiment, we
want to study the effects of changing the loading and dimensions of the beam
on the deflection angle. If we want to find relationship among deflection and
one of the above-mentioned variables, we have to keep all other of these
variables constant.
1
2. OBJECTIVE
To measure deflection in structural member (beam) by varying load, span,
width and height.
3. THEORY
The problem of bending probably occurs more often than any other loading
problem in design. Shafts, axles, cranks, levers, springs, brackets, and wheels,
as well as many other elements, must often be treated as beams in the design
and analysis of mechanical structures and system.
The word deflection generally refers to the deformed shape and position of a
member subjected to bending loads. More specifically, however, deflection is
used in reference to the deformed shape and position of the longitudinal axis of
a beam. In deformed condition the neutral axis which is initially a straight
longitudinal line assumes some particular shape which is called deflection
curve.
Figure 1:Simply Supported Beam
The deviation of this curve from its initial position at any point is called
deflection at that point. The deflection at any given point in the beam depends
on the type of beam which is governed by the manner in which the beam is
supported, the nature of loads applied to the beam any particular point within
its span which can either be point or concentrated load, distributed load on the
portion or the whole span. The beam may also carry couple loads any point
within its span. Since deflection is a result of the internal reaction of beam, the
deflection experienced by the beam depends on the ability of the beam material
to resist deformation. The material property which is a measure of this ability
(stiffness) is Young’s Modulus, E. The stiffness of beam is also governed by
the shape of the cross-section. The property of the cross section attributed to
the final stiffness of the beam is the second moment of area I. the combined
stiffness is called flexural rigidity EI
2
Figure 2: Deflection in beam
Therefore, an expression of deflection yx for a given type of beam as a

function the load, and flexural stiffness EI is developed in order to determine
the deflection any point x along the beam. The internal reaction of beam to
externally applied loads is represented by bending moment, M, hence the
combined bending effect of all the externally applied loads is to cause this
moment at any given section of the beam.
4. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
Figure 3: Twist and Bend Unit
TWIST AND BEND UNIT:
The Torsion and Bend Unit is a combined apparatus for the demonstration of
both torsion and bend to be used in the laboratory or as a complement of the
theoretical study about torsion and bend.
It consists of two transverse guides on which the beam supports slide. The
supports can be placed different distances apart so that we can check the effect
produced by this variation in the deformations of the beam subjected to flexion
or torsion efforts.
In flexion experiments we are able to calculate the Elasticity Modulus of
different materials. In torsion experiments we are able to check the relation
load-deformation and get the Rigidity Modulus of different materials.
3
The test pieces used for flexion experiments are made of stainless steel with
different rectangular cross sections. Therefore, circular section test pieces of
different materials can be used. The test pieces used for torsion experiments are
made of different materials and with circular cross sections, what will allow us
to compare the Rigidity Modulus of different materials. A dial gauge with its
assembly accessories is supplied to measure the beam deformations both in
flexion and torsion experiments. To complete the supply, a set of weights
adequate for the unit is provided, with hooks adapted to each type of
experiment.
SPECIFICATIONS:
The bench top unit consists of adjustable legs. The frame is made up of
Aluminum and panels made of painted steel.
The MTP unit consists of two stainless steel guides of 800mm which allow to
displace the supports in the whole range. Dial gauge of 0 – 10 mm to measure
the deformations with 0.01 mm accuracy.
The elements required to perform the practical exercises are supplied:
• Allen key of 3 mm to assemble the beams in the supports.

• Set of weights adapted to the "MTP" unit with special hooks for
each type of experiment.
• Two weights of 10 N.
• Four weights of 5 N.
DIMENSION AND WEIGHT:
• Dimensions: 850 x 500 x 650 mm approx. (33.46 x 19.68 x 25.59

