TECHNOLOGY OF

CONSTRUCTION 1

1 ICE - III
I. Earthworks technology

- Lecture no. 1 -
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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Technical regulations for the design and execution of earthworks

Indicativ
Nr.
reglementare Denumire reglementare tehnică
crt.
tehnică
1 C 178-1976 Instrucţiuni tehnice pentru executarea drenurilor orizontale prin vibroforare.
Instrucţiuni tehnice departamentale pentru proiectarea şi executarea fundaţiilor
2 C 29-1979
pentru lucrările de drumuri din pământuri stabilizate cu ciment.
Instrucţiuni tehnice pentru consolidarea pământurilor sensibile la umezire şi a
3 C 168-1980
nisipurilor prin silicatizare şi electrosilicatizare.
4 C 218-1984 Instrucţiuni tehnice pentru executarea forajelor prin metoda vibroforării.
Normativ privind îmbunătăţirea terenurilor de fundare slabe prin procedee
5 C 29-1985
mecanice (caietele I....VI).
Normativ privind executarea lucrărilor de terasamente pentru realizarea
6 C 169-1988
fundaţiilor construcţiilor civile şi industriale.
7 P 134-1995 Ghid pentru proiectarea lucrărilor ce înglobează materiale geosintetice.
8 GE 028-1997 Ghid pentru executarea lucrărilor de drenaj orizontal şi vertical.
9 GE 026-1997 Ghid pentru execuţia compactării în plan orizontal şi înclinat a terasamentelor.

http://www.mdrap.ro/constructii/reglementari-tehnice

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Technical regulations for the design and execution of foundations
Indicativ
Nr.
reglementare Denumire reglementare tehnică
crt.
tehnică
1 C 196-1986 Instrucţiuni tehnice pentru folosirea pământurilor stabilizate la lucrările de fundaţii.

2 C 230-1989 Îndrumator de proiectare şi execuţie a gropilor ştanţate pentru fundaţii.

Instrucţiuni tehnice pentru proiectarea executarea, recepţionarea lucrărilor de îmbunătăţire a terenurilor slabe
3 C 251-1994
de fundare prin metoda îmbunătăţirii cu materiale locale de aport pe cale dinamică.
Ghid privind criterii de alegere a încercărilor şi metodelor de determinare a
4 GT 001-1996
caracteristicilor fizice şi mecanice ale pământurilor.
Normativ privind îmbunătăţirea terenurilor de fundare slabe, prin procedee mecanice.
5 NE 008-1997
Compactare cu maiul f.greu – caiet VIII
6 NP 075-2002 Normativ pentru utilizarea materialelor geosintetice la lucrările de construcţii.
Ghid privind proiectarea şi execuţia minipiloţilor foraţi (revizuirea şi completarea Îndrumătorului tehnic C 245-
7 GP 113-2004
1993).
8 NP 113-2004 Normativ privind proiectarea, execuţia, monitorizarea şi recepţia pereţilor îngropaţi.
Ghid privind proiectarea structurilor de pământ armat cu materiale geosintetice şi
9 GP 093-2006
metalice.

10 NP 124:2010 Normativ privind proiectarea geotehnică a lucrărilor de susţinere.

11 NP 114-2014 Normativ privind proiectarea geotehnică a ancorajelor în teren.

12 NP 120-2014 Normativ privind cerinţele de proiectare şi execuţie a excavaţiilor adânci în zone urbane.
13 GT 067-2014 Ghid privind controlul lucrărilor de compactare a pământurilor necoezive.

14 NP 134-2014 Normativ privind proiectarea geotehnică a lucrărilor de epuizmente. 4

http://www.mdrap.ro/constructii/reglementari-tehnice
 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Introduction
Earthworks - Series of works consisting in modifying the natural shape of the earth, by
digging, loading into the means of transport, transport, spreading, leveling and
compacting the earth, in order to make buildings area and surrounding areas around
them, which are influencing the conditions of strength, stability and exploitation of
these constructions.

