Kamlesh

GUIDED BY:- PREPARED BY:-
Prof. N.D.RABARA 06EE011 KAMLESH N. DUMANIYA

06EE009 BIRJU R. DARJI
07EE060 SANDIP L. VEGAD
07EE054 JAYESH R. SHARMA
Prof. N.D.RABARA 06EE011 KAMLESH N. DUMANIYA

Prof. N.D.RABARA 06EE009 BIRJU R. DARJI

Prof. N.D.RABARA 07EE060 SANDIP L. VEGAD

Prof. N.D.RABARA 07EE054 JAYESH R. SHARMA

Sequential Lighting Of A River Bridge
Kamlesh N. Dumaniya [06EE011]

Birju R. Darji [06EE009]
Sandip L. Vegad [07EE060]
Jayesh R. Sharma [07EE054]
Electrical Engineering Department
Government Engineering
College, Dahod
Zalod Road, Dahod, Gujarat - 389151
College, Dahod

Electrical Engineering
Department
College, Dahod
Electrical Engineering
Department
College, Dahod
College, Dahod
Project Report
on
Of
VIIth Semester B. E. (Electrical)
Government Engineering College, Dahod
Guided by
Shri Ashvin Maheshwari

Lecturer
Electrical Dept,
GEC Dahod
On
20th November , 2010
At

Project Report
On
Of
Guided by

Lecturer
Electrical Dept,
GEC Dahod
On
At

Project Report
on
Of
Guided by

Lecturer
Electrical Dept,
GEC Dahod
On
At

Project Report
on
Of
Guided by

Lecturer
Electrical Dept,
GEC Dahod
On
At

Project Report
on
Of
Guided by

Lecturer
Electrical Dept,
GEC Dahod
On
At

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, DAHOD
TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY
CONCERN
This is certify that the Mr.
DUMANIYA KAMLESH N. 06EE011
Of B.E. Semester of 7th Electrical
Department, University examination no.
_________ has satisfactorily completed his
project on “SEQUENCIAL LIGHTING OF A OVER
BRIDGE”For The Term Ending In
______________
Date :
Place:
Sign Of Guide Head of the Deparment
COLLEGE, DAHOD
CONCERN
DARJI BIRJU R.. 06EE009
BRIDGE”
For The Term Ending In ______________

Date :
Place:
COLLEGE, DAHOD
CONCERN
VEGAD SANDIP I. 07EE060
BRIDGE”

Date :
Place:
COLLEGE, DAHOD
CONCERN
SHARMA JAYESH R.. 07EE054
BRIDGE”

Date :
Place:
It is my pleasure to remember the ocean
of guidance, support and encouragement to me by many
people who have helped me in working of this project.
It is my privilege to express my
indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to my guiding
“Prof. N. D. RABARA”. His keen interest, constant
encouragement variable suggestion and dexterous guidance
resulted in the successful completion of my project work. I
greatly thankful to “Prof. N. D. RABARA” for there great
support in my project work and for keen interest in built up
our valuable future.
This project has helped me to increase my

knowledge and hope It will serve like a key in my future
studies.
I am greatly thankful to all our professors,

lectures for their great encouragement and support in my
pre-project work
I experience a great felling of joy & satisfaction
as I complete the pre-project work an “SEQUENTIAL LIGHTING
OF A RIVER BRIDGE”.
I would like to extend heartly thankfulness to my

external guide “Prof. N. D. RABARA”. Whose guide me all the
technical aspects of the project without whom the project work would
have been impossible.
I am highly indebted to my collage,
COLLEGE,
DAHOD
For providing me such a wonderful environment

and infrastructure for carrying out project. I am also thankful of the
entire electrical staff for providing valuable guidance and much
needed inspiration for carrying out the project work.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.1 ELEVATION OF CODE LOCK

3.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
4. AIM OF THE PROJECT

5. WHAT IS CONVERSION?
6. GENERAL DISCRIPTION
6.1 IC1-AT89C2051
6.2 LED
6.3 IC3-7805 REGULATOR & POWER SUPPLY
6.4 SWITCH
6.5 RELAY
6.6 T1-2N2222 TRANSISTOR
6.7 TRANSFORMER
6.8 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY
6.9 PCB SPECIFICATION
6.10 MISCELLANEOUS
7. LIST OF PARTS
8. WORKING
9. PRICE LIST
10. APPLICATION
11. CONCLUSION
12. REFERENCES
12.1 BOOKS
12.2 WEB SITES
{1}
INTRODUCTION
Energy is a prime concern in our day-today life.

