Spanish Colonial Government

Friday, November 19, 2010

10:44 AM

BORING.
I. Conditions prevailing in the country when they arrived
a. Political - politically self-contained village communities called barangays
i. Filipinos lived in settled communities ruled by a datu
ii. Community loomed constantly over/bigger than private life
iii. Community in action was a moral rather than administration or governmental agent
iv. Prescribed and enforced ethical norms, and worship of nature gods to protect the tribe
v. Sanctions practiced largely by community as a whole
vi. Tasks essentially governmental - war, defense and justice - all adult
b. Economic - economically self-sufficient
i. No division of labor; production meant for domestic consumption
ii. No differentiation of economics resources and activities
iii. Village economies not geared to the production of surpluses in anticipation of exchange; system of exchange was mostly cumbersome barter
iv. Mention of Filipino trade embassies
c. Social and cultural / civilization
i. Filipinos were no strangers to progress and civilization - engaged in agriculture, commerce, mining and textile and other crafts
ii. Admirable shipbuilders and sailors who built vessels that had complements of 100 rowers on one side and 30 soldiers on a platform above them as a fighting force
iii. Bronze culverins and cast-iron firearms used by some communities
iv. Written alphabet and almost all, both men and women wrote it excellently
v. Stage of religious development where they believed in a single supreme being, although not entire they divorced from the more primitive stage of nature worship
vi. Life, structure and values of communities had not yet laid down the foundation of either
vii. Absence of government or any formal administrative organization as it was not necessary. In most barangays, land was held in common, ruling was not hereditary and the
functions of politics and administration was not recognized as separate from day-to-day activities of hunters, farmers and fishers (Carino, 1987)
II. Objectives of colonization
a. GOLD OR ECONOMIC: to promote trade and commerce so as to increase the King's treasury
b. GLORY: to expand its territory
c. GOD or religious in nature: to spread Christianity
III. Characteristics of the PAS
a. Institutions, policies and practices which had evolved in Spain were transplanted to its territories without consideration for local conditions
b. STRUCTURE: highly centralized; King as head of all its colonial territories, governor general mere representative; in Spain there was a body that helped the King with its colonies, the
Consejo de las Indias; no jurisdictional separation between the Church and the State
c. PROCESSES: policy and decision-making
i. Highly centralized
d. PERSONNEL
i. Recruitment through
1) Purchase/ sale to the highest bidder
2) Grant of royal favor or merced/patronage
ii. The highest bids involved positions in revenue-generating offices
iii. All appointments had to be approved by the King / highly centralized
iv. Frequent rotation / changing of officials which led to instability and non-continuity of programs
v. Bureaucrats occupying positions with no salary but were allowed to engage in business or get commission from fees and charges collected
e. SEMBLANCE OF CS
i. Based on qualifications but it helped if the applicant had influential relative or sponsor
ii. Preference for professionals like lawyers, doctors, etc.
iii. If of equal qualifications, other criteria in the following order would apply
1) Discoverers
2) Pacifiers
3) Settlers
4) Born in Spain
iv. Relatives and dependents of appointing authority barred from office but habitually disregarded on the ground that relatives or friends also deserved royal favor or no available
Spanish for the position
f. SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES
i. No clear division of function; unrelated multifunctional responsibilities
ii. Monitoring and supervision was almost impossible in view of the distance and travel time from the Philippines to Spain and back
g. PROBLEMS
i. Incompetence
ii. Inefficiency
iii. Mismanagement especially of funds / corruption
iv. Abuse of power and discretion
v. Instability and weakness in the governorship and other high offices
vi. Ineffective span of control over unrelated, multifunctional duties
vii. Poor economic policies - King controlled tobacco monopoly and galleon trade
viii. No accountability to the Filipino people
h. DEVELOPMENTS THAT LED TO ATTEMPTS AT CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS
i. Domestic conditions
1) Decreasing income for the King attributed to corruption
2) Internal challenges
3) Frequent changes in bureaucratic structure
4) Liberal thinking/ideas due to arrival of political exiles
5) Civil wars in Spain necessitate the Spanish government to draw heavy sums against Philippine treasury
6) Beginnings of Filipino nationalism in 1868
ii. International developments
1) Political, economic and technological revolution in Spain
2) Industrial revolution
3) Commercialization of the steam engine
4) Opening up of the Suez canal
5) Abolition of tobacco monopoly and galleon trade
6) More economic activities and thus complex government operations that needed technical knowledge and skills like accounting and auditing
iii. Reforms introduced
1) Minor reforms
a) Residencia - requirement to submit reports on behavior of individual bureaucrat to check upon official's abuse
b) Clearance before one could leave/retire/separate from the service
c) Visitador generales to do on-site or field inspection and had investigatory, judicial and executory powers - could remove, suspend or impose fines to erring officials
d) Abolition of indulto de commercio or right to engage in commerce
e) Only those with legal background could be appointed as alcalde

