Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. General
2. Syntheses
a) Knorr – Paal methodology
b) Knorr methodology
3. Direct functionalisation
3.1. Functionalisation by electrophilic substitution
3.1.1. Common reactions of all systems
a) Vilsmeier-Haak formylation
b) Mannich reaction
c) Sulfonation and nitration
d) Friedel & Crafts reaction
e) (Poly)condensation with electrophiles of type carbonyl
f) Higher functionalisation by electrophilic substitution
g) Proton as electrophile
HETARENE PENTAATOMICE CU
UN SINGUR HETEROATOM
1. Generalitati:
4 3
5 2
_
O N S C
1 H H
ox OL az OL ti OL anion
ciclopentadienil
furan pirol tiofen
ox A az A ti A
Electronegativitate
heteroatom (eV) 3.4 3.0 2.6
Energie de conjugare 22 24 28 40
(kcal / mol)
_
_
_
X X X +X
+ +
momentul dipolar global (Debye) : 0.70 (X = O); 1.97 (X = NH); 0.63 (X = S)
ecranare
H indus H indus
} compusi diatropici
β β
H H dezecranare
α α
X
X O NH S
Ho
δ (ppm) α 7.40 7.19 6.62
δ (ppm) β 6.30 7.04 6.05
As natural products… Cl
NO2
O Cl
O O O
N N
HO N H
Chlorophyll Heme
N
N
N Fe N
N Mg N N
C20H34O O N COOH
O
MeO
COOH
O
H
O
S
H
O
As drugs… O
2. Sinteze:
X = R-N; NH; O; S
X
XH OH
formal O
N N O H2N
H H
cetona α - amino c e t o n a
NH3 / cat.
echivalent cu
-H2O N
HO OH HO OH H
HO OH cat.
echivalent cu
- 3H2O O
HO HO OH O
HO O
similar cu
hν sau cat.
Ph Ph R R
S
S R = H, Ph
COOEt EtOOC Ph
N N N N
H H H H
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-3
R1 R4 R1 R4 R1 R4 R1 R4
X X O
XH OH XH O
R2 R3
X = R-N<, NH 2, S, O
R1 R4 R2, R3 = preferabil H sau electronoatragatori
pentru X = O toC (H 3PO4 sau P2O5)
O O
H2X
H
P2S5 P2S5
Ph Ph Ph Ph
O O S O O S O O S S
S thiaphosphaoxethane P
P
PS4 H PS4
P2S4
-H2S
Ph Ph Ph
S S S
SH SH
b) Metoda Knorr:
+
H
+
O -E OH N=O O -E O
α A CH3COOH A +
E moale A A
R B R B R B R B
-H+ -H+
H H H H NO N -OH
+
H -E
C5H11O N=O Zn/AcOH
OH
nitrit de izoamil (optional etil)
A O O
R B O H2(g)/Pd/HCl
-HBr A NaN3 A A
H R B R B
R B
H Br -NaBr H + _ H NH2
δ+ δ− + N=N=N
Br Br E moale
R = alchil A=B: EtOCO, -C=O (dezirabil), alchil (optional), H
OH
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-4
-E, activant
+
H
R2 R3
R2 O R3 R2 O R3
O _ +
H H
R1 R4
O H2N R1 N R4 R1 N R4
H
R2 HO R3 R2 R3 R2 R3
H H -H2O H
R1 R4 R1 R4 R1 R4
N N N
H
Nota: se prepara sisteme 3 (4) substituite, ceea ce nu este posibil, in mod avanatajos, prin
functionalizare directa.
3. Functionalizarea directa:
SE, majoritar
4 3
5 2
X
1 C - metalare, exclusiv
X
NH > O > S
reactivitate
reactivitate
de tip enamina
de tip fenol
conjugata NH O S
k (rel) 5.6x10 8 1.2x10 2 1.0
Br2
X COOH Br X COOH
- sunt evitate conditiile dure de reactie (pentru acelasi gen de substitutie, sunt preferate
variantele cu electrofili moi
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-5
- criteriu termodinamic:
H H E
E E
-H+ minoritar
+
X X X X
+ +
E
+
H H H -H+
+
X E
X X E X E E X
+ majoritar
+ H
X E
_ sp3
E3(4) conj.
asimilat cu
X X Concluzie:
+ + ΔE = E o conj. - E 2(5) conj < E o conj. - E 3(4) conj.
5 2 Eo conj.