Everyone uses energy much without any thinking. And the
sources of energy is limited. If we uses it with wastage so it
will finished quickly. And now a day no one instrument is
working without any kind of energy. And people are
dependable on the instrument. The growth of industrial area
is so high. And the environmental growth is so down. So
many kind of pollutions are crated like air pollution, noise
pollution, land pollution. If we don’t stop this so in next days
we can not do any thing because we have not any source of
energy. So our project is working on that principle of saving
energy. We made a automatic light off on project which can
help to save energy. We use microcontroller AT89S52 in our
system. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit
microcontroller AT89S2052 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for
the program memory. When the car is passing through the
pole sensor senses and the next light will be on than the car
is move to next pole so light of next pole is on and left one
pole light is off.
{2}
BLOCK DIAGRAM
{3}
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
{4}
AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this project is to save the energy which

is utilized by the bridge light. As we know that we can also
make this type of project by using the microcontroller. But it
is very much hard to make this type of project.
We can make this project by using a IR sensor

(THYRISTOR RECEIVER PAIR). Because of this IR sensor
we have very much simplicity to make this project.
In this project we use an other thing which is called IC

89s52. Which is the heart of this project. To convert the ac
supply in to the dc we have a rectifier. Which converts the
AC supply into the DC supply.
We also use the IC 7805 in this project. In this project

we use the cristal oscillator. Thu another advantage of this
circuit that we can provide a another LED or Counter and
also a Stopper.
{5}
WHAT IS CONVERSION?
When you look around at all the machines that are

running, the lights, fans, cars etc, you simply can not
imagine life without all these. But can you imagine the
amount of energy that is being used to all this? Fortunately,
people all over the world are becoming aware of the problem
of consuming to much energy and are making a conscious
effort to conserve it and there by puut less lower the amount
of pollutants we release in to the air and there by help to
keep air clean.
The interaction between the natural resources and the

population has to be maintained at the balance in order to
insure the continuity of the human race. Energy is essential
to life and its conservation has become an absolute
necessity.
There are two types of energy, renewable and

nonrenewable sources of energy. The nonrenewable
sources of energy such as coal, natural gas and mineral oil
are gradually becoming exhausted as we are over taping this
resources. People are now looking towards alternative
sources of energy such as wind, sun, the ocean etc. for
taping energy. These are the renewable sources of energy
and will not exhaust.
Concerns over the negative environmental impacts of

inefficient uses of energy are gowing, both globally and
regionally. Such concerns require greater national efforts
and greater international cooperation to promote energy
efficiency and energy conservation.
{6}
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
6.1: AT89S52
 8051/52 Basic Circuit:-

The schematic on the right shows the bare bones
circuit
for wiring up 8051 or 8052 microcontroller. Yes you could
trim off a few more components but there be much to be
gained. Pin 40 provides power (Vcc) to the 8051/52. Both
3.3V and 5V versions of the 8051/52 are available. Note this
pin is despiked to ground with a 0.1 mF ceramic capacitor.
This is a good practice for all CMOS/TTL chips. The general
“rule of thumb” is to decoupling every chip with a 0.01 to 0.1
u low-inductance capacitor. XR7 and Y5P type ceramics
work well for this purpose.
The crystal connected at 8051 pins 18 and 19

needs the capacitors (33pF) connected to ground. Several
8051 variants work well without capacitors, but some of them
have intermittent clock “no-start” or “stop oscillation”
problems. To avoid problems use the capacitors.
Pin 31, EA
(External Access Enable)
must be tied high to
enable the device to fetch
code from internal
memory like flash or
ROM. Tying EA to GND
will enable external code execution, used when code is
stored in an external EEPROM or other non-volatile memory.
The 8051 reset pin receives a resistor (8.2k ohms)