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 e) Only those with legal background could be appointed as alcalde
2) Major reforms
a) In response to graft and corruption, financial administration separated from the government proper and centralized under one superior office
i) Under this set-up, the Governor General exercised governmental, military and political powers
ii) Royal Audiencia for judicial matters and Intendant General for financial administration or management of resources
b) Attempts to integrate the Spanish colonial services with the home government where bureaucrats would belong to the same career service with almost uniform
conditions of rank, promotion, salary and qualifications
c) Classified CS into 5 grades including system of promotion
d) Education became available to the ilustrados
e) The old system based on the acquisition of offices through auction no longer practiced/systems of examination and promotion
iv. ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

Office of the
Governor
General

Board of Council of
Authorities Administration

Directorate
Department of Department of Department of
Royal Audiencia General of Civil
Army Navy Finance
Administration

1) Governor general assisted by

a) Board of authorities: for advice and deliberation about urgent problems or when he needed the cooperation of its members
i) Composition
b) Council of administration: gave info or advice on matters of finance, government and public development
i) Composition: 15 ex officio members, six delegates from the province and four royal appointees
One. 15 ex officio members
First. Governor general
Second. Archbishop of Manila
Third. Admiral of the fleet
Fourth. Deputy commanding general of the army
Fifth. President of Audiencia
Sixth. Intendant general of finance
Seventh. Director of civil administration
Eighth. Heads of 6 religious orders
Ninth. 2 representatives of private business
2) Administrative machinery
a) Office of the governor general: dealt with all matters of high policy, public order, inspection of the judiciary, the right of royal patronage and penal establishments;
Policymaking powers included issuance of regulation
b) Departments of army and Navy with their respective heads subject to the Captain general / gov. gen.
c) Royal Audiencia headed by a President under it was the Department of Justice
d) Directorate General of Civil Administration: a combination of a personnel agency and a heterogeneous group of sub-departmental line agencies
i) Duties: instruction, welfare and sanitation, public works, mountains, mines, agriculture, education and meteorological servic es
v. RESULTS/OUTCOMES OF REFORMS
1) Although reforms were either implemented or unsuccessful in the face of ingrained traditions, they set the grounds for the acceptance among the learned elite of the need
for merit rather than patronage in entering and moving up in the bureaucracy