X
1
+ +
(Me)2N-CH=O / POCl 3 H C O H + CO
-Me2NH CH=O
X X
+
O O Me2N CH Cl
P Cl + +
Me2N-CH=O Me2N CH O PCl2 Me2N CH Cl
Cl Cl
-Cl - +
Me2N CH Cl
echivalent formil
- +
[PO(O)Cl2] H
H H2O NMe 2 - NHMe
NMe 2 2
X X -HCl X CH=O
NMe 2 X
+ Cl hemiaminal O H
Cl
+
alti echivalenti formil: Me2N-CH=O + CF 3-SO2-O-SO 2-CF 3 Me2N-CH-O-SO 2-CF 3
TfOH: CF 3-SO3H (Tf) 2O CF 3-SO2-O- t r i f l a t
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-6
Nota: reactia este valabila sistemelor heteroaromatice reactive; are loc in conditii blande; in seria
aromatica, pentru formilare cu rezultate similare, vezi reactia Gattermann
H
echivalent formil ca si clorura
HCl + HCN NH
de imidoil a HCOOH
Cl
b) reactia Mannich: t i p i c a
+
CH2=O / HNR2 / H NR2 R = Me, Et
X X
H
+ + -H2O + +
R2NH CH2 O R2NH CH2OH R2N CH2 R2N CH2
purtator de SO3
SO3H
X X
+ _ N
X=S 2H2SO4 H3SO4 + HSO 4 -20oC
H
- +
scade - SO3 PyH
+ X SO3 X
randamentul H3O + SO3 +
X = O, NH
X = O, NH
+ -
N SO3 N-sulfonat de piridiniu
+
purtator de NO2
NO2 H _
X X B: NO3
+ _ X NO2 CH3COOH
_
X=S 2HO-NO2 H2O-NO2 + NO3 + CH3COO
X = S, NH
+
H2O + NO2
nitrat de acetil
X = O, NH CH3-CO-O-CO-CH3 + HNO3 CH 3-CO-O-NO 2 + CH3-COOH
+
H
+
CH3COOH + NO2
H _ H
AcO H Py
H
O NO2 AcO O NO2 NO2
O
+
cel mai tare acid din serie i) AE 1 - 4; ii) EE 1 - 4
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-7
Et
Ph Me (CH3CO)2O
S Me
S Me Me
O O S X -CH 3COOH X
O
Ph-CO-Cl / AlCl 3 Me-CO-Cl / SnCl4 EtBr / AlCl3 fara catalizator
(X = O, NH n e a c e t i l a b i l)
Nota: pirolul si furanul sunt instabili fata de acizii Lewis; complexarea (“otravirea”) AlCl3 in
cazul tiofenului se evita prin prepararea purtatorului de electrofil a priori. A se remarca similitudinea
cu arenele, in cazul tiofenului.
R
+
O H H R
R
R R -H2O X
X X OH X X +
HCl (uzual) + + R
R R
carbinol a carui
stabilitate depinde de R
RH R R=H
X X NH N
X X X = NH
R + R [O]
structuri dimerice unitate constitutiva a:
FeCl3 p o r f i n e i,
p o r f i r i n e i, Z
R = H si p-Me2N-C6H4-CH=O h e m u l u i,
b i l i r u b i n e i,
NMe 2 (σ+ = -1.70) c l o r o f i l e i,
v i t a m i n e i B-12.
H -H2O X
+
_
OH Cl
X
+ H
NMe 2
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-8
+
(X = NH daca -EA=B >> +ENH ) E CH3CO (2: Ac 2O / BF3)
O2N CH=N-OH
O (1)
(X = O, S sau daca + NO2 (1) (2: HNO 3 / H2SO4)
-EA=B << +ENH ) E N
A=B H
X
NO2 (1)
A=B
+
CH3CO
(+EX si -EA=B c o i n c i d) E (2: Ac 2O / BF3) N
X H
A B
A
+ +
(+EA sau +IA coincide + E E
cu +EX)
E X
X (A dominant fata de B) (B dominant fata de A)
Nota 1: functionalizarea superioara prin substitutie electrofila se practica atunci cand sintonii Knorr –
Paal (sau Knorr) sunt inaccesibili
Nota 2: presubstituentii dezactivanti (1) maresc aromaticitatea hetarenei; consecinta directa:
introducerea celui de-al doilea substituent (2) se realizeaza in conditii similare arenelor
Nota 3: pozitiile C-2 S A U C-5 raman preferate (dar diferentiate ca reactivitate).
g) protonul ca electrofil:
- caracteristica generala a reactivitatii fata de acizii minerali tari, in exces, la t.a. sau la cald:
procese greu controlabile, neunitare: desfacere de ciclu si polimerizare, “rezinificare” (se pun in
evidenta trasaturile de sistem 1,4-butadienic ciclizat cu un heteroatom).