to ground and an electrolytic capacitor (10mF) connected to
Vcc. At power up, the capacitor is discharged, so current
flows from ground to +Vcc via the resistor and the capacitor,
until it charges the capacitor. This time can be calculated as
aprox; time = 1/R*C or 82milliseconds. The CMOS versions
don’t need the 8.2k resistor, but the books say it doesn’t
harm to install it. If you want to install a “reset” button, just
install the switch in parallel to the capacitor ( as shown in the
diagram), so when pressing the key it will apply +Vcc to the
Reset pin, also discharging the capacitor.
 8052 SCHEMATIC
6.2: LIGHT
EMITTING
DIODE:-
When current is made to flow in the forward

direction therefore gallium arsenide phosphates (GaAsP) PN
junctions visible light is emitted from the region of the
depletion layer. This is due to recombination of minority
carriers, so that when an electron falls from the conduction
into the valence energy band, energy released in a visible
form. Such a light Emitting Diode is referred to as an LED far
short.
Light emitting diodes are extensilvely used now

day
in various applications such as commercial display board,
light ambient indicator, signal lamps etc. LED were diffuse
type giving low intensity light with limited brightness, the light
emitted from these LEDs is more powerful then from the
earlier LEDs.
LEDs are semiconductor device that emits energy

in from photos when a potential difference is applied to their
from of p-n junction The intensity of photon emission
depends on their material used in the device as well as the
current flowing throw it in typical LEDs, GELLIUM
PHOSPHIDE (Ga P) is used as the semiconductor material
to generate a light beam and the colored epoxy casing
provide a particular light such as RED or GREEN.
6.3: LM7805 REGULATOR & POWER SUPPLY
 POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORIC:-
The 7800 series consists of three terminals

positive
voltage regulator. These ICs are designated as fixed voltage
regulator and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output
current in excess of 1 A. Although these devices do not
require external component, such component can be used to
obtain adjustable voltage and current. These ICs also have
internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit
current limiting. As shown in figure proper operation require
a common ground between input and output voltages.
In addition the difference between input and output
voltage (Vin - Vout) called dropout voltage. The capacitor c1
require if the regulator is located an appreciable distance
from power supply filter. Even though the capacitor C2 is not
needed, it may be used to improve the transient response of
the regulator.
The typical connection diagram of the 7805 is

shown in fig.
The current supplied to the load is given by the equation
IL=VR/R+Q
Where IQ=quiescent current (amp.)

The output voltage Vout with respect to the ground is
Vout=VR+VL
Where VL=IL*RL
The minimum input voltage required is given by the
equation
Vin=Vout + (dropout voltage)
In, short a current source circuit using a voltage

regulator can be designed for a desired value of load
current (IL) simplify by selecting an appropriate value
for R.
 NOTE:-
Vin depends on the size of RL and also the

dropout
voltage regulator.
The pin diagram of the regulator IC L7805 is

shown in the fig. The pin no.1 is for the input. The pin no.2 is
for the ground and the pin no.3 is for the output. The output
of this regulator IC is the constant 5V.
 POWER SUPPLY:-
A power supply is a vital part of all electronics

system.
Most of the ICs operate on 5v. The block diagram the typical
power supply is shown in the fig.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:-
The output of the transformer is fed into the bridge

rectifier, which convert the sinusoidal input into the full-wave
rectifier output. During the positive half cycle of the input
voltage the diode D1 and D3 are in the forward bias. Thus
the diode D1 and D3 are conducted. The capacitor charges
toward a positive peak. At the same time diode D2 and D4
is in the reverse bias. During the negative half-cycle the
diode D2 and D4 is in the forward bias. Thus the diode D2
and D4 are conducted.
The diodes are conducts only during the time

when the anodes are positive with respect to cathode. In
other words when the diodes are forward biased the
capacitors are charged by current pulses. The bridge rectifier
converts the input Ac voltage into the output DC voltage. The
output of the bridge rectifier is the n fed to the input of the
voltage regulator.
 FILTER:-
In the power supply we are using the filter

