Navigaţie electronică

Îndrumar de Laborator
LABORATORUL 1: Familiarizare cu simulatorul de
navigaţie şi ruta utilizată
Denumire fişier: EN -S1- Familiarizare
Cod: EN 01

Tema Familiarizare cu Simulatorul şi ruta de navigaţie

Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Înţelegerea funcţiilor Simulatorului şi modul de utilizare a informaţiilor furnizate de către echipamente

în vederea realizării în siguranţă a navigaţiei.

Criterii de evaluare

Înţelegerea modului de funcţionare a echipamentelot din simulator.

Realizarea navigaţiei conform instrucţiunilor primite.
Application EN 01
Competence Familiarization with the route that is going to be used during the
simulations and with the simulator’s functions

Knowledge, To understand the simulator functions and how to use information

understanding & provided for the safety of navigation
proficiency
Task To conduct the ship on a determinate route
Performance A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
condition
Performance  Use of equipment for familiarization
standard  Use of visual system
 Conduct of navigation with respect of predefined parameters
 Applying of COLREG Regulations
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart
No.
Chart’s Name
Date of the last
chart’s correction
Navigation
equipment to be
used

Ship’s type
Ship’s DWT:
characteristics LOA:
B:
D:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
 REQUIREMENTS
The watch team has the following responsibilities:

1. Familiarization with the equipment and its functions

2. Conduct a safe passage of the ship on determined route

OBSERVATIONS

Hour / loch Activity Observations

reading

ATTENTION
According to Master Standing Orders the maximum underway speed will be “HALF AHEAD”.
Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in
accordance with a good seamanship.
LABORATORUL 2: Planificarea şi executarea navigaţiei
şi determinarea poziţiei navei
Denumire fişier: EN –S2 – Determinarea poziţiei navei
Cod: EN 02

Tema Utilizarea GPS pentru determinarea poyiţiei navei

Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Abilitatea de a determina poziţia navei utilizând echipamente electronice de poziţionare şi navigaţie.

Criterii de evaluare

Modul de verificare a parametrilor de lucru a echipamentelor utilizate.

Verificarea corectitudinii datelor furnizate de echipamente cu date obţinute prin alte mijloace.
Application EN 02
Competence Plan and conduct a passage and determine position
Knowledge, Ability to determine the ship’s position by use of electronic navigational
understanding & aids
proficiency
Task Use of GPS to determine the ship position
Performance A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
condition
Performance standard Performance checks and tests to navigation systems comply with
manufacturer’s recommendations and good navigational practice
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart No.

Chart’s Name
Date of the last
chart’s correction
Navigation equipment
to be used

Ship’s type
Ship’s characteristics DWT:
LOA:
B:
D:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
The ship is drifting in point of coordinates lat = 22015’.4 N and long = 114006’.3 E. The ship’s mission
is to sail towards anchorage area Y3 No.23 Y1.
The chosen navigation route is determined by the following change of course points (WP’s):

WP1: 22014’.5 N
114006’.9 E

WP2: 22014’.3 N
114006’.6 E

WP3: 22014’.2 N
114006’.2 E

WP4: 22014’.1 N
114006’ E

WP5: 22013’.8 N
114005’.8 E
WP6: 22012’.7 N
114005’.8 E

WP7: 22012’.2 N
114006’.1 E
WP8: 22011’ N
114006’.3 E

WP9: 22008’.9 N
114004’.7 E

WP10: 22008’.9 N
113056’.3 E

WP11: 22009’.1 N
113052’.9 E

WP12: 22011’ N
113050’E

WP13: 22013’ N
113049’.1 E

WP14: 22014’.7 N
113049’.8 E

WP15: 22015’.3 N
113049’.5 E

The ship will anchor inside of the anchorage area represented on the chart.

REQUIREMENTS
1. Plotting on the chart the change of course points
2. Drawing the courses to be followed
3. Determining the value of the course to be followed
4. Use of GPS to determine ship position
5. Plotting on chart GPS positions

OBSERVATIONS

Time Activity Observations

 ATTENTION
When leaving the standing place, the watch team will evaluate the situation of other ships in the area and will make the
necessary manoeuvres that do not present risk to own ship or to the ships in the area.

Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in accordance with a good
seamanship.
LABORATORUL 3: Conducerea în siguranţă a cartului
pe comanda de navigaţie
Denumire fişier: EN –S3- Utilizarea informaţiilor furnizate de echipamentele de
navigaţie
Cod: EN 03

Tema Utilizarea GPS pentru determinarea rutei ce trebuie urmate de

navă şi monitorizarea deplasării navei pe ruta determinată
Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Utilizarea informaţiilor furnizate de echipamentele de navigaţie în vederea desfăşurării în siguranţă a

navigaţiei.

Criterii de evaluare

Modul de utilizare a informaţiilor furnizate de echipamentele electronice de poziţionare şi navigaţie

(GPS).
Application EN 03
Competence Maintain a safe navigational watch
Knowledge, The use of information from navigational equipment for maintaining a
understanding & safe navigational watch
proficiency
Task Use of GPS to determine the ship route and monitoring ship on route
Performance A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
condition
Performance The use of information from navigational equipment for maintaining a
standard safe navigational watch
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart
No.
Used navigation
methods

Ship’s type
Ship’s DWT:
characteristics LOA:
B:
D:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
The ship is drifting in point of coordinates lat = 22019’.4 N and long = 114005’.9 E. Following the
instructions, the watch team will determine the navigation route to Dongshan Harbour, China.
The chosen navigation route is determined by the following change of course points (WP):

TC1:
WP1 : 22018’.9 N
114005’.3 E

TC2:
WP2 : 22017’.1 N
114006’ E

TC3:
WP3 : 22016’.3 N WARNING: SPEED CONTROL
114005’.4 E SHALLOW WATERS

TC4:
WP4 : 22011’.8 N
114003’.3 E
TC5:
WP5 : 22010’.9 N
113059’.5 E

TC6:
WP6 : 22011’.7 N
 113055’.8 E

TC7:
WP7 : 22011’.9 N WARNING: SPEED CONTROL
113055’.4 E SHALLOW WATERS

TC8:
WP8 : 22011’.5 N
113051’.3 E

TC9:
WP9 : 22010’.8 N
113049’.2 E

From this last way point, the ship will follow a course that exits the chart.
TC10:

REQUIREMENTS
1. Plotting on the chart the change of course points
2. Identifying the landmarks that can be used for defining the WPs
3. Determining the route that must be followed with respect to requirements of navigation in
the area
4. Determining the value of the courses to be followed
5. Introducing the WPs in GPS
6. Creating the route in the GPS equipment

OBSERVATIONS

Hour Activity Observations

 ATENTION
Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in
accordance with a good seamanship.
LABORATORUL 4: Desfăşurarea în siguranţă a cartului pe
comanda de navigaţie
Denumire fişier: EN –S4 –
Cod: EN 04

Tema Utilizarea GPS pentru determinarea rutei ce trebuie urmate de

navă şi monitorizarea deplasării navei pe ruta determinată
Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Utilizarea informaţiilor furnizate de echipamentele de navigaţie în vederea desfăşurării în siguranţă a

navigaţiei.

Criterii de evaluare

Modul de utilizare a informaţiilor furnizate de echipamentele electronice de poziţionare şi navigaţie

(GPS).
Application EN 04
Competence Maintain a safe navigational watch
Knowledge, The use of information from navigational equipment for maintaining a safe
understanding & navigational watch
proficiency
Task Use of GPS to determine the ship route and monitoring ship on route
Performance A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
condition
Performance The use of information from navigational equipment for maintaining a safe
standard navigational watch
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart
No.
Used navigation
methods

Ship’s type
Ship’s DWT:
characteristics LOA:
B:
H:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
The ship is drifting in point of coordinates lat = 22015’.6 N and long = 113049’.5 E. From this point
the chosen navigation route is determined by the following change of course points (WP):

WP1: lat =
long =
TB=1500, d=0,42 NM WONG FA PAI LIGHT

WP2: 22013’ N
113049’ E

WP3: lat =
long =
TB=0500, d=1,08 NM FAN LAU KOK LIGHT

WP4: lat =
long =
TB=0230, d=0,95 NM NAM KOK TSUI LIGHT

WP5: 22008’.1 N
113055’.3 E

WP5: 22008’.9 N
113056’.4 E

WP7: lat =
 long =
TB=3180, d=3,8 NM CHEUNG CHAU BUOY

WP8: 22011’ N
114006’.4 E

WP9: 22012’.2 N
114006’.2 E

WP10: lat =
long =
TB=1050, d=0,57 NM O TSAI PAI BUOY

WP11: 22014’.2 N
114006’.1 E

WP12: lat =
long =
TB=0660, d=0,2 NM PAK KOK HEAD

From WP12 the ship will follow a course to North Lamma Anchorage Area, where will proceed to
anchor.