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 American Period (1900-1946)
Wednesday, December 01, 2010
10:11 AM
I. Conditions prevailing
a. 1898: The Americans came: Filipinos were winning the war against Spain; Americans took control of Manila while the provinces remained under Filipino control
i. Spain told the Philippines to the US for $20M under the Treaty of Paris
ii. No organized bureaucracy due to war
b. 1899: First Philippine Commission came to investigate conditions in the country; concluded that the US could not withdraw from th e Philippines; recommended the nature of
government to be established and careful selection of administrative officials who should be of highest character and fitness
II. Objectives/purposes of colonization
a. Political: democracy
b. Economic: Philippines as source of raw materials and market for finished products; protect their business interests; free ent erprise/capitalism
c. Military: set up US bases
III. Justifications
a. Benevolent assimilation; to educate, civilize and Christianize the Filipinos; train us in the delicate art of self-government; Philippines for the Filipinos
IV. Two main strategies used to win over Filipinos
a. Access to public education; taught us the English language
b. Appointment to the civil service
c. 1900: Philippine Commission instructed to establish an educational system and efficient civil service system
d. 1901: American colonial bureaucracy
V. Major characteristics of the PAS
a. STRUCTURE: highly centralized; no office or clearing house for its territories
1) Philippines placed under the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department , US government while other territories were under sev eral different or all departments frequently
as many as five
2) Provincial and municipal governments under close regulation by the Philippine Commission
b. BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
i. Legislature: Philippine Commission
1) Functions:
a) Served as the highest authority in the Philippines
b) Exercised exclusive legislative power until 1907; served as the Upper House
2) Composition:
a) All Americans
b) 1901: 3 Filipinos were appointed as members
c) 1913: majority were still Americans
d) Governor general as chairman
e) Vice governor general and 4 department secretaries served as members
NOTE the union of legislative and executive powers
a) Philippine Assembly: established in 1907 as the Lower House composed entirely of 80 elected Filipinos
ii. Executive: Governor General as chief of colonial administration
1) Offices under
a) Executive bureau in charge of admin and political matters headed by the Executive Secretary who served as the chief assistant to the Governor General
b) Bureau of Audit
c) Board (Bureau) of Civil
iii. Judiciary: most Filipinized branch in terms of number and rank
c. APPOINTMENT PROCESS
i. All high officials of central government (governor general, members of the Philippine Commission, secretaries, and members of the Supreme Court) are appointed by the US
President with the consent of the US Senate
ii. Chiefs of bureaus and judges of the courts in the provinces approved by the governor general
iii. All subordinate employees appointed by the corresponding secretary of department or chief of bureau after certification from a list of eligible furnished by the director of civil
service
iv. Minor officials in the service were removed by the governor general on various pretexts
d. REPORTING PROCESS
i. Provosts submitted annual reports to the executive bureau
ii. Bureau chiefs sent reposts to respective department secs who reported to the chief executive
iii. Governor general sent annual report to the Philippine Commission who in turn transmit the report to the Bureau of Insular Affairs
VI. Civil Service
a. Americans put primary focus on the creation and operation of an efficient and non-political civil service where recruitment is based on merit and fitness
b. Politics-administration dichotomy application
c. CS used to break the backbone of nationalism among Filipinos
i. Incorporated subtle methods of indoctrination, e.g., Filipinos asked to take oath of allegiance to the US government before they could take the exam
ii. Exam more pro forma than real world
VII. Features of the civil service
a. Passing the examination to ascertain relative capacity and fitness of applicants
b. Security of tenure (performance-based)
c. Removal or separation of regular employees for a cause only and due process
d. Promotion when deserved
e. Attractive hours of work
f. Generous leave provisions
VIII. Factors affecting the effectiveness of civil service
a. Regime of law and not of man
b. Corruption to be dealt with decisively
c. Exclusion of politics particularly the spoils system in appointment and removal from office and in the bureaucratic conduct
IX. Extent of Filipino participation
a. Municipal officers were elected by the people
b. Members of the Philippine Assembly were elected
c. Whenever there was a need to select an officer, Filipinos were to be preferred
d. Until 1907
e. Judiciary most Filipinized in terms of rank and number
f. Americans were placed in strategic psts of administration
i. Tutors
ii. High administrators
iii. Exemplars of American civilization
g. Direction of actual administration entrusted to a permanent corps of American professional administrators and
X. Filipinization of the American colonial bureaucracy
a. Factors that led to early Filipinization
i. Provided for tin the CS Act of 1900
ii. Economical for the US government
iii. Difficult in attracting and retaining American bureaucrats due to distance and climate, no guarantee a

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 iii. Difficult in attracting and retaining American bureaucrats due to distance and climate, no guarantee a
iv. Sympathetic governor generals, e.g., harrison
1) Philippine commission completely given to filipinos in 1913
2) Engaged Filipino advisers especially through the council of state
3) Reduced the number of american high officials in the executive offices
4) Issued policies such as EO disallowing civil servants from engaging in private
5) Civil Service Retirement Act of 1916 entitled employees with 6 or more years of service to receive retirement allowance provi ded they tendered their resignation by that
year and unless filled by the Gov Gen these positions vacated were considered abolished. If filled new official would receive only 2/3 of his predecessor's salary
6) Many filipinos passed the CS exam
XI. Results of Filipinization
a. Savings for the American government
b. Recruitment of men unfit for office because of inexperience
c. Centralization of power among few Filipino elites resulting in ineffective check to government excesses
d. Graft and corruption due to rapid Filipinization
e. Mismanagement, gross inefficiency
XII. Reforms
a. Jones Act of 1916 overhauled the bureaucracy established in 1901
b. Created the following executive Departments: Interior, Public Instruction, Justice, Commerce and Communications; finance; Agriculture and Natural Resources
c. With this basic framework, the Filipinos succeeded in obtaining effective control over the administrative organization of the government
d. In 1921 an investigative mission
XIII. Observations
a. Representatives of the American people joined forces with the 1% elites/political and social parasites to aid them in the exp loitation or deliberate legal robbery of 99% representing the
best of Filipino people
XIV. Recommendation
a. Under no circumstances should the US government be established in the Philippines
b. The Harrison era tailored to provide a ritual of freedom for the Filipino politicians so as to test their abilities but actua lly became instrumental to legitimize his further compression or
power
c. The tasks of subsequent governor generals to put Filipinos in their proper place making them plead and prove themselves