inches approx.
• Weight: 18 Kg approx. (39.68 pounds approx.)
4
5. EXPERIMENTATION
5.1. PROCEDURE
Changing Span:
• Mark the center of the beam on each side of this point mark off distances off
500, 600, 1000 mm.
• With a span of 500 mm measure the height of the central point on the deflection
-measuring device. Apply a central load of 500g and measure the new height.
• Repeat 2 for spans of 600, 1000.
• Enter your results in the table below and complete the table
• Plot the graph of y against L with y on the “y” axis and L on the “x” axis.
• Draw the mean straight line of the graph and measure its slope to determine n.
Changing Width:
• Mark the beams with the same span so that they will be supported near their
ends and also mark the midpoint of the span.
• Take the beam of largest width, measure the width with the Vernier Calipers.
• Support the beam at the two marked supporting points and measure the height
of the mid-point with the deflection measuring device.
• Apply the 500 g load as the mid-point and once again measure the height at the
center.
• Repeat 2, 3, and 4 for each beam.
• Enter your results in the table below and complete the table.
• Plot the graph of y against b with y on the “y” axis and b on the “x” axis.
Changing Load:
• Support the beam at the two marked supporting points and measure the height
of the mid-point with the deflection measuring device.
center.
• Now Change the load and once again measure the height at the center.
• Enter your results in the table and complete the table.
5
Changing height:
• Support the beam at the two marked supporting points and measure the
height of the mid-point with the deflection measuring device.
center.
• Now Change the height or the thickness of the beam. Apply the same load and
once again measure the height at the center.
• Enter your results in the table and complete the table.
5.2. OBSERVATIONS
Beam size = 6×25 = 150 mm

Span = 600 mm
Table 1: Relation Between Load and Deflection
No. Of Observations Load Deflection

(N) (mm)
1 5 26×0.01=0.26
2 10 50×0.01=0.50
3 15 76×0.01=0.76
4 20 102×0.01=1.02
Beam size = 6×25 = 150 mm

Load = 10 N
Table 2:Relation between Span and Deflection
No. Of Observations Span Deflection

(mm) (mm)
1 300 6.5×0.01=0.065
2 400 16×0.01=0.16
3 500 30×0.01=0.30
4 600 50.5×0.01=0.505
6
Load = 5 N
Span = 500 mm
Table 3: Relation between Width and Deflection
No. Of Observations Width of Specimen Deflection

(mm) (mm)
1 4×15=60 82×0.01=0.82
2 4×20=80 59×0.01=0.59
3 4×25=100 49×0.01=0.49
4 4×30=120 42×0.01=0.42
Load = 5 N
Span = 500 mm
Table 4:Relation between height and deflection
No. Of Observations Height of Specimen Deflection

(mm) (mm)
1 3×25=75 113×0.01=1.13
2 4×25=100 49×0.01=0.49
3 6×25=150 13×0.01=0.13
4 8×25=200 7×0.01=0.07
7
6. RESULTS
Figure 4:Load vs Deflection Graph
Figure 5: Span vs Deflection Graph
8
Figure 6: Width of Specimen vs Deflection Graph
Figure 7 : Height of Specimen vs Deflection Graph
9
7. DISCUSSION
The theoretical results were not as expected or experienced. There was

significant error between the actual results and theoretical value, especially as
the distance studied approached the midpoint of the beam. Though the
difference in inches was small, the percent error could be as high as 30%.
8. CONCLUSIONS
We can conclude that increasing load on beam and increasing span of beam
increases deflection in beam. Whereas increasing width and height of beam
decreases deflection in the beam. These results are obvious from the graphs
drawn above.
9. REFERENCES
• https://www.scribd.com/doc/62471288/Beam-Deflection-Lab
• http://flax.nzdl.org/greenstone3/flax;jsessionid=874EBF5E5FFCD575B27
1A5254A95CD87?a=d&c=BAWEPS&d=D2361&dt=simple&p.a=b&p.s
=ClassifierBrowse
• https://www.slideshare.net/yashdeepnimje/deflection-of-simply-
supported-beam-and-cantilever
10

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INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Mechanics of Material Lab

Submitted to: SIR AHMAD HAFEEZ

Group no.: B(II)

Name of students Registration No.

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

Figure 1:Simply Supported Beam

Figure 2: Deflection in beam

Therefore, an expression of deflection yx for a given type of beam as a

Figure 3: Twist and Bend Unit

TWIST AND BEND UNIT:

• Allen key of 3 mm to assemble the beams in the supports.

DIMENSION AND WEIGHT:

• Dimensions: 850 x 500 x 650 mm approx. (33.46 x 19.68 x 25.59

Beam size = 6×25 = 150 mm

No. Of Observations Load Deflection

Beam size = 6×25 = 150 mm

Table 2:Relation between Span and Deflection

No. Of Observations Span Deflection

Table 3: Relation between Width and Deflection

No. Of Observations Width of Specimen Deflection

Table 4:Relation between height and deflection

No. Of Observations Height of Specimen Deflection

Figure 4:Load vs Deflection Graph

Figure 5: Span vs Deflection Graph

Figure 6: Width of Specimen vs Deflection Graph

Figure 7 : Height of Specimen vs Deflection Graph

The theoretical results were not as expected or experienced. There was

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