REQUIREMENTS
1. Plotting on the chart the change of course points
2. Identifying the landmarks that can be used for defining the WPs
3. Determining the route that muist be followed with respect to requirements of navigation in
the area
4. Determining the value of the courses to be followed
5. Creating the route in GPS

OBSERVATIONS

Hour Activity Method used for fixing the

ship’s position
 ATTENTIONS
Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in
accordance with a good seamanship.
LABORATORUL 5: Utilizarea echipamentelor ECDIS în
efectuarea navigaţiei
Denumire fişier: EN – S5 – Utilizarea ECDIS în planificarea şi monitorizarea
voiajului navei
Cod: EN 05

Tema Utilizarea dispozitivelor de afişare a hărţilor electronice de

navigaţie în vederea creşterii gradului de siguranţă în
executarea navigaţiei
Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Utilizarea informaţiilor furnizate de ECDIS şi GPS pentru determinarea rutei navei şi monitorizarea
deplasării navei pe ruta de navigaţie planificată.

Criterii de evaluare

Monitorizarea informaţiilor furnizate de către ECDIS într-o manieră ce să contribuie la creşterea

gradului de siguranţă a navigaţiei.
Interpretarea corectă a acestor informaţii şi analizarea acestora ţinând cont de limitările
echipamentului şi a celorlalte echipamente ce furnizează informaţii către ECDIS.
Corecta interpretare a condiţiilor în care se desfăşoară navigaţia
Application EN 05
Competence Use of ECDIS to maintain the safety of navigation
Knowledge, understanding & Knowledge of the capability and limitations of ECDIS operations
proficiency
Task Use of ECDIS and GPS to determine the ship route and
monitoring ship on route and maintain the safety of navigation
Performance condition A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
Performance standard Monitors information on ECDIS in a manner that contributes to
safe navigation
Information obtained from ECDIS (including radar overlay and/or
radar tracking functions, when fitted) is correctly interpreted and
analysed, taking into account the limitations of the equipment, all
connected sensors (including radar and AIS where interfaced), and
prevailing circumstances and conditions
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart No.

Used navigation methods

Ship’s type
Ship’s characteristics DWT:
LOA:
B:
H:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
The ship is at anchor in point of coordinates lat = 22018’.9 N and long = 114004’.1 E. From this
point the chosen navigation route is determined by the following change of course points (WP):

WP1 : lat =
long =
TB=3110, d=1,5 NM PUN SHAN SHEK LIGHT

WP2 : lat =
long =
TB=2740, d=1,05 NM KAU YI CHAU LIGHT

WP3 : 22015’.8 N
114005’.1 E

WP4 : lat =
long =
TB=3140, d=0,62 NM SHAM SHUI PAI LIGHT

WP5 : lat =
long =
TB=3390, d=0,41 NM SHEK KWU CHAU SOUTH HEAD
WP6: lat =
long =
TB=2030, d=0,77 NM SIUA CHAU LIGHT

WP7: lat =
long =
TB=2990, d=0,58 NM FAN LAU KOK LIGHT

WP8: lat =
long =
TB=0870, d=1,04 NM FAN LOU KOK LIGHT

WP9: lat =
long =
TB=0910, d=0,95 NM PEAKED HILL

WP10: lat =
long =
TB=1700, d=1,35 NM WONG FA PAI

In WP10 the ship will proceed to anchor waiting for instructions.

REQUIREMENTS
1. Plotting on the chart the change of course points
2. Determining the route that muist be followed with respect to requirements of navigation
in the area
3. Determining the value of the courses to be followed
4. Creating the route in GPS
5. Creating the route in ECDIS

OBSERVATIONS

Hour Activity Observations

 ATTENTION
Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in
accordance with a good seamanship.
LABORATORUL 6: Utilizarea echipamentelor ECDIS în
navigaţie
Denumire fişier: EN – S6 – Utilizarea ECDIS pentru monitorizarea deplasării navei
Cod: EN 06

Tema Utilizarea echipamentelor ECDIS şi GPS în vederea determinării

rutei şi a monitorizării deplasării navei pe aceasta în condiţii de
siguranţă
Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Competenţă în operarea, interpretarea şi analiza informaţiilor furnizate de către echipamentele ECDIS.