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 Philippine Commonwealth Government (1935-1942)
Wednesday, December 08, 2010
10:34 AM

I. Conditions prevailing/context
a. Internal conditions/domestic front
i. Decline in market prices for Philippine exports which led local producers to resort to revenue -saving measures to the detriment of their laborers' lot
ii. Growth of radicalism which led to peasant and urban unrests/intensified anti-imperialist sentiments and uprisings
iii. Interaction between the international situation and radical movement created a peculiar synthesis in Quezon who capitalized o n these issues to impose his own kind of leadership and
administrative machinery upon the Philippines
iv. Political acumen of Quezon - used the sentiments that Americans under Wood were the adversary. Quezon rallied the diverse political groupings around a uni ted front under his
leadership; neutralized his opponents; also made possible the centralization of political power around himself
II. Philippine Commonwealth Government
a. Replaced the government under the Jones Act of 1916, authorized by the Act of Congress (Tydings -McDuffie Law) in 1935 and organized under a Constitution drafted and ratified by the
Filipinos
b. Provisions of turnover from American direct rule to Commonwealth
i. Position of High Commissioner relegated to the office of the Philippine Department while the Commonwealth president was to oc cupy Malacanan, marking a symbolic shift of power
ii. Forbes Amendment: made explicit the right of American presidential intervention through the High Commissioner on matters rega rding decisions of the Insular Auditor, in order to
protect the $200 M a year trade
iii. As a result, American businessmen were spared of limits and tariffs on American products entering the Philippines until indep endence
III. Objectives/programs of government of Quezon
a. Nationalism
b. Social justice
c. Social amelioration
d. Economic development
IV. Characteristics of the PAS
a. Executive power vested in a Filipino president/government ran by Filipinos but under an American shadow government through it s American technical advisers and consultants who saw to it
that things were being done according to the directives of the governor general
b. Importance of technocracy
c. Centralism
i. Quezon's concept of nationalism was
V. Issues and problems
a. Substantial weakening of professionalism in the civil service
b. Middle and lower branches of government could not decide even on matters involving local issues as they were uncertain about the correctness of their action which could be attributed to
the shifting and different emphasis and management styles of the governor generals which was not conducive to the development of an independent leadership at the local levels
VI. Reforms/Changes
a. Strengthened civil service by
i. Putting into the 1935 Philippine Constitution a provision on the Civil Servce (Art XI) expanding its coverage to embrace all branches and subdivisions of the government powers
ii. Elevating
iii. Institution of a position classification a landmark in the concept of a CS (a salary scehdule of 10 grades, each of which was defined in terms of duties, responsibilities, required
qualifications and experience
iv. Since the government was still answerable to a higher power, it was essential to show its abilities and concern for good gove rnment; hence, incompetence and corruption were dealt
with decisively and nepotism was prohibited

Caoili, Manuel. 1987. Quezon and his business friends: Notes on the origins of Philippine National Capitalism. PJPA 31 (1) (January).

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 Japanese Colonial Administration (1942-1946)
Friday, December 10, 2010
10:53 AM

I. Conditions prevailing - WW II
II. Objectives
a. Military power
b. Expansion of territory
III. Justifications
a. Philippines for Filipinos
b. Liberate Filipinos from American oppression
c. Let Filipinos enjoy their own prosperity and culture
d. Remove colonial mentality/overdependence
e. Change moral values
f. Make the Philippines a member of East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
IV. Characteristics
a. Adopted a policy of cooptation of Filipino leaders to preserve appearance of continuity and legitimacy
b. A Filipino (Vargas) appointed as Chairman of the Executive Commission, the central administrative organization
c. Highly centralized policy and decision making since everything had to be approved by the Imperial Forces
d. Organizational structure
e. Some of the guiding principles
i. To rectify the tendency of Filipinos to rely upon the US and make Filipinos understand the position of the Philippines in the Sphere
ii. In carrying out the administrative policies, foremost preference shall be given
iii. Continuity of structures and functions of the CS under a military government
iv. Giving of examinations to recruit new employees
v. Qualifications for higher positions and promotions entailed sympathetic collaboration with the Philippines
f. Prevailing instability forced President Laurel to involve himself directly even on the minor details of governance
V. Issues and problems
a. Inefficiency and corruption due to inflation, underemployment, dissatisfaction, guerilla sympathies and anti-Japanese sentiments
i. Sabotage of government in the forms of administrative delay and obstruction condoned as moral and patriotic/form of retaliation
ii. Low salary/reduced salary due to compulsory savings
Japanese money almost valueless, which made civil servants resort to petty misappropriation, acceptance of bribes of performance
b. Incompetence due to disruption of education
c. CS exam used as indoctrination tool
d. Basic problem of administration was that it had to secure agreement of the military even in matters involving civilian affairs

