Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Vijayakumar Krishnasamy
SRM University
kvijay_srm@rediffmail.com
Abstract
This paper concerns the Optimal Power Flow [OPF] in multi machine Power System with
UPFC using Genetic Algorithm [GA]. The objective is to minimize the cost of the power
system, to enhance the power flow in transmission lines and to maintain the voltages at the
buses using UPFC. Using the proposed method, the optimal cost and real power losses of the
power system with UPFC is achieved by developing a simple Genetic Algorithm and the
location and rating of UPFC is also achieved by Newton Raphson’s load flow method. IEEE
9 bus system has been studied to show the effectiveness.
Keywords: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Optimal Power Flow (OPF), Newton Raphson’s
Power Flow, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).
1. Introduction
In present days with the deregulation of electricity market, the traditional practices of
power system have been completely changed. Better utilization of the existing power system
resources to increase capabilities by installing FACTS devices [2] with economic cost
becomes essential.
The parameters such as transmission line impedances, terminal voltages and voltage angle
can be controlled by FACTS devices in an efficient way. The benefits brought about FACTS
include improvement of system dynamic behavior and enhancement of system reliability.
However their main function is to control of power as ordered [4].
A few research works [1, 5] were done on the impact of FACTS devices on improving
static performance of the power system. There is also a great need for studying the impact of
FACTS devices on optimal power flow. The investment costs of FACTS devices and their
impact on the power generation cost are also reported [8]. Many researches were made on the
optimal choice and the location of FACTS devices [3, 6].
The objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm to simultaneously find the real
power allocation of generators and to choose the best location of UPFC such that overall cost
function which includes the generation cost of power plants and investment cost of UPFC is
minimized. The combinatorial analysis is solved using Genetic Algorithm and Newton
Raphson’s load flow method.
This paper is organized as follows: following the introduction the static model of UPFC is
described in section 2. In section 3, the cost function used in this paper is given. In section 4,
optimal power flow with UPFC is presented. In section 5 Genetic Algorithm for optimal
power flow with UPFC is discussed. In section 6 the results are discussed. Finally the
conclusions are deduced.
2. Static Model of UPFC
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International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications
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Among the various FACTS devices, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is considered
in this paper. The detailed model of UPFC is discussed below.
The UPFC is a combination of shunt and series controller. It has three controllable
parameters namely, the magnitude of the boosting injected voltage (UT), phase of this voltage
(ØT) and the exciting transformer reactive current (Iq)
When an UPFC is installed in the power system as depicted in figure 1 i.e. the exciting transformer
of UPFC is directly connected to bus l. In figure.1, Zlm and Ylm denote the parameters of transmission
line 1-m. Y1 and Ym denote the respective shunt admittance for bus l and bus m.
Figure 1. UPFC connected between node l and m, with exciting transformer at node l
When the UPFC is placed in the transmission line connected between node l and m, the
load flow equations can be expressed as follows [8].
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International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications
Vol. 5 No. 1, January, 2011
Gij and Bij (∀ i, j) are the respective real part and imaginary part of Yij which represents the
elements of the network admittance matrix. Here Yij is exactly the same as that of the
network without UPFC.
∆Pl, ∆Ql, ∆Pm and ∆Qm are the modified items due to the added UPFC.
3. Cost function
The objective of this paper is to find simultaneously the optimal generation, optimal
location and rating of UPFC so as to minimize the overall cost function, which comprises of
generation cost and investment costs of UPFC.
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GAs are global search techniques based on the mechanism of natural selection and
genetics. Without any prior knowledge of the objective function they can search several
possible solutions simultaneously. GAs are best suited for complex problems. Moreover it
produces high quality solution.
GA start with random generation of initial population and then the selection, crossover and
mutation operations are carried out until best population is found. Gas are simple and
practical algorithm and easy to be implemented in power system.
5.1. Encoding
The objective is to find simultaneously the optimal generation and optimal location of
UPFC subjected to equality and inequality constraints. Therefore the configuration of UPFC
is encoded by three parameters: active power outputs of generator, location and rating of
FACTS devices. The first value of each string corresponds to the active power outputs of
generator, second value represents the location the third value represents the rated value of
each UPFC. This value ranges between -1 and +1. The real value of each UPFC is then
converted accordingly.
5.3. Decoding
The parameters of the initial population are then decoded to actual values.
Then for a given load demand the Newton Raphson’s power flow is performed [8]
H N ∆δ ∆P
J L ∆V / V = ∆Q (18)
After convergence the voltage magnitude and phase angles of the bus voltages are known. Using these
the real power loss PL is calculated using the equation (19)
n n
∑∑ (P α P + Q α Q
i =1 j=1
i ij j i ij j - Piβ ijQj + Pjβ ijQi)
PL = (19)
rij cos(δ i - δ j )
vi . vj
αij = (20)
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r ij sin (δ i - δ j )
−
vi . vj
βij = (21)
Where
rjk are the real components of the elements of the bus impedance matrix
n is the number of buses
Pi is the real power at bus i
Qi is the reactive power at the bus i
Vi is the magnitude of the voltage at bus i
5.5. Reproduction
Reproduction is a process where the individual is selected to move to a new generation
according to their fitness. The biased roulette wheel selection is employed. The probability
of an individual’s reproduction is proportional to its part on the biased roulette wheel.
