ASSESMENT .

02
Public Debate on Civil Society

Introduction of Civil Society

The word ‘civil society’ is derived in different ways. Originally we can say the civil society
means a political community. The modern democratic states have various trained army with
high and latest technical power of surveillance and control possess the kind of power that has
never ever been exercised by another state in history. A society which is governed by law,
under the authority of state. In Australia there are different civil society which are formed to
save the weaker state of the world. It is different from the state and institutions which are
independent from government and organised by individuals in pursuit of their own ends or
which is only to pursue their organizational goals.

So civil society refers to an autonomous groups and association. Such as business, interest
groups, family, clubs and so on. It varies from state to state and society to societies and
organised by an individuals. Civil society is the aggregate of non-governmental organizations
and institutions that manifest interest and will of citizens (operating within the boundary of
law) for example:-Making a football club by citizens, Followers of actor made a club named
Salman khan fan society.

Political Process and Ideologies

The Australian political party system is very effective and strict and more ideologically
applied as compare to the other nations such as Canada and United Nations. There was two
main parties in Australia which was founded in 1890s and historically completed. At that
time the ALP was made to promote the labour movement in Australia also they promoted
democratic socialism. It helps in economic rights, created employment opportunity and also
protects the political system and civil rights. There should be an ideologies in the political
approach of the country.

In the 1990 the liberal party was formed as there was an election of first national labour
government and that was less effectively than of its opponent which promotes the rights and
freedom of individual, free enterprises and profit making as dominant means of production
and heightening living standards. The political situation of the country should be effective for
removing and eliminating the social issue problems from the state.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN AUSTRALIA

There are various social problems in Australia on which they are facing in day to day. It is
rapidly increasing due to the political interference and ideologies and also a lack of civil
society justice. In Australia the rate of social problems in which the citizens are facing is very
high as comparison to the other nations. Various social problems affects the society as well as
living hood of the nation the society should remove such social problems as well as issue
them are facing in the todays world.
The various issues facing Australia were lack of jobs, many of them were left their job and
became unemployed, job security is 33.9%, Drug abuse is 24.3%, Housing affordability 24%
and Health related problems 19%.Also the cost of living is 21.1%, security, terrorism 18.8%,
and the economy and education is both 16.8%.Also there are various problems through which
the people of Australia are facing due to the unethical behaviour and environment of there.

Drug Abuse: - As the 24.3% of the individuals have been addicted to the drug abuse which
was the very unethical problems in Australia. It was due to the liberal political interference
and due to the atmospheric environment. The case of drug abusing is much harmed and
affects the society and the nation.

Terrorism:-As given in the data 18.8% is the person are involved in terrorism which was
also a social problems. The terrorism may affect the economy of the country and also makes
disputes in the sovereign nation of the country. Terrorism has also affecting the society as
well as nations by doing some illegal activities by threating the people and threatening the
individuals

Health Related Issue: - Also in this COVID-19 people are facing the health related issue and
problem because there was not a sufficient infrastructure due to which the problems occurs.
The health related issue is the main problems in which the government should tackle. The
past survey 19% of the people are facing the health related problems.

Cost of living: - The cost of living in the Australia is very high. People have to spend lots of
money to stay there. As the recent data according the 21.1% of the people are facing the cost
of living issue. The government should disclose the cost of living and lively hood as their
expectation of the people.
Government Policy Evaluation

The Australian government scholars have spent its several decades conceptualizing and
analysing the various forms of governance whether they will be hierarchical, decentralized or
networked. However, somewhat surprisingly, few attempts have been made to apply these
insights to the practice of ex-post policy evaluation. The Australian government policy
should be evaluated and analysed effectively in which there should not be any kind of
discrimination and problems. It is defining the policy evaluation as the ‘careful retrospective
assessment of the merit, worth, and value of administration, output and outcome of
government interventions, which is intended to play a role in future practical action
situations. The policy of government should evaluated and applied in such condition that the
government should be effective to the nations as well as civil society. The policy should
evaluated and analysed in such way that making reforms regarding the government should
have placed a lead role in the society and the country of the people.

The lack of sustained attention given to the governance of evaluation activities may stem
from the fact that evaluation has thus far mainly been considered in highly specialized
communities, in which will be important tasks such as developing evaluation methodologies,
guidance for making value judgements, and accounting for patterns of knowledge utilization
have been deemed to be especially and effective way. Formal evaluators may have initiate the
knowledge of various policy process and the circumstances under which a particular policy
has been emerged.

Human Right Application of Policy Approach

After the World War II human right have gained much more preference in the global
economy. As it has done the various transformation of justice in the global form. Day by day
the importance of human right is still rising upwards due to its justified nature. The human
rights were linked to development assistance activities in the post-world war and also they are
linked with the operational development work. Different person in the field of development
and cooperation should apply a human right based approach for an oppressive of policy. As
different United Nations would apply these diverging policy to sustain in the economy. The
six principles of human rights are as explained below.

 Universality and inalienability

  Indivisibility

 Inter-dependence and inter-relatedness

 Accountability and the rule of law

 Participation and inclusion

 Equality and non-discrimination

Above all the principles makes the operationalise and implement those ideas on human
rights-based development, principles have played an important roles in particular sector.
Subsequently, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has developed
and published the questions on a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development
Cooperation. This questions have particularly emphasis that this approach is necessarily
has a normative basis in human rights, the starting point must be linked with the
operational implementation of the rights that is the application of the rights in practice. By
linking the normative basis to its concrete implementation, the human rights-based
approach to development and in particular the principles of accountability and the rule of
law, participation and inclusion, and equality and non-discrimination has created a
methodological framework for the realisation of human rights in a development context.