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PA 108 Page 7
 Post-war (1947-1965) / Pre-Martial Law
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
10:38 AM

I. Context
a. Political
i. End of WWII
ii. USSR and the US emerged as superpowers (Cold War); US needed to preserve its sphere of interest in Southeast Asia
iii. Victory of Chinese revolution in 1949, and thus communism, giving impetus to America's aggressive campaign against communism
iv. Hukbalahaps / peasant movement giving momentum in Central Luzon
v. In the guise of containing spread of communism, the US retained its military presence in the country
b. Economic
i. Philippines as one of the most devastated countries in the world
ii. Economy in the brink of collapse
iii. The Philippines granted independence by the US in 1947 but American influence continued primarily through military and econom ic aid under the guise of 'special
relations'
c. Immediate tasks of the Philippine government
i. Nation building
ii. Economic mobilization
1) Economy collapsed in 1949
2) Fixed exchange rate: $1=P2
iii. Bell Trade Act imposed upon the Philippines, which allowed the entry of duty-free American products to the country tilting the balance of trade in favor of the US
iv. Primary concern of the government: to strengthen itself
II. Characteristics of the PAS immediately after the war
a. Low prestige due to its perceived collaborator role during the Japanese occupation
b. Corruption and sub-standard salaries forced other bureaucrats to seek private employment
c. Large measure of cynical corruption
i. Carry-over attitudes and habits during the war
ii. Amorality of early post-war period when pay was low, prices were high
iii. Inhibitions were few and sanctions were hardly enforced
iv. Advent of spoils system due to partisan interest
III. Reforms instituted: fundamentally political and administrative
a. Reorganization Committee of 1947
i. Main output: laid down principles which reorganized the Philippine bureaucracy on a simplified unifunctional basis, thereby d istributing the functions of the executive
branch to several departments and clipping the powers of the President
1) All administrative activities of the same major purpose to be grouped under single-headed responsibility
2) All executive and administrative functions to be transferred from boards and commissions to an individual responsibility while quasi-legislative and quasi-
judicial and advisory functions to be retained by the latter
3) To prevent top-heavy administration, Department proper should be kept small to perform the functions of staff work, planning, direction and supervision
b. Functional delineation/principles of organization
i. President as the general manager of
c. Other reforms
i. Appointment of Department Secretaries by the President to be confirmed by Congress thru the Commission on Appointments
ii. Strengthened the CS by extending coverage to all GOCCs under the supervision of the Office of the President
iii. Abolished the Depatment of Interior and its functions absorbed by the Department of National Defense and various offices unde r the OP
d. Bell mission
i. Had a tremendous impact on the structuring of post-war economy and public administrations
ii. A survey of all aspects of Phil economy with the objective of recommending immediate
iii. Main findings
1) Economic condition continuously deteriorating which was attributed to:
a) Lack of diversification of the economy
b) Income inequities
c) Inflationary conditions due to large budgetary deficits and excessive debts of GOCCs
d) Excessive demand for foreign exchange to pay for imports and profits and fund transfers
2) For the economic problems, the officials were blamed for it; measures to halt deterioration
3) Civil service
a) Although not large in size, many appointments were made as political rewards without concern for qualifications
b) Paid lip service to recruitment based on merit
c) Inefficiency and corruption widespread
d) Impossible to attract able men into the service due to low salaries
e) Tremendous temptation to supplement their salaries from other sources
f) Condition of the administrative system blamed on disorders caused by war which made it difficult
4) Features
a) Nation building and economic development required technical and professional skills and innovations which were still lacking since these positions were
reserved for the Americans
b) Protection of the merit system was not enough; development of merit in the form of substantive technical skills for the perfo rmance of the new
functions of the government was more important
5) Recommendations
a) Much emphasis on the technical aspects of economic problems
b) Problems were economic but solutions could be found in public administration improvement and reorganization, particularly the removal of inefficiency
and corruption
i) CS be placed on merit basis and salaries
ii) Philippine government to remove barriers to employment of foreign technical experts
iii) Upward revision of tax structure to put the national budget at a balance and thus allow the substantial increase in salaries
iv) Improve CS by supervisory training courses, a job rotation system, and provision of staff assistance in administrative management
v) Hiring of specialists in public
6) Outcomes of the Bell Report
a) IPA
b) Government Survey and Reorganization Commission
c) Civil Service Law of 1959
d) Sending of 316 government officials to receive NEC-USAID training
e) Continuing American funding support, e.g., Ford Foundation
i) Pervasiveness of American support and influence in the structuring of the CS up to 1968 even in such matters as a) test administration
security/USAID for the fast printing of test booklets for 1967 Teachers' Exam and 1968 CS tests; (b) creation of the GSRC