Criterii de evaluare

Navigaţia în siguranţă se realizează prin corecta ajustare a drumului şi vitezei navei conform
informaţiilor de monitorizare furnizate de sistemul de hărţi electronice.
Comunicarea se realizează în mod clar, concis şi profesionist, dovedind o bună practică în utilizarea
informaţiilor furnizate de către echipamente.
Application EN 06
Competence Use of ECDIS to maintain the safety of navigation
Knowledge, Proficiency in operation, interpretation, and analysis of information obtained
understanding & from ECDIS
proficiency
Task Use of ECDIS and GPS to determine the ship route and monitoring ship on
route and maintain the safety of navigation
Performance A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
condition
Performance  Safety of navigation is maintained through adjustments made to the
standard ship’s course and speed through ECDIS-controlled track-keeping
functions(when fitted)
 Communication is clear, concise and acknowledged at all times in a
seamanlike manner
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart
No.
Used navigation
methods

Ship’s type
Ship’s DWT:
characteristics LOA:
B:
H:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
The ship is drifting in point of coordinates lat = 22019’.4 N and long = 114004’.2 E. In
accordance with the instructions received from the shipping company, the ship will
proceed to anchorage in position, lat = 22019’ N and long = 113051’ E, for future
instructions. The route that will be followed by the ship for this purpose will be drawn by
respecting the particularities of the navigation area.

WP1: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP2: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP3: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP4: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP5: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP6: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP7: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP8: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP9: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP10: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP11: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:
WP12: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

REQUIREMENTS
6. Plotting on the chart the change of course points
7. Determining the route that muist be followed with respect to requirements of
navigation in the area
8. Determining the value of the courses to be followed
9. Creating the route in GPS
10. Creating the route in ECDIS

OBSERVATIONS

Hour Activity Method used for fixing the

ship’s position
 ATTENTION
Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in
accordance with a good seamanship.
LABORATORUL 7: Utilizarea echipamentelor ECDIS în
navigaţiei
Denumire fişier: EN –S7 – Utilizarea ECDIS în situaţii complexe de navigaţie
Cod: EN 07

Tema Utilizarea echipamentelor ECDIS şi GPS în vederea determinării

rutei şi a monitorizării deplasării navei pe aceasta în condiţii de
siguranţă
Hong Kong Area

Creat (Data): Septembrie 2016

Instructor: Radu HANZU-PAZARA/Anastasia DUSE
Instrucţiuni pentru CURSANT

Descriere scenariu

Nava în voiaj internaţional conform instrucţiunilor primite.

Obiectivele exerciţiului

Competenţă în operarea, interpretarea şi analiza informaţiilor furnizate de către echipamentele ECDIS.

Criterii de evaluare

Navigaţia în siguranţă se realizează prin corecta ajustare a drumului şi vitezei navei conform
informaţiilor de monitorizare furnizate de sistemul de hărţi electronice.
Comunicarea se realizează în mod clar, concis şi profesionist, dovedind o bună practică în utilizarea
informaţiilor furnizate de către echipamente.
Application EN 07
Competence Use of ECDIS to maintain the safety of navigation
Knowledge, Knowledge of the capability and limitations of ECDIS operations
understanding & Proficiency in operation, interpretation, and analysis of information obtained
proficiency from ECDIS
Task Use of ECDIS and GPS to determine the ship route and monitoring ship on
route and maintain the safety of navigation
Performance A ship underway on a full mission ship simulator
condition
Performance Monitors information on ECDIS in a manner that contributes to safe
standard navigation
Information obtained from ECDIS (including radar overlay and/or radar tracking
functions, when fitted) is correctly interpreted and analysed, taking into account
the limitations of the equipment, all connected sensors (including radar and AIS
where interfaced), and prevailing circumstances and conditions
Safety of navigation is maintained through adjustments made to the
ship’s course and speed through ECDIS-controlled track-keeping
functions(when fitted)
Communication is clear, concise and acknowledged at all times in a seamanlike
manner
Watch Team 1.
2.