capacitor to
the filter out the ripples or the noise. The filter capacitors at
the output of the bridge rectifier are charged to the peak
value of the rectifier output voltage when ever diodes are
forward biased. The voltage across the filter capacitor is a
pulsating DC that is the combination of DC and ripple
voltage. From the pulsating DC voltage, the regulator DC
voltage is extracted by regulator IC.
In the project we need power supply of 5v at 1A.
The schematic diagram of a power supply that provides
output voltage 5v at 1A is shown in fig.
6.4: SWITCH:-
This looks likes a momentary action push switch

but it is a standard on-off switch. Push once to switch then
the swtch is on, push again to switch then the switch is off.
This is called latching action. This type switch is known as
push-to-push switch.
 Selecting switch:-
There are three important features to

consider
when selecting a switch.
 Contacts (e.g. single pole, double through)

 Rating (maximum voltage and current)
 Method of Operation (toggle, slide, key, etc.)
 Switch contact Rating:-
Switch contacts are rated with maximum

voltage & current and there may be different ratings for AC &
DC. The AC values are higher because the current fall to
zero many times each second and are is likely to from
across the switch contacts.
For low voltage electronics projects the

Voltage rating will not matter, but you may need to check the
current rating the maximum current is less for inductive loads
(coils & motors) because they cause more sparking at the
contacts when switch off.
 Switch contacts:-
Several terms are used to describe switch contacts:
 Pole-number of switch contact sets.

 Throw-number of conducting position, single or
double.
 Way-number of conducting position, three or
more.
 Momentary-switch return to its normal positions,
when release.
 Open-off position, contacts not conducting.

Closed-on position, contacts not conducting, they
may several on positions.
 For Example:-
The simplest on-off switch has one set of contacts

(single pole) and one switching position, which conducts
(single throw). The switch mechanism has two positions:
open (off) and closed (on), but it is called ‘single throw’
because only one position conducts.
6.5: RELAY:-
A relay is an electrically switch. Current flowing

through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field, which
attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two-switch position
and they are double throw (changeover) switches.
Relay allow one circuit to switch a second circuit,

which can be completely separate form the first. For
example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to
switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical
connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link
is magnetic and mechanical.
The coil of the relay passes a relativity large

current; typically 30 mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as 100
mA for relay designed to operate for lower voltage. Most ICs
(chips) can not provide this current and a transistor is usually
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value
required for the relay coil.
Relay is usually SPDT (SINGLE POLE DOUBLE

THROW) or DPDT (DOULE POLE DOUBLE THROW) but
they can have more sets of switch contacts, for example
relay with 4 sets of changeover contact are readily available.
For further information about switch contact and the terms
used to describe them used to describe them please see the
page on switch.
Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but

you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take
care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.
The supplier’s catalog should show you the relay’s

connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be
connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high
voltage ‘spikes’ when they are switched off and this can
destroy transistor and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage
you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.
The animated picture shows a working relay with

its coil and switch contacts. You can see a level on the left
being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switch on.
This lever moves the switch contact. There is one set of
contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them,
marking the relay DPDT.
The relay’s switch connections are usually labeled

COM, NC and NO.
 COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the

moving
part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this
when the
relay coils off.
 NO = Normally Open, CON is connected to this
when the
relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched
circuit to
be on when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched
circuit to
be on when the relay coil is off.
 CHOOSING A RELAY:-
• You need to consider several features when

choosing a relay:-
• Physical size and pin arrangement:-
If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you

will
need to ensure that its dimension and pin arrangement are
suitable. You should find this information in the supplier’s
catalogue.
 Coil voltage:-
The relay’s coil voltage rating and resistance must

suit
the circuit powering the relay coil. Many relay have a coil
rated for a 12v supply but 5v and 24v relay are also readily
available. Some relay operate perfectly well with a supply
voltage which is a little lower then their rated value.
 Coil resistance:-
The circuit must be able to supply the current

required
by the relay coil. You can use Ohm’s law to calculate the
current.
Relay coil current = Supply voltage

Coil resistance
 For example:-
A 12v supply relay with a coil resistance of 400

passes
a current of 30 mA. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (Maximum
output current 200 mA), but it is too much for most ICs and
they will require a transistor to amplify the current.
 Switch rating (voltage and current):-