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 security/USAID for the fast printing of test booklets for 1967 Teachers' Exam and 1968 CS tests; (b) creation of the GSRC
iv. GSRC of 1954
1) Proposed the following organizational reforms
a) Highest priority be given to the reorrganization of the National Economic Council, underscoring the interdependence between n ational planning and
national development
b) Civil service reforms such as position classification, standard pay plan and creation of the Wage and Position Classification Office
c) Reforms in such sectors as agriculture and natural resources, commerce and industry, economic planning, education and culture , labor, public works
and highways
d) Recommended the need for local autonomy under the concept of delegated responsibility under a centralized control of policy, i.e., day-to-day
operations the domain of local governments while formulation of national policies remained with the president
v. Classified positions
1) Competitive
2) Non-competitive
3) Elective officers
vi. Results
1) US economic assistance carried out through American advisers in every government transaction plunged the country into an agricultural economy and
bolstered American interests in the country
2) Government forced to appropriate counterpart funds to support various programs recommended by American mission to the Philippines, thereby affecting the
prioritized programs of the Philippine government

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 Post-war Philippine Republic
Wednesday, January 12, 2011
10:55 AM

1. Context
a. Political
i. Strong president, bicameral legislature and independent judiciary comprised the tripartite democratic structures ordained under the 1935 Philippines Constitution and carried over
into the Philippine Republic of 1945
ii. Complemented by the declaration of the sovereignty of the people, a bill of rights, regular elections and other appurtenancesof a liberal democracy
b. Extent of Philippine independence under question - US continued intervention via control over monetary policy (1949); parity rights in the exploitation of the country's natural resources
and public utilities; maintenance of military bases (1991); determining quotas for major exports; provision of technical assi stance
c. In reality
i. Elections were bloody and dishonest although held regularly and resulted in some turnover of political officials
ii. Personalistic politicians
d. Despite these flaws, the Philippine political system dispersed power among the 3 branches of government, allowed mass media t o report on government scandals, and provided few
restrictions on basic freedom
2. Role of PAS - implementer; arsenal of means and not as the articulator of values
3. Public education and civil service - means to an end; twin avenues for mobility
4. Characteristics of PAS
a. High educational qualifications of staff but incompetent, inefficient and ineffective
b. Children of elite families prospered in political and economic realms; few bureaucrats became politicians concretizing politi cs-administration dichotomy
c. Strong personalistic relationship between civil servants and politicians
d. Rise in the career ladder
5. Major changes instituted in the PAS
a. Personnel
i. Appointment of agency heads and aides that could be justified as 'policy determining, highly technical or primarily confidential' exempting them from CS requirements
ii. Hiring as casuals, emergency, temporary, etc.
b. Organizational
i. Created offices under their supervision to carry out their thrusts and priorities
ii. Asked congressional authority to reorganize for efficiency and economy
iii. Create reorganization committees
iv. Reorganization focused on government corporate sector
v. Strengthen field operations not really to deconcentrate central office but open up new position
vi. Create new agencies or improve/strengthen existing agencies
Why reorganizations had not been successful
a. Because it is a delegated congressional authority, no executive actually got everything he wanted
b. Agencies and officials dissatisfied with his proposals fought them in Congress, a process which made the reorg process protracted, leading to the triumph of horse-trading
over organizational principles
Reasons for failure
a. Opposition to the plans
b. Lack of understanding
c. Presidential

