EENG 3410 - Engineering

Electromagnetics

Instructor: Dr. Hualiang (Bruce) Zhang

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of North Texas 1
 Course Description

• Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Forms and

Differential Forms
• Plane Wave Propagations and Boundary
Conditions
• Properties of Conductive, Dielectric and
Magnetic Materials
• Static Electric and Magnetic Fields
• Analysis of Transmission Line
• Antenna Basics
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 Course Syllabus
• Office: B-230, Phone: 940-891-6876.
• Email: hualiang.zhang@unt.edu
• Classroom: NTDP-B227
• Office Hours: Mon. & Wed., 1:30 – 2:30 PM, or by
appointments
• Textbook: Fundamentals of Electromagnetics for Electrical and
Computer Engineering (1st Edition) by N. N. Rao
• Grading Policies
– Homework 25%
– Midterm 1 15%
– Midterm 2 15%
– Lab 15%
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– Final 30%
 Homework and Exam Policies
• Homework
– Homework is due before class begins.
– Late homework will NOT be accepted.
– Solutions will be posted after the due date.
– On the due date, In Class, turn in your original homework
solution.
• Exam
– There will be two midterm exams and one final.
– Participation in all the exams is mandatory.
– All exams will be close book and notes. One page formula
crib sheet is allowed.
– Two midterm exams will cover specific topics. The final exam
will be comprehensive. 4
 Topics to be Covered
• Fundametals for Fields and Waves (1 week)
• Maxwell’s Equations (2 weeks)
– Integral Form
– Differential Form
• Plane Wave Propagation (4 weeks)
– Solution of Wave Equation
– Boundary Condition
– Normal and Oblique Incidence
• Static and Quasi-Static Field (1 week)
• Transmission Lines (4 weeks)
– Transmission Line Concept
– Smith Chart
– Impedance Matching Circuits
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• Antenna (1 week)
 EM in Modern Technology
• The total number of US patents containing
“Electromagnetics” in the period of 1977 – 2001 is:
7,721 (total number of patents is: 2,548,926)

Communication 6
EM in Modern Technology
Remote Sensing
Space Based Radar 5000-elements phased array for “Patriot “ missile

Car Radar Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor Sensor Sensor

Node Node Node

Host Sensor
Node 7
 New Applications

• Microwave / millimeter wave imaging Imaging

– Through fog, smoke, and sand

– Concealed weapon detection
– Chemical / biological agent
detection See-thru clothes/wall
• Medical applications medical

3-D T-Ray Image of a Tooth

– Detection
– Treatment
• Wireless power transmission
– Space applications
– Alternative solar power
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 History of Modern Electromagnetics
• 1812: Poisson formulates concept of macroscopic charge neutrality as
natural state of matter; describes electrification as separation of the two
kinds of electricity; points out usefulness of a potential function for
electrical systems.
• 1814: Fresnel discovers interference phenomena of light, explains in
terms of wave theory.
• 1820: Biot and Savart deduce the formula for the strength of the
magnetic effect produced by a short segment of current carrying wire.
• 1827: Ohm formulates the relationship between current to electromotive
force and electrical resistance.
• 1828: Green introduces notion of potential and formulates what is now
called Green's Theorem relating the surface and volume distributions of
charge.
• 1830: Joseph Henry demonstrated long distance communication by
sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an
electromagnet which caused a bell to strike.

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 History of Modern Electromagnetics

• 1835: Gauss formulates separate electrostatic and electrodynamical laws,

including "Gauss's law."
• 1838: Faraday explains electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry and
• 1838: Samuel Morse publicly demonstrates a telegraph using dots and
dashes.
• 1845 to 1850: Faraday establishes connection between light and
electrodynamics.
• 1846: Weber proposes synthesis of electrostatics, electrodynamics and
induction using idea that electric currents are moving charged particles.
• 1855 to 1868: Maxwell completes formulation of field equations of
electromagnetism, 20 equations in 20 variables; established connection
between the speed of propagation of an electromagnetic wave and the
speed of light; theoretical possibility of generating electromagnetic
radiation. 10
 History of Modern Electromagnetics
• 1875: Lorentz in his doctoral thesis, derives the phenomena of reflection
and refraction in terms of Maxwell's theory.
• 1884: Hertz develops a reformulation of electrodynamics and shows his
and Helmholtz's theories both amount to Maxwell's theory.
• 1885 to 1887: Heaviside re-expresses Maxwell's results in 3 dimensional
vector form, giving it its modern form.
– in the process, he invents the modern vector calculus notation,
including the gradient, divergence and curl of a vector.
• 1887: Hertz experimentally produces electromagnetic radiation with radio
waves in the GHz range,
• 1889: John William Strutt(Lord Rayleigh) presents a model for radiation in
terms of wave propagation.
• 1890: Hertz publishes his memoirs on electrodynamics, simplifying the
form of the electromagnetic equations, replacing all potentials by field
strengths, and deduces Ohm's, Kirchoff's and Coulomb's laws. 11
 History of Modern Electromagnetics

• 1892 to 1904: Lorentz completes the description of electrodynamics

by clearly separating electricity and electrodynamic fields and
formulating the equations for charged particles in motion.
• 1897: Marconi establishes the first "Marconi-station“, which sends
a signal to the English coast over 22 km.
• 1906: Silicon used for the first time
• 1913: Harold D. Arnold at AT&T developed the amplifying vacuum
tube; made possible the first coast-to-coast telephony.
• 1921: RadioShack Corporation formed in Boston to sell equipment
to "ham" operators, taking its name from the small wooden building
for radio equipment on ships.

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 Circuits and Electromagnetics

• Circuits are important in our lives.

• But
– What is the connection between circuit and
physical structure?
• Whether the physical object is a piece of metal,
glass, or a semiconductor device, these are all
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electromagnetics problems.
 Vector Algebra
a3 a3

a2 a1

a1 a2

Right-Handed Left-Handed
System System
• We shall work consistently with the right-handed system.
r r r r
A = A1 a 1 + A 2 a 2 + A 3 a 3
Considering 3 r r r r
B = B1 a1 + B 2 a 2 + B 3 a 3
vectors r r r r
C = C 1a1 + C 2 a 2 + C 3 a 3 14
 Cross Product

r
a3 Pointing
C r
Outward B

a2
r r r r
A C = A× B
a1
Pointing r
Right-Handed
Inward D r
B
System

r r r r
A D = B× A

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The Calculation of the Determinant

r r r
a1 a2 a3
r r
A × B = A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3

r r r r
A × B = ( A 2 B 3 − A 3 B 2 ) a 1 + ( A 3 B 1 − A1 B 3 ) a 2
r
+ ( A1 B 2 − A 2 B 1 ) a 3 16