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Hypertension
Abbreviations
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ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
CV: cardiovascular
Introduction
Hypertension continues to be the most common preventable cardiovascular risk factor for
major cardiovascular events in Europe. Blood pressure (BP) control remains largely
unsatisfactory. In Europe, >150 million people are affected by hypertension and its
prevalence is predicted to rise by 15% to 20% by 2025. Significant efforts have been made
in recent decades to improve BP control worldwide [1]. However, the lack of BP control in
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≥40% of the population remains a major missed opportunity for European healthcare
systems. For this reason, development of new guidelines appeared timely and
appropriate.
Therefore, the 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines on hypertension were developed. The purpose
of the review and update of the guidelines was to evaluate and incorporate new evidence
into the guideline recommendations. The principal aim was to improve pragmatically the
diagnostic accuracy of hypertension and the therapeutic efficacy of antihypertensive
management, with the challenging aim of improving BP control and reducing the related
cardiovascular burden.
The key novel aspects of the ESC/ESH Guidelines are the improvement of individual
cardiovascular risk stratification and BP targets to be achieved, the timing for starting
pharmacological treatment and the time to get to target, the prevalent role of initial
combination therapy, and the promotion of adherence to treatments [2].
2 - Treatment thresholds
Drug treatment may be considered when cardiovascular (CV) risk is very high due to
established cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary artery disease (CAD).
(Recommendation; Class IIb)
c. Older patients:
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3 - BP treatment targets (Recommendation; Class I)
In older patients (65–80 years): in older patients (≥65 years), it is recommended that SBP
should be targeted to a BP range of 130–139 mmHg.
In patients aged over 80 years: an SBP target range of 130–139 mmHg is recommended, if
tolerated.
A DBP target of <80 mmHg should be considered for all hypertensive patients,
independent of the level of risk and comorbidities.
Definition of hypertension
1 - White-coat hypertension
White-coat hypertension is defined as an elevated office untreated BP, but is normal when
measured by ABPM, HBPM, or both [4]. The difference between the higher office and the
lower out-of-office BP is referred to as the “white coat effect”, and is believed to reflect
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mainly the pressor response to an alerting reaction elicited by office BP measurements by
a doctor or a nurse, although other factors are probably also involved [5]. It can account
for up to 30 to 40% of people (and >50% in the very old) with an elevated office BP. It is
more common with increasing age, in women, and in non-smokers. Its prevalence is
lower in patients with HMOD, when office BP is based on repeated measurements, or
when a doctor is not involved in the BP measurement. A significant white-coat effect can
be seen at all grades of hypertension (including resistant hypertension), but the
prevalence of white-coat hypertension is greatest in grade 1 hypertension.
The white-coat effect is used to describe the difference between an elevated office BP
(treated or untreated) and a lower home or ambulatory BP in both untreated and treated
patients.
2 - Masked hypertension
Masked hypertension refers to untreated patients in whom BP is normal in the office but
is elevated when measured by HBPM or ABPM [6]. It can be found in approximately 15%
of patients with a normal office BP. The prevalence is greater in younger people, males,
smokers, and those with higher levels of physical activity, alcohol consumption, anxiety,
and job stress. Obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), family history of
hypertension, and high–normal office BP are also associated with an increased prevalence
of masked hypertension. It is associated with dyslipidaemia and dysglycaemia, HMOD
[7], adrenergic activation, and increased risk of developing diabetes, and sustained
hypertension [6].
4 - Secondary hypertension
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Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an identifiable cause, which may be
treatable with an intervention specific to the cause. A high index of suspicion and early
detection of secondary causes of hypertension are important because interventions may
be curative, especially in younger patients; however, interventions later in life are less
likely to be curative (i.e., removing the need for antihypertensive medication) because
longstanding hypertension results in vascular and other organ damage that sustains the
elevated BP. Nevertheless, intervention is still important because it will often result in
much better BP control with less medication.
Terms of hypertension
I - True normotension: is used when both office and out-of-office BP measurements are
normal
III - Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH): in which the office BP is controlled but
home or ambulatory BP is elevated.