5.6. Crossover
The main objective of crossover is to reorganize the information of two different
individuals and produce a new one. A single point crossover is applied and probability of
crossover is selected as 1.0
5.7. Mutation
Mutation is used to introduce some sort of artificial diversification in the population to
avoid premature convergence to local optimum.
The above-mentioned operations of selection, crossover and mutation are repeated until the
best individual is found.
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6. Results
A VC++ coding is developed for Genetic Algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of
the proposed method IEEE 9 bus system is used. Different operating conditions are
considered for finding the optimal location and rating UPFC. It has also been found that by
using UPFC the power flow in the transmission line is increased, the bus voltages are also
improved and the total real power losses in the system is reduced
The total population size is selected as 150, the mutation probability as 0.01 and crossover
probability as 1.0.
Case 1
For the normal loading of IEEE 9 bus system it has been found that No UPFC is required.
The generators outputs are 202MW, 31.6MW, 86.4MW, 204MW, 19 MW and 75MW
respectively.
Case 2
When the loading at bus 5 is increased by three times and removing the generation at bus
3, it has been found that UPFC is selected in the transmission line 4 and VAR compensation
required is 156.02 MVAR. The generators outputs are 245.3 MW, 263.6 MW, 0MW,
250MW, 223MW and 183MW respectively.
Different loading conditions are considered and the results are shown in Table.1
(MVAR)
5 Normal Loading -- -- --
bus 3
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Vol. 5 No. 1, January, 2011
Case 3
The comparison of line flows in each of the lines and voltages at each bus without and with
UPFC for one of the ΦT value under twice the normal loading condition in the 5th bus is given
in the Table 2. and Table 3. When the UPFC is embedded between the 5th and 6th bus the
voltage profile at bus 5 has been improved from 0.9741 to 1.0100.
Case 4
The optimal real power generation for minimum loss are given in Table 4 and the
minimum loss is found out with and without UPFC under normal loading and at the twice the
normal loading at 5th bus. The results prove that with UPFC, the real power losses can be
reduced considerably by choosing appropriate control parameters and location of UPFC. In
this case UPFC is connected between Buses 5 and 6.
The graphical comparison of the outputs for line flows in various lines and voltage
magnitudes at all the buses with and without UPFC for the increasing the loadings at bus 5 by
two times are given in the figure 3 and 4
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LINEFLOW VS LINE
1.8
1.6
1.4
POWERFLOW
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1,4 4,5 5,6 3,6 6,7 7,8 8,2 8,9 9,4
LINE
WITHOUT UPFC
WITH UPFC
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VOLTAGE VS ANGLE
1.04
1.02
VOLTAGE
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ANGLE WITHOUT UPFC
WITH UPFC
Pg3=69.13 Pg3=82.39
Pg3=156.8 Pg3=102.7
7. Conclusions
In this paper, a genetic algorithm based optimal power flow is proposed to determine the
optimal location and rating of the UPFC in power systems and also to simultaneously
determine the active power generation for different loading condition. The overall system cost
function which includes generation cost of power plants and the investment costs of UPFC is
employed to evaluate the power system performance.
It has been verified that by using UPFC the power flow in transmission lines are improved,
the voltage magnitudes are increased and also the real power losses in the system are
minimized.
The proposed algorithm is an effective and practical method for the location of UPFC.
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References
[1] Chung T.S and Li Y. Z, A Hybrid GA for OPF with consideration of FACTS Devices, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, 2001, pp. 47-57.
[2] Duan X , Chen J, Peng F, Luo Y , Huang Y, Power Flow Control with FACTS Devices, IEEE Trans. Power
Systems, 2000, pp. 1585-1589.
[3] Gerbex. S, Cherkaoui R and Germond A.J , Optimal Location of Multiple Type FACTS Devices in a Power
System by means of Genetic Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 16, 2001, pp. 537-544.
[4] Gyugyi L, Schauder C.D, Williams S. L, et al, The Unified Power Flow Controller : A New Approach to
Power Transmission Control, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1995, pp. 1085 - 1097.
[5] Lie T.T and Deng W, Optimal Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Devices Allocation, Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1997, pp. 125-134.
[6] Patemi P, Vitet S, Bena M, and Yokoyama A, Optimal Location of Phase Shifters in French Network by
Genetic Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 14, 1999, pp. 37-42.
[7] Gyugyi L, Schauder C.D, Williams S. L, et al, Optimal Placement of FACTS Controller in Power System by
a Genetic Based Algorithm, in : IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive and Systems,
1999, Honkong .
[8] Wanliang F, Ngan H. W, Extension of Newton Raphson’s Load Flow techniques to cover Multi Unified
Power Flow Controllers , in : Proceedings of the 4th International Conferences on Advances in Power System
Control Operation and Management, 1995, Honkong.
Author
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