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 Philippine Republic (1946-1972)
Friday, January 14, 2011
10:46 AM

6 presidents, 4 of whom were elected directly by the people while 2 succeeded presidents who died in office and who subsequen tly were elected

CS transferred from one president to another with little upheaval

Policy shifts rare despite party changes because economic elites were represented in opposing political parties which adhered to same political beliefs

Macapagal Administration (1961-1965)

1. Conditions prevailing
a. Political
i. Assumed Presidency a few years after Huk movement subdued by Magsaysay and the Americans hence American sentiments still riding high
ii. Agrarian unrest continued
b. Economic
i. Economy unencumbered by almost a decade of foreign exchange
c. Qualifications
i. Poor boy from Lumbao
ii. Earned law and economic degrees as a working student
iii. Congressman in the 1950s
iv. Vice president
v. President
d. Major thrusts/programs
i. Invigorating the economy
ii. Reforming land tenure
iii. Reorienting foreign policy
e. Relationship with the CS: more peaceful, only post-war president who did not overhaul the entire bureaucracy because he was not given the authority to reorganize by Congress
f. Activities/decisions which affected the PAS
i. Appointments: respected the
1) Did not even place his ranking supporters in key positions until the terms of the incumbents has ended or they had voluntaril y resigned
2) First appointees were career officials with reformist spirit/safeguarded the career service
ii. Nullified two laws which threatens the merit system:
1) RA 1079 which eliminated the two-year prescription on civil service eligibility earned after an exam
2) RA 1080 which extended that eligibility to everyone who had passed government licensing exams such as for doctors, lawyers, a ccountants, etc.
g. Land reform
h. Reorienting foreign policy
i. Ambivalent foreign relations with the US/reactive policies
ii. Founding of MaPhilIndo
iii. Transfer of Philippine independence day from July 4 to July 12
i. Moral regeneration
i. Active campaign against corruption: Stonehill scandal; removed even high officials if proven guilty; created the President's Anti-Graft Committee (PAGCOM)

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 Marcos' Democratic Government (1965-1972)
Wednesday, January 19, 2011
10:48 AM

1. Personal background
a. Family
b. Student/academic qualifications
c. War veteran
d. Marriage
2. As a politician
a. Consistent outstanding congressman
b. Senate President: critical of the incumbent administration - spoke against increase in foreign debt and the government's decontrol program, its support for the Americans in Vietnam
c. Transferred to the Nacionalista party, became its Presidential candidate and won
3. First term as President (1965-1969)
a. Immediate actions: restore relations with malaysia in 1967 and moved for the establishment of the ASEAN; Jabidah massacre
b. Espoused policies which he criticized bitterly during his campaign
i. Faith in free enterprise
c. Reversal of his campaign promise not to dispatch Filipino troops to Vietnam
d. Continued his predecessor's disastrous economic policies without initiatives in social amelioration
e. Declared Pampanga as pilot area for Macapagal's Land Reform Act; land distribution budget matched by a military budget twice the defense budget for 1967
4. Major accomplishments
a. Rice self-sufficiency
i. Inter-agency coordinating body under the OP; addressed issues of lack of financial resources, relative unconcern for the administra tive machinery, strong partisan politics and
inter-agency squabbles
ii. Not sustainable: rice technology based on expensive and ecologically unsafe inputs of pesticides and fertilizers
iii. Infrastructure/public works (roads, low cost school buildings, airports, irrigation, bridges); role of Imelda
b. Organizational - reorg bill but was not passed; created Police Commission and PARGO

Pre-martial law
1. Conditions prevailing: worsening economy
2. Government response: overhaul 1935

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 Martial Law Regime (1972-1986)
Friday, January 21, 2011
10:45 AM