The relay’s switch contacts must be suitable
for
the circuit they are to control. You will need to check the
voltage and current rating. Note that the voltage rating is
usually higher for AC, for example: “5A at 24v DC or 125v
AC”
 Switch contact arrangement (SPDT,DPDTetc):-
Most relays are SPDT or DPDT, which are

often,
described as “single pole changeover” (SPCO) or “double
pole changeover” (DPCO).
 Advantages of Relays:-
 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistor can only

switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistor cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large
currents(>5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.
 Disadvantages of Relays:-
 Relays are bulkier than transistor for switching

small
currents.
 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays),
transistors
switch many times per second.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing
through
their coil.
 Relays require more current than many chips can
provides, so
a low power transistor may be needs to switch the
current for the relay’s coil.
6.6: TRANSISTOR 2N2222:-
The 2N2222, often referred to as the 'quad two'

transistor, is a small, common NPN BJT transistor used for
general purpose low-power amplifying or switching
applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low
power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high
speeds. It was originally made in the TO-18 metal can as
shown in the picture, but is more commonly available now in
the cheaper TO-92 packaging, where it is known as the
PN2222 or P2N2222.
6.7: Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply
Hear we have the circuit diagram of the sequential

lighting of a river bridge. By the using 8952 & Ir sensor.
Hear we have the power supply circuit. Hear we give

230 v ac to the transformer this transformer is step down
transformer which convert 230 v ac to 12 v ac.
And after that we have the rectifier circuit. Which

convert 12 v ac in to 12 v dc.
Hear we can give 5 v to the chip 89S52. For this 5 v

supply we use the chip 7805 Voltage Regulator IC. Because
of that we have 5 v at the o/p.
The 5 v supply we give the pin no 40 & at the pin no 31.

In this IC89S52 we have 40 pin. At the po-0,po-1,po-2,po-3
we connect LEDs.
At the pin no 9 we give the reset signal. At the starting

we give pulse of 0.1 micro second & because of this signal
we reset the whole circuit.
At the pin no 18,19,20 we have a crystal oscillator & at

the port no 2.0,2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4 we connect the receiver of the
IR SENSOR.
And in the front theme we connect the transmitter of the
IR SENSOR. When we give 230 v ac to the transformer it
convert 230 v ac to the 12 v ac then front of rectifier circuit
we have 12 v d.c. that 12 v is given to the transmission of
the IR SENSOR.
When there is no cut in between the transmitter and

receiver at that time 0 volt at the port. But car passing
through the signal and it cuts. There is 10 volt at the port
where signal cut out.
If car passing through the signal pole 1. Pole 1 & after

the another sensor is put between pole 1 & 2. When the car
cut the signal light of the pole 2 is on and the of pole 1 is off.
And because of the 7805 we have the exact 5 v at the

o/p. This 5 v is given at the LED which is know as pole.
6.8: TRANSFORMER:-
A transformer is a piece of apparatus by means of

which electric power in one circuit is transferred into electric
power of the same frequency in another circuit. The physical
basics of transformer is mutual induction of two coils, it called
primary coil into the secondary coil. These two coils are insulated
from laminated steel core.
The 5v supply voltages are obtained from the

12.6v center tapped transformer. The output of the transformer is
the 12v Ac.
The 12v AC is then applied to the bridge rectifier
then after it applied to the regulator IC7805 the output of the IC is
constant 5v. The transformer , which we have used in this project,
is step-down transformer.
6.9: PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD:-
Printed circuit board is a plastic insulated board

on the one side of which a complete layout diagram of an
electronic circuit consisting of copper conducting path is printed
by a special photo engraving process. On other side of PCB
electronics components like resistors, capacitors, transistors,
diodes etc. are mounted. Suitable holes are provided in the
soldering. PCB for mounting the components are connected to the
conducting path by soldering. PCBs are used assembling
electronics circuit assembly more compact, uniform and stable.
Before mounting the PCB should be examined conducting path. In
this shock preventer we used one PCB for transmitter and receiver.
Before making printed circuit board is necessary

to make copper claded sheet can be prepared as follows. First of all
a very them copper foil is made for the rare copper by passing
under Hydraulic press rollers. Then the ace for the PCB can be
prepared from various types of region familiar than on the case
sheet the adhesive materials are layered and the copper foil is laid
down on the case sheet. Then it is passed under the roll press. At
the high pressure than it is out in to proper size and stored.
 METHODES OF PREPARING PCB:-