For large volumes of earth works,

the solution of embankments
execution will be based on a
calculation optimization, considering:

✓energy consumption,
✓ cost,
✓ scheduling of such works,
✓ ensuring compensation for land
excavation volumes with fillings, to
eliminate the excess of land
transportation.
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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Introduction
The earthworks usually are performed with
mechanized equipment, hand working
methods are applied only where the use of
machinery is not justified in terms of
technical, economic and management.

Earthworks will not begin before

preliminary works on site

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Preliminary works
The construction of a building can be considered a production with a temporary
factory, the building site being the ‘factory’ in which the building contractor will make
the product. To enable this activity to take place the builder requires operatives,
materials and plant, all of which have to be carefully controlled so that the operatives
have the right machines in the most advantageous position, the materials stored so that
they are readily available and not interfering with the general site circulation, and
adequate storage space and site accommodation.

First of all the site manager should perform a site investigation and the report
should include the following information:

✓ Access to site: On- and off-site access, road and rail facilities, distances involved, rights
of way restrictions, local authority or police restrictions and bridge weight or height
limitations on approach routes.

✓ Services: Available power and water supplies, together with rates of payment, nuisance
or value of services already on site, diversions required, and the time element involved
in carrying out any necessary diversions together with cost implications.
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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Preliminary works

✓ Layout: General site conditions such as nature of soil, height of water table, flooding
risks, tidal waters, neighbouring properties, preservation orders, trees, demolition
problems and special insurance considerations.

✓ Staff: Travel distances, availability of local trade contractors, specialist contractors, local
rates of pay and facilities to be provided, e.g. site accommodation, catering, health and
safety equipment.

✓ Security: Local vandalism and pilfering record, security contractors’ facilities, need for
night security, fencing and hoarding requirements.

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Preliminary works
When planning site layouts the following must be taken into account:

✓ site activities;

✓ efficiency;

✓ movement;

✓ control;

✓ facilities for health, safety and welfare provision;

✓ accommodation for staff and storage of materials.

When a builder is given possession of a building site the contractor

will have been provided with the site layout plan and the detail drawings
necessary for him to construct the building(s). Under most forms of building 9
contract it is the builder’s responsibility to see that the setting out is accurate.
 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Preliminary works

Planning site layouts:

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Preliminary works

Planning site layouts:

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
The works to be performed before starting
earthworks itself, are primarily those of
deforestation, demolition, land development
and the working platform.
Preliminary works
The operations order for the preliminary
works is:
1. Identification, marking and protecting
underground water installations, gas,
sewerage, electricity etc. , Their neglect
resulting in damage or serious accidents
during construction or operating the
execution equipment;
2. Deforestation of land, which includes
cutting or removal of all roots of trees,
bushes and stumps, stump removal and
removal of the timber. The holes that
remain after removal of roots are filled
with compacted earth.
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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Preliminary works
3. Demolition of existing buildings on the
basis of the approved related
documentation.
(Technical Documentation for Authorization
of Demolition - TDAD)

The discovery, after demolition, of caves of

whose boundaries extend below quota
foundation, the contractor will stop work
and seek appropriate solutions from
beneficiary and designer from technical and
economical point of view. If during the
execution of construction there are found
objects of archaeological interest, work will 13
stop and will announce the authorities.
Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Preliminary works

4. Disposal the resulting materials from

deforestation or demolition
operations in warehouses or special
places;

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Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Preliminary works
5. Digging and removing the vegetal soil
layer, which is usually mechanized.
Resulting vegetal soil is stored outside the
perimeter, in order to be reused as a
finishing soil layer, which can be proper for
gardens. The thickness of the vegetal soil is
established by the geotechnical study.