Navigation Chart
No.
Used navigation
methods

Ship’s type
Ship’s DWT:
characteristics LOA:
B:
H:
Draft:
Bow thruster: YES/NO

MAIN DATA
Ship in position lat = 50 45 .9 N and long = 001007’.8 W. In accordance with the instructions
0 ’

received from the shipping company, the ship will proceed to anchor in position, lat = 50035’.7 N
and long = 001002’.8 W, for instructions.
WP1: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP2: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP3: lat =
 long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP4: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:
WP5: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP6: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP7: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP8: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP9: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

WP10: lat =
long =
TB=
d=
Nav. Mark:

After arrival in the nominated anchorage area, the ship is instructed to proceed to Anvers on a route
defined by the folowing WPs.

WP11: lat = 50029’.8 N

long = 001022’.2 W
WP12: lat = 50028’.3 N
long = 001047’.8 W
WP13: lat = 50025’.3 N
long = 002003’.1 W

REQUIREMENTS
1. Plotting on the chart the change of course points
2. Determining the coordinates of WPs
3. Determining the route that must be followed respecting the navigation requirements of the
transited area
4. Determining the value of the courses to be followed
5. Creating the route in GPS
6. Creating the route in ECDIS

OBSERVATIONS

Hour Activity Method used for fixing the

ship’s position
TC1= TC4= TC7= TC10= TC13=
TC2= TC5= TC8= TC11=
TC3= TC6= TC9= TC12=
 ATTENTION
Navigation during the voyage will be done by respecting the Regulations in force and in
accordance with a good seamanship.
Bibliografie

1. Rezoluţia A.577 (14) - Operational Status of Electronic Position-Fixing Systems

2. Rezoluţia A.953(23) - World-wide radio navigation System
3. Rezoluţia A.479 (XII) - Performance Standards for Shipborne Receivers for Use
with Differential Omega
4. Rezoluţia A.526 (13) - Performance Standards for Rate-of-Return
5. Indicators (“Refer to res.A.281(VIII”) Rezoluţia A.281(VIII) -Recommendation on
general requirements for electronic navigational aids
6. Rezoluţia A.665 (16) - Performance Standards for Radio Direction-Finding Systems
7. Tetley, L. and Calcutt, D. Electronic Aids to Navigation. 1986. London, Edward
Arnold (ISBN 0-7131-3548-4)
8. Toft, H. GPS Satellite Navigation. Stoevring, SHIPMATE, Rauff and
9. Soerenson Ltd (Oestre Aile 6, DK-9530 Stoevring, Denmark, 1987) (ISBN 87-
982698-3-6)
10. Standardul de Interfață NMEA 0183 v.3.01 (Severna Park, MD, National
Marine Electronic Association, 1/2002)
11. Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements, 2nd Ed. (Finnish
Maritime Administration: Primar Stavanger and IC-ENC, 5/2007)
12. Gale, H. (2009) From Paper Charts to ECDIS. London: Nautical Institute
13. IEC 61174 – Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and
systems – Electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) – Operational and
performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results, Edition 3.0,
International Electrotechnical Commission
14. IHO S-66, Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements, Jan 2010
Edition
15. IHO S-61, Product specifications for Raster Navigational Charts, Ediția 1.0
16. IHO S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS, 5th
ed., as amended (IHB 12/2001)
17. IHO S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model, Ed. 1.0.0 (Monaco: IHB,
1/2010)
18. IHO S-57, Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC), Edition 3.1
19. Norris, A. (2010) ECDIS and Positioning, London: Nautical Institute
20. Weintrit, A. (2009) The Electronic Chart Display and Information System
(ECDIS): An Operational Handbook, Gydnia: Gydnia Maritime University, Poland,
Balkema Book, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
21. Hecht, et al. (2010) The Electronic Chart, 3rd Ed. Lemner, The Netherlands:
GITC bv
22. The ECDIS Manual, ECDIS Ltd., Whitherby Seamanship International,
Edition 2012

Materiale necesare

- Simulator complex de navigaţie

- Hărţi de navigaţie
- Instrumente de lucru pe harta de navigaţie
- Scenarii de simulare pentru diferitele obiective ale instruirii