The printed circuit board can be prepared by two
methods which are as under:
 COPPER ETCHING & ELECTRODE PLATING:-
Copper etching is standard process in the

industries. Ferric Chloride Solution is used as an etching reagent. It
is relatively in expensive readily available and etches formally and
cleanly. The etching operation is carried out either by blasting the
surface of the panel with a fin spray of ferric chloride or
immerging the printed in tonic of ferric chloride. The timing and
solution concentration are carefully controlled. After etching water
rising process remover all etching chemicals from the board. All
methods preparing a P.C.B. result in narrow copper strip
conductors laid on thin insulating sheet of a phonemic or fiber
glass board. The components or part to be interconnected are
electronic them soldered to the copper strips connector wise
required components are then slopped into the holes and soldered
to the copper lines.
 ADVANTAGES OF P.C.B.:-
Now a day in fast developing electronic field it is

Very necessary to use P.C.B. because
1. It saves time for fabrication.

2. It does not require electrical interconnection or wires.
3. It save the space in various electronic instruments.
4. The current carrying capacity of a printed line is greater
than isolated wire having same cross sectional area.
 FABRICATION ON PCB:-
For a large scale production, photo tech method is

used but for small scale production, the following steps to use
PCB.
1.) Prepare PCB layout, which represents of the components

of the given circuit.
2.) Clean the copper claded board to remove the dirt, oxide
etc.
3.) Trace the PCB layout on the CU board.
4.) Provide the oil pain ton the PCB layout on the copper side
on the board.
5.) Place the board in the etching process unprotected copper
material will be dissolved in the ethylic solution.
6.) Prepare the holes of 1 m.m. or 3 m.m. with drill machine
for required position.
7.) After etching process clean the board again with petrol
now , PCB is ready for soldering the components on it.
{7}
LIST OF PARTS
SEMICONDUCTORS:
1. IC1 AT89S2052 microcontroller

2. IC2 7805 +5 V regulator
3. D1-D4 1N4007 rectifier diode
4. LED1-LED4 5mm WHITE LED
RESISTORS:-
1. R1,R2 10k-ohm/4w
2. R3-R6 820-ohm/4w
3. R7-R8 10k-ohm 9 pin pair
Notes:- for all resistors have 4- watt, +or-5v carbon
CAPACITORS:-
1. C1,C2 33pf
2. C3,C4 10m/63vF
3. C5 1000mf/35v
MISCELLANEOUS:-
1. X-tal 12MHz crystal

2. IR SENSOR 5 PAIR
3. MAIN CORE 2 PIN 1
5. X1 230V AC primary to 0-12 v 250
mA secondary transformer
{8}
WORKING
Hear we have the circuit diagram of the sequential

lighting of a river bridge. By the using 8952 & Ir sensor.
Hear we have the power supply circuit. Hear we give

230 v ac to the transformer this transformer is step down
transformer which convert 230 v ac to 12 v ac.
And after that we have the rectifier circuit. Which

convert 12 v ac in to 12 v dc.
Hear we can give 5 v to the chip 89S52. For this 5 v

supply we use the chip 7805 Voltage Regulator IC. Because
of that we have 5 v at the o/p.
The 5 v supply we give the pin no 40 & at the pin no 31.