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Preliminary works

6. Drainage of superficial water

from the land will be stopped by
executing channels that will drive
these waters outside work areas.
Dimensions of the guard ditches,
slopes drain and how to protect
embankments will be included in
the project. If the collected water
flow is reduced or terrain is
rugged, it is not economic to dig
channels, instead drain pipes will
be built.

http://dewateringandpiling.com/

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

In clayey sands, clays and earths sensitive

Preliminary works
to moistening, where the infiltrating local
water harms the stability of
embankments,, it may be necessary for
walls to be waterproof in these portions.
Waterproofing or consolidation of any
kind shall be provided by the project and
their implementation will start only after
all materials, devices and tools necessary
for their execution are supplied.

http://dewateringandpiling.com/

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Land surveying
Drawing up the plan of executing the land surveying works designed for positioning construction
but also permissible deviations are presented in the normative C83/1975 - “Îndrumător privind
executarea trasării de detaliu în construcții” .

Land surveying execution consists in

setting on field of the shape and
precise dimensions of the building
and is the next step following the
preliminary works.

http://www.trasare.ro/

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Land surveying for constructions involves the following operations: Land surveying
1. Lay-out of the principal and secondary axes, as well as the
outline of the building.

The first task is to establish a baseline from

which the whole of the building can be set out.
The position of this line must be clearly
marked on-site so that it can be re-established
at any time. After the baseline has been set
out, marked and checked, the main lines of the
building can be set out, each corner being
marked with a stout peg.

http://www.trasare.ro/

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Land surveying
Axes of the building of lesser importance are drawn simplest, through wood sticks with a
length necessary to be introduced into the soil (approx. 80 cm) and at the end of the stick will
be put a nail that will represent exactly the point.

It is also necessary
topographical signaling
the points from distance,
which is achieved by
means of cones of wood,
colored in red and white,
which have a pointed
metal shoe at the top and
are held vertically by
means of a metal tripod.
The verticality can be
checked visually, with a
plumb line or balanced
level.

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

2. Execution of a fence aids, which can be continuous , made of planks Land surveying
hammered on poles stuck in the ground well or discontinuous,
consisting of goats plotting consisting of two pillars of 1.5 to 2.00 m
height, stuck in the ground and bound with a cabinet at the top.

The sides of the fence shall be located at a distance of 4 ... 6m from

construction contour and parallel to the main axes. Transmission of 21
the main axes from the terminals on the boards of the surrounding
fence aids are made using theodolite;
Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Land surveying

3. Execution of axes from points

external to the site. These
points will be permanent
landmarks, sustainable, which
will help guide further
construction and to check its
correct position.

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Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Land surveying
4. Plotting pit foundation, are done through
primary and secondary axes and some wire
fencing spread on the contour, using also a
wire with plumb. The edges of these
foundations will be marked through wires and
contour wood sticks;

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Land surveying
5. Drawing foundation walls is performed using a continuous or discontinuous fence and with
wire marking wall lines, horizontality being checked via plumb wire;
6. Drawing fillings. For indicating angle on which the excavation can be performed, there are
used wood boards. These boards are arranged at intervals to indicate form filler (backfilling
and cutting) and they are removed when the necessary filling level is reached;

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology
Land surveying
7. The lay-out of benchmarks is done with T shape mobile landmarks. Benchmarks are fixed to
a base level, namely zero level and is noted 0.00, that typically is considered fist floor level.
Checking the level of floors will be done by using the T shape mobile landmark.

Inside the building, on the walls is

plotted a horizontal line above the floor at +
1.00m and is called horizontal level. To establish
a benchmark from 0.00 level, we need a leveling
board maintained vertical straight with a plumb
wire vertical .
Drawing on the floor, for masonry, will
be done on every floor.

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 Lecture 1 – Earthworks technology

Land surveying

9. The land surveying reception for constructions, includes the checking of:
- To respect the surveying on the site as it is in the drawing project;
- The position on site of the surveying landmarks;
- The position on site of the characteristic points and of the contour building
dimensions;
- The position and the landmarks for the 0,00 level.

10. Drawing on land the pipeline network, and cable lines, which consists in determining,
materialization and tracing the characteristic points from axes and marking their
geometrical elements and routes: starting, breaking, end and slope changing points. These
plotting is made using plans given by the designer based of the permits received from local
authorities.

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