- furanul: hidroliza, rezinificare; tiofenul: sulfonare, rezinificare; pirolul: polimerizare
nucleofil
electrofil
H
H
+
H N H H H -H+
H +
+ H +
N N N N N
H H H H
H H H H H
+
H
H H H +
H +H
H
N N H N N
+ + H H H H
N N tautomer enaminic
H H H
necunoscut minoritar
H
N
H
+ H
N N N N N
H H H H H
tautomer iminic
e t c !!!
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-9
centru deprotonabil
H cu baze tari determinat de -IX
X
X = O (1 OMN complet ocupat, donor) X = NH [1 OMN este parte a sistemului (4n + 2)e π]
S (1 OMN complet ocupat, donor) slab acid: pKa = 16.5 (17.5)
centru protonabil (nu se a n u l e a z a centru neprotonabil (se anuleaza aromaticitatea
aromaticitatea prin protonare) prin protonare): d e p r o t o n a b i l cu baze tari
- H
B: similar cu _
_
N -BH N_ N O O
H _
anion pirolat
+ +
+ + E E
E E
_ MeI
NaNH2 H majoritar
N_ + N Na+ -NaI N
Na
Me
N MeI Me
H majoritar
+BrMgEt + Me
N N H -MgBrI N
-EtH
H
MgBr MgBr
-
I
Nota 3: este posibila si derivatizarea ca structura N-acilata
b) functionalizarea prin litiere: regioselectiva la C-2 (furan > N-metilpirol > tiofen); uzual n-BuLi la –
o
78 C.
n-BuLi
2 δ+ + E+
H Li E
X _ +
-78oC X Li X
δ-
X = O > NMe > S
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-10
O
Cl OMe
Li COOMe
N N -LiCl N
Me Me Me
n-BuLi O
P OEt
Cl
OEt
Li PO(OEt)2
S S -LiCl S
O OH
O
Nota: α-metilenii de la C-2 nu sunt deprotonabili cu n-BuLi
hν
CN CN Me N Me N
N N CN
Me CN
Me
* hν *
Ph S S C* = 14C
Ph *
S S Ph
* Ph
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-11a
Δ B
D
heat i) electrocyclic process
A
C A C ii) 4n π-electrons are involved (e.g. n = 1)
B ii) the stereochemistry of the ring closure
is crucially influenced by the conditions
D
- T H E R M A L: Δ
C
hν B
- P H O T O C H E M I C A L: hν
A D
T H E R M A L CYCLISATION
LUMO: Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital
HOMO: Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
NHOMO: Next to Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
E
A
C Δ
2 2 3
1
4
heat 1 4
B A D
3
D B C A C
LUMO transoid B D
cisoid
2 3 2 3 2 3
1 3 4 B D B D
σ
2
HOMO 4
A 1 C
B D 1 4 1 4
A C A C
NHOMO both counterclockwise
both clockwise
D
HOMO B
ground state
conrotatory motion
in order to generate a σ bonding
A C
P H O T O C H E M I C A L CYCLISATION
HSOMO: Highest Single Occupied Molecular Orbital
E
A 2 2 3
LUMO 1 C
4 1 4
B A D
3
1 2 3 4 D B C A C
HSOMO transoid B D
cisoid
2 3 2 3 2 3
B C B C
σ
1 4
A C
B D 1 4 1 4
A D A D
counterclockwise clockwise
HSOMO C
B
excited state disrotatory motion
in order to generate a σ bonding A D
Mircea Darabantu MASTER D-11
Regioselectivitatea ciclizarii:
4 3 #
"f r o n t i e r a" 5 2
X1
ST
4 3 4 3
LUMO HSOMO
5 2 5 2
X1
hν X1 conrotatoriu
"f r o n t i e r a"
4 3 4 3
HOMO
5 5
2 2
X1 X1
disrotatoriu
4 3 4 3
NHOMO
5 2 5 2
X1 X1
STARE FUNDAMENTALA STARE EXCITATA FOTOCHIMIC