1. Conditions prevailing/context
a. Massive demonstrations denouncing corruption in government, its subservience to US and accelerating poverty and inequality among the people which was used by Marcos to paint a
picture of the Philippine society in turmoil and created preconditions to justify martial law
b. Radicals winning and mobilizing students, professionals, peasants and workers as shown by the re-establishment of the CPP, jeepney strikes
c. International developments such as oil cartel put the economy of the country in disarray
d. Government too weak to respond to demoralization and other problems
e. Bombings and provocations of the police against the students which led to violent confrontations in the streets
f. Outside the Philippines
i. Vietnamese victory and retreat of the US in SEA: internal security of SEA countries threatened
ii. Military takeover in Korea, Thailand
g. Marcos declared martial law (PD1081) on 21 September 1972
i. Justifications:
1) To lead a revolution from the center which would cut the powers of the oligarchy and deliver social justice to the poor majority
2) Respond to the need for a strong government
3) Dubbed as the New Society as it sought to restructure the old system
ii. Real purposes
1) To extend his term of office as President which under the 1935 Philippine Constitution was about to expire; no normal legal process to enable him to continue in office
2) Amass more wealth
iii. Effects on democratic rights and institutions
1) Political enemies put in prison
2) Bill of rights such as those of assembly suspended
3) Abolished legislature
4) Independence of judiciary undermined
5) Silenced mass media
6) Took actions to legitimize his regime, e.g., elections in 1973; ban-Marcos provisions disappeared from the 1973 Constitution which was ratified by viva voce in village
assemblies; underwent amendments thru demonstration plebiscites whenever it suited him
7) Changed form of government from Presidential to parliamentary
2. Within a few months of martial law, the real motives of Marcos became obvious, e.g., oligarchy not destroyed but only those factions that were opposed to him
3. Major characteristics
a. Authoritarianism
b. Technocracy
c. Centralized bureaucracy
d. Cronyism
4. Major reforms adopted under the IRP
a. Decentralized the national government for improved administration by (a) reducing the number of agencies directly under the supervision of the OP; and (b) establishing the 12
uniform administrative regions
b. Standardized the
c. Facilitated the preparation and execution of national development programs by merging the NEC and the PES into a single planning entity, the NEDA.
d. Abolished the positions of officials with Cabinet rank formerly fixed by law, giving the President the power to designate at his pleasure which position is of Cabinet rank by executive
decree
e. Established the Career Executive Service (CES) and conducted training programs to develop a core of professional and morally upright administrators
f. Old GOCCS integrated or abolished but new corporations were formed; attached to allied department
g. Created Regional Development Councils to relate allocations
h. Expanded executive departments from 19 to 21 (with the creation of the Minister of Public Information and Minister of Human Settlements) contrary to the recommendation to
reduce departments from 19 to 15
i. Introduced the 3-tiered system in the CS (first, second and third levels) which allowed for the lateral access of personnel
j. Created new provinces of Tawi-tawi, North Cotabato, Maguindanao
5. Issues and problems
a. Highly centralized decision making which relied heavily on technocratic reaionality without the essence of citizen participation
b. Actual power concentrated in the hands of only a few
c. Plunder of the economy; excesses of the Marcoses and their allies; conjugal dictatorship
d. Rapidly growing foreign debt
e. Reorg became a continuing process due to facility of passing laws which destroyed the original logic of the Plan
f. IRP as implemented disintegrated as a result of bureaucratic politics
g. Proliferation of GOCCs/government into all sectors of the economy crowding out the private sector
6. Re
a. Asked courtesy resignations of all civil servants so that anyone could lose his/her job
b. Threat of losing one's job made bureaucrats consciousness
c. Used CS exams to indoctrinate employees on the objectives of the New Society
d. Problems in recruitment due to low wages; exemptions from standardized salary enjoyed by many offices
7. Other problems
a. Lip service to democracy and nationalism, e.g., no real citizen participation and decentralization
b. Reversed protectionalist stance by increasing incentives for foreign investments
c. Economic and social difficulties accompanied by growing militarization, disregard for human rights and extrajudicial killings
d. Having both the legislative and executive powers, he wrote decrees that made him and his family immune from prosecution after his term;
8. Implementation problems
a. Did not abide by the provisions
b. Slow pace of land inventory and issuance of land transfer certificates
c. Could be traced to extreme centralization in the MA; inadequate

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 Aquino Administration (1986-1992)
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
11:02 AM

Return to democracy
1. Ratified a new constitution (1987)
2. Re-installed Congress
3. Re-enshrined policy
Other initiatives
1. Initiated the peace process
2. Released political prisoners
3. Terminated the US military bases agreement
Major policies adopted
1. Reorganization of the bureaucracy
2. CARL
3. Local government code of 1991
4. RA 6713 - Code of Conduct for Government Officials and Employees
5. SSL 1
6. BOT/privatization
7. Revised administrative code of 1987
8. Party-list representation in Congress
Thrusts
1. Promotion of private initiative, defining the role and scope of government (privatization, deregulation, self-regulation, community
self-help)
2. Accountability
3. Efficiency of frontline services
4. Cost-effectiveness of operations

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PA 108 Page 15