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The latest ESC/ESH Guidelines further highlight the importance of the systematic
estimation of total cardiovascular risk in individual hypertensive patients, endorsing the
paradigm shift from the view of cardiovascular risk factors as separate silos to a more
comprehensive assessment of individual total cardiovascular risk profile. Every doctor
should systematically estimate individual cardiovascular risk in each hypertensive patient
at the time of initial diagnosis or whether any changes occur. In Europe, the Systemic
COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) system [10] is the most frequently adopted tool for
this purpose, and it is now recommended also for individuals aged >65 years.
https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Arterial-
Hypertension-Management-of
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BP: blood pressure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: cardiovascular; DBP: diastolic
blood pressure; HMOD: hypertension-mediated organ damage; SBP: systolic blood
pressure; SCORE: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
The general treatment targets of BP have been lowered to at least 130/80 mmHg for
almost all patients. In all patients who can tolerate treatment, the office SBP should be
lowered to <140 mmHg. Office diastolic BP should, in general, be lowered to <80 mmHg.
In patients younger than 65 years, office systolic BP lower than 130 mmHg should be
aimed for, but not below 120 mmHg. In older patients over 65 years, and in old patients
up to age 80 years who are capable of an independent lifestyle and are not frail, a target
SBP of 130 mmHg but not below 130 mmHg is recommended (Table 2). In old patients
>80 years, treatment should generally be initiated in case of an office SBP ≥160 mmHg.
In frail patients, individual decisions with gentle reductions are advised according to the
benefit expectations of treatment. Importantly, the lower thresholds for BP treatment are
now also clearly defined. Systolic BP should not be lowered to below 120 mmHg. Diastolic
BP should not be lowered to below 70 mmHg. Therefore, clear target ranges have now
been defined with lower BP cut-offs where antihypertensive treatment should not go
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beyond these values. When starting antihypertensive drugs, the first objective should be
to lower BP to <140/90 mmHg in all patients. If the treatment is then well tolerated, BP
should be targeted to 130/80 mmHg or lower in most patients; however, treated SBP
should not be targeted to <120 mmHg as stated above and DBP not below 70 mmHg.
https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Arterial-
Hypertension-Management-of
a Refers
to patients with previous stroke and does not refer to blood pressure targets
immediately after acute stroke.
b
Treatment decisions and blood pressure targets may need to be modified in older
patients who are frail and independent.
CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease (includes diabetic and non-
diabetic CKD); DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TIA: transient
ischaemic attack
Diabetes
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For patients with diabetes, the same treatment targets are recommended for an office SBP
target of 130 mmHg or lower [13]. SBP should not be lowered to <120 mmHg. The DBP
target should be <80 mmHg. In older patients (≥65 years) the SBP target range is 130–
140 mmHg if tolerated. A variable visit-to-visit BP should be noted due to associated
increased cardiovascular and renal risk. Caution is emphasised in autonomic
polyneuropathy concerning postural or orthostatic hypotension. Nocturnal BP should be
assessed by 24-hr ABPM in order to detect hypertension in apparently normotensive
diabetic patients.
Coronary disease
In CAD, diastolic BP should not be lowered to <70 mmHg as myocardial perfusion may be
impaired in lower values [14]. In CAD, treatment is already recommended at the
threshold of high–normal BP of 130–139/85–89 mmHg, as these patients are considered
to be at very high risk.
Heart failure
Conclusion
The new ESC Guidelines have clearly defined therapeutic targets with lower thresholds,
below which treatment should not be continued. In most patients, a BP goal of at least
130/80 mmHg is recommended, but not below 120/70 mmHg. Lifestyle interventions are
re-enforced in all stages of hypertension. In particular, the guidelines clearly aim at
lowering the high-risk profiles of patients with concomitant cardiovascular diseases, e.g.,
coronary disease or diabetes.
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The content of this article reflects the personal opinion of the author/s and is not
necessarily the official position of the European Society of Cardiology.
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