Universality and inalienability: - The human rights should universally applicable in all
over the world as it is inalienability to the nation. The human rights helps the country from
different social problems faced by the country so it should be applicable universally all
over the world.

Indivisibility:-The rights should be indivisible for the country. As the indivisibility of the
human rights have the individual rights and powers to apply in the nation. The
indivisibility of the aspect of the human rights based development is the employment of the
concept of rights.

Inter-dependence and inter-relatedness:-The inter dependence and inter relatedness of

the human rights should be inter dependent to each other and inter related. The inter
dependence of human rights may solve the social problems as well.
Accountability and the rule of law: - The human rights should have an accountability
and the rule of law who should applied equally and the approach should be highly
preferable to every a nation and the states.

Participation and inclusion: - The human rights should have good participation to the
issue regarding the social problems. It should have participated voluntarily to the states and
provides the different approach to the country.

Equality and non-discrimination:-Equality and non-discrimination should not be

involved the human rights. The human rights should have remove the discrimination
among the states. There should be an equality and non-discrimination which makes the
states the social problems free.

SOCIAL ISSUE

Social issue is a problem related to the society which influence many people in the society.
Social issues have become a common problem in today’s world in the society. All the
people are facing the social issue regarding the context of its society. Social issue affects
the group of people in the society.

Civil society had various ingredients in helping people and USAID programmes. Some of
the importance are as explained below.

Setting priorities to engage diverse in society: - If we being a sustainable and donor

programs must be driven by the priorities of local stakeholders of the states and includes a
civil society organizations. These requires a targeted effort to reach those often excluded
from policy making, promoting the locals as well as women, girls, youth, and other types
of groups.

Strengthen work and protect enabling environment:-Civil society protect the strength
of the work and protect enabling environment by merging with the USAID and increase
the restrictions in many of the countries. So the strengthen of the work should protect the
country as well as local individuals of the country.
Invest in the capabilities of civil society: - In addition to the others supporting the
programing elements, USAID provides the different technical assistance to the society in
investing capabilities and making the society to grow as well. It also provides helps to
operational capacity of civil society organizations, tailored to the specific purpose and
being a priority of every organization.

Engaging the broad range and diverse set of civil society:-USAID make its investment
in the various civil society organizations to promote and also to provide assistance. The
inequality that leaves some groups excluded for the political and social life of the country.
It should direct special priority to supporting organizations representing marginalized
groups and solicit their input to make diversification the set of civil society.

EXAMPLE OF POLICY APPROACH

Harm minimisation VS Abstinence in Drug policy:-The harm should minimised in an

effective way. It prioritize to reducing the negative consequence. It recognise that the use
of drug is complexity in nature. Harm minimisation followed the points;

 Risk of immediate death

 Health care and medical compliance

 Financial conclusion

 Legal Consequence and legal laws

 Relationship strain maintain

Compulsory income management versus spending autonomy for welfare recipients: -

There should be a compulsory income management which helps the welfare of the people
as well as welfare of the nations. Spending the autonomous for welfare recipients is also a
good term. The restrictions imposed through compulsory income management radically
affect the autonomy of recipients.
Restorative justice versus incarceration: - Restorative justice has been a very rapidly
increasing and popular alternative to traditional applications of criminal justice. It
emphasis on victim needs and the personalizing of conflict resolution offers and attractive
choice for those dissatisfied with the adversarial, impersonal, and retributive focus of the
present criminal justice system.

Adoption versus intensive family support programs:-The adoption of child’s takes place
in the social reforms. Adoption of child’s helps the people to take care of them and there
should be an intensive family support programmes to aware and develop the society and
nation as well. There should be an evaluations of intensive family preservation services
which have found that providing direct services and mentoring to teach families parenting,
basic household management and problem-solving skills were associated with improved
family functioning. These all should be done for the intensive care of family.

Public versus private (including NGO) human services delivery:-The delivery system
in public as well private sector have taken more imperatively. Also the Non-government
organizations are using the services delivery are very ridable and effectiveness for the
country. All the services whether they are private or public should be deliver in time and
have cost effective rate.

Medical cannabis prescription versus prohibition:-As we know medical cannabis is a

medical therapy which is given to the patient. So this prescription should be done under the
surveillance of the prescribed doctor as it is the prohibition in the several country. So the
medical cannabis prescription should be prohibited.

‘Housing first’ versus the ‘continuum of care’ approach to reducing homelessness:-

Long times ago there was a policy known as “Housing First” which has come to dominate
the government response to homelessness. Housing first has two chief tenets the most
effective solution to homelessness is permanent housing and all housing for the homeless
should be provided immediately, without any preconditions. So the housing first care
facility should be provided to all the homeliness people who are suffering the poverty.

Conclusion

Hence, we can say that the civil society is formed for the wellbeing of the nation for a welfare
which was governed by law. In this report there was a discussion about the various policy,
approach, culture and society as well as social problems which affect the society. The civil
society is formed to save the weaker state of the world as well formed for the regulatory
bodies of the government. The civil society is formed to protect and to provide different
technical and political help to the country. The country should remove and eliminate all the
social problems to develop the ethical culture and good behaviour in the country for
promoting the nations and to develop the nation. All the country have economic force and
trained people to protect the disputes and war from the nations. But the country should have
very legal and political support for the nations. If there is uncertainty as to the importance of
civil society that should be put to rest by the challenge posed by coronavirus to community,
national, and global health, economic well-being, stability, and cohesion. Civil society may
acting on its own way and in collaboration with government and business, is facing a
herculean task of stemming the impact on society and economies, not just in developing but
also in developed countries. So there will be not any political intervention and interference in
the country to make the society better.