In this IC89S52 we have 40 pin. At the po-0,po-1,po-2,po-3
we connect LEDs.
At the pin no 9 we give the reset signal. At the starting

we give pulse of 0.1 micro second & because of this signal
we reset the whole circuit.
At the pin no 18,19,20 we have a crystal oscillator & at
the port no 2.0,2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4 we connect the receiver of the
IR SENSOR.
And in the front theme we connect the transmitter of the

IR SENSOR. When we give 230 v ac to the transformer it
convert 230 v ac to the 12 v ac then front of rectifier circuit
we have 12 v d.c. that 12 v is given to the transmission of
the IR SENSOR.
When there is no cut in between the transmitter and

receiver at that time 0 volt at the port. But car passing
through the signal and it cuts. There is 10 volt at the port
where signal cut out.
If car passing through the signal pole 1. Pole 1 & after

the another sensor is put between pole 1 & 2. When the car
cut the signal light of the pole 2 is on and the of pole 1 is off.
And because of the 7805 we have the exact 5 v at the

o/p. This 5 v is given at the LED which is know as pole.
Features
• Compatible with MCS-51 products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash

Memory
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0 V to 5.5 V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation : 0 Hz to 33 Hz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8 – bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Soruces
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Dual Data Pointer
Description
The 89S52 is low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable
Flash memory. The device is manufacture using high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry – standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The
on – chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8 – bit CPU
with in – system programmable Flash on monolithic chip, the
89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly
– flexible and cost – effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
The 89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K

bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16 – bit timer/counters, a six –
vector two – level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial
port, on – chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic

for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial
port, and Interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power – down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes
the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
interrupt or hardware reset.
Symbol Function
TF2 Timer 2 overflow flag set by a Timer 2 overflow and
must be cleared by software. TF2 will not be set
when either RCLK = 1 or TCLK =1.
EXF2 Timer 2 external flag set when either a capture or
reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX
and EXEN2 = 1. When
Timer 2 interrupt is enabled, EXF2 = 1will cause
the CPU to vector to the Timer 2 interrupt routine.
EXF2 must be cleared software. EXF2 does not
cause an interrupt in up/down counter mode
(DCEN = 1)
RCLK Receive clock enable. When set, causes the serial
port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its receive
clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. RCLK = 0
causes Timer 1 overflow to be used for the receive
clock.
TCLK Transmit clock enable. When set, causes the serial
port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its transmit
clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. TCLK = 0
causes Timer 1 overflow to be used for the transmit
clock.
EXEN2 Timer 2 external enable. When set, allows a
capture or reload to occur as a result of a negative
transition on T2EX if Timer 2 is not being used to
clock the serial port. EXEN2 = 0 causes Timer 2 to
ignore events at T2EX.
TR2 Start/Stop control for Timer 2. TR2 = 1 starts the
timer.
C/T2 Timer or counter select for Timer 2. C/T2 = 0 for
timer function. C/T2 = 1 for external event counter
(falling edge triggerd).
CP/RL2 Capture/Reload select. CP/RL2 = 1 causes
captures to occur on negative transitions at T2EX if
EXEN2 = 1. CP/RL2 = 0 causes automatic reloads
to occur when Timer 2 overflows on negative
transitions occur at T2EX when EXEN2 = 1. When
either RCLK or TCLK = 1, this bit is ignored and
the timer is forced to auto – reload on Timer 2
overflow.
{9}
PRICE LIST
Sr. Name Of Parts No. Of Price Per Total

No. Quantity Item Price
1. Bridge 1 1000 1000
2. Register 8 1 8
3. Capacitor 5 2 10
4. AT89S2052 1 500 500
5. LED 4 3 12
6. Diode 4 2 8
7. IC Socket 2 10 20
8. Crystal 1 30 30
9. LM7805 1 40 40
10. Transformer 1 250 250
11. IR SENSOR 5 pair 15 75
12. Program - - 400
13. Miscellaneous - - 400
TOTAL COST = 2753Rs
{10}
APPLICATION:
This type of project is used to SAVE THE ENERGY. This

type of circuit is used in to the bridge lightning as well as the
road lighting. Now a days we have to save the energy at any
cost this is the first step to SAVE THE ENERGY.
ENERGY SAVER is used in great area of application &

many of this is expanding every day.
ENERGY SAVER :
The main use of this ENERGY SAVER is that it will

save the energy. When move vehicle are passed through the
street it will turn off the lights of the road. So we can save the
bulk energy. And we can use this energy to another
application. Another benefit of this system is that we are not
storing the energy into any device so we need not use any
instrument to serve the energy. The life of the system is very
long so we are saving the money also. The maintenance is
very low so the system is reliable.
AUTOMATIC DOOR OPEN:
This is also used in the automatic door open and close

