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T A B L E O F CONTENTS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..……………1
Laws of Migration…………………………………………………………………………..…….…1
Impacts of Migration………………………………………………………………………….…..2
Types of Migration……………………………………………………………………………………2
Cause of Migration……………………………………………………………………..……………3
Migration in India……………………………………………………………………………….…..5
Introduction:
Migration (human) is the movement of people from one place in the world
to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent
residence, usually across a political boundary. An example of "semi-
permanent residence" would be the seasonal movements of migrant farm
laborers. People can either choose to move ("voluntary migration") or be
forced to move ("involuntary migration").
Migrations have occurred throughout human history, beginning with the
movements of the first human groups from their origins in East Africa to
their current location in the world.
Migration occurs at a variety of scales: intercontinental (between
continents), intracontinental (between countries on a given continent),
and interregional (within countries). One of the most significant migration
patterns has been rural to urban migration—the movement of people
from the villages to cities in search of opportunities.
Laws of Migration:
1
From Human Migration Guide (2005), National Geographic Society.
MIGRATION
Impacts of Migration:
Types of Migration:
2
MIGRATION
Cause of Migration:
Table 1- (Note: All three factors may encourage a person to migrate. The importance of
pull, push, and network factors can change over time.)
3
From Martin, Philip. And Zurcher, Gottfried. (March 2008) Managing Migration: The global
Challenge Vol.63, No1, Population Reference Bureau.
MIGRATION
Migration in India:
In India, more people migrate due to lack of opportunities in their native
place rather than a spirit of exploration, creating social problems in the
region they move to.
Several push and pull factors exist in the country which are responsible for
the large-scale migration. India has high levels of regional disparity in terms
of population distribution and development indicators. Most of the north
Indian states are poor in infrastructure facilities and are also highly
populated. Hence a large number of people from states like Uttar Pradesh,
Orissa and Bihar migrate to other states in search of jobs. Low and variable
agricultural production coupled with lack of local employment opportunities
are the biggest cause of movement of people outside the state. In states like
Orissa, landlessness and marginalisation of the poor people turns out to be
the main cause of them moving to other more developed regions of the
country in the hope of a better livelihood. Though factors like internal
conflicts and political unrest have not become a significant cause for
migration as yet, government must guard against them in the long run,
particularly in the Naxalite belt.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, the south Indian states and other states in northern
parts of the country like Haryana, Punjab and Delhi have become attractive
destinations for the migrant population. Rapid urbanisation and
industrialisation of these areas have generated more employment
opportunities and also created better infrastructure. People migrate to these
regions perceiving them as greener pastures. However several factors make
them vulnerable as they enter new territories. They create pressure on the
job market and start competing with the local populate. Since migrant
people are usually more willing to work on lower wages, they dent the
prospects of locals in the area getting jobs. This creates a situation of social
and ethnic unrest and has even lead to violence in many states in India.
5
From a Report on ‘Migration in India - a cause of socio-ethnic friction’ by Pravin
Kumar Singh, Feb 19, 2010.
MIGRATION
Known as the IMDT Act (1983) it described the procedures to detect illegal
immigrants (from Bangladesh) and expel them from Assam. The Act was
pushed through mainly on the grounds that it provided special protections
against undue harassment to the ―minorities‖ that were affected by
the Assam Agitation (The Assam Agitation (or Assam Movement) was a
popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam between 1979 and
1985.). It was applicable to state of Assam only whereas in other states,
detection of foreigners is done under The Foreigners Act, 1946.
6
Source: http://www.policyproposalsforindia.com
MIGRATION
The Act of 1939 provides for the making of rules to regulate registration of
foreigners and formalities connected therewith, their movement in or
departure from India.
Whereas it is advantageous to provide for the exercise by the Central
Government of certain powers in respect of the entry of foreigners into
India, their presence therein and their departure there from.
7
MIGRATION
2. Annamalai University
(Annamalai Nagar, South Arcot – 608002, Tamil Nadu.)
4. University of Mysore
(Crawford Hall, Mysore – 570005, Karnataka.)