if in the system instead of the lights one motor connected to
the door and one camera also planted here so this is for the
security purpose.
AUTOMATIC LIFT:
This system is used in the automatic lift. If we use

that any person enter in to the lift then after some time the
door can close and lift pushed up or down. This is more
economical.
SECURITY SYSTEM:
In the system if one high range camera is used and if it

will catch the photographs of the vehicle then we can get
information that how many & which types of vehicles are
passed through it so if any type of problem is crated & need
that of details of that vehicles passed through it then we can
get it.
{11}
CONCLUSION
Energy saver, its application, standardization &

innovation are constantly changing its adoption is still
relatively new and hence there are many features of the
technology that are not well understood by general
population.
This system can make revolution in INDIA because of

we know that in india the requirement is very high compare
to the generation so for overcome requirement we need to
make new power station so the cost of the power station is
very high. Then also we are not able to control of demand
because of the day by day generation is fixed but demand is
becoming more & more so energy saver can help little bit
overcome to demand to serve the energy save by ENERGY
SAVER.
However, the future expansion of the system is good so

we can make energy saver as chip as possible using neno
technology.
{12}
REFERENCES:
12.1 Books:-
 8052 microcontroller – K.J.Ayala

 Belajar microcontroller AT89S2052 – Teari &
Aplikasmya Olch.
 The 8052 Microcontroller – I.Schott.Mackanzi.
12.2 Websites:-
 http://www.google.com
 http://www.keil.com
 http://www.rockhounding.net
 http://www.atmel.co.in
 http://www.geocities.com
 http://www.8052microcontroller.com
 http://www.futurlec.com

Kamlesh

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GUIDED BY:- PREPARED BY:-

Prof. N.D.RABARA 06EE011 KAMLESH N. DUMANIYA

Prof. N.D.RABARA 06EE011 KAMLESH N. DUMANIYA

Prof. N.D.RABARA 06EE009 BIRJU R. DARJI

Prof. N.D.RABARA 07EE060 SANDIP L. VEGAD

Prof. N.D.RABARA 07EE054 JAYESH R. SHARMA

Kamlesh N. Dumaniya [06EE011]

Electrical Engineering Department

Sequential Lighting Of A River Bridge

Jayesh R. Sharma [07EE054]

Electrical Engineering Department

Shri Ashvin Maheshwari

20th November , 2010

Electrical Engineering Department

Government Engineering College, Dahod

Sequential Lighting Of A River Bridge

Kamlesh N. Dumaniya [06EE011]

Shri Ashvin Maheshwari

20th November , 2010

Electrical Engineering Department

Government Engineering College, Dahod

Birju R. Darji [06EE009]

Shri Ashvin Maheshwari

20th November , 2010

Electrical Engineering Department

Government Engineering College, Dahod

Sequential Lighting Of A River Bridge

Sandip L. Vegad [07EE060]

Shri Ashvin Maheshwari

20th November , 2010

Electrical Engineering Department

Government Engineering College, Dahod

Jayesh R. Sharma [07EE054]

Shri Ashvin Maheshwari

20th November , 2010

Electrical Engineering Department

Government Engineering College, Dahod

For The Term Ending In ______________

For The Term Ending In ______________

For The Term Ending In ______________

This project has helped me to increase my

I am greatly thankful to all our professors,

I would like to extend heartly thankfulness to my

I am highly indebted to my collage,

For providing me such a wonderful environment

3.1 ELEVATION OF CODE LOCK

4. AIM OF THE PROJECT

Energy is a prime concern in our day-today life.

AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to save the energy which

We can make this project by using a IR sensor

In this project we use an other thing which is called IC

We also use the IC 7805 in this project. In this project

When you look around at all the machines that are

The interaction between the natural resources and the

There are two types of energy, renewable and

Concerns over the negative environmental impacts of

 8051/52 Basic Circuit:-

The crystal connected at 8051 pins 18 and 19

The 8051 reset pin receives a resistor (8.2k ohms)

When current is made to flow in the forward

Light emitting diodes are extensilvely used now

LEDs are semiconductor device that emits energy