Amazon (Company)

Amazon (company) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Amazon_(company)
Amazon (company)
Amazon.com, Inc.[7] (/ˈæməzɒn/ AM-ə-zon) is an
American multinational technology company based in
Amazon.com, Inc.
Seattle, Washington, which focuses on e-commerce, cloud
computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It is
considered one of the Big Five companies in the U.S.
information technology industry, along with Google, Apple, Logo since 2000
Microsoft, and Facebook.[8][9][10][11] The company has been
referred to as "one of the most influential economic and
cultural forces in the world", as well as the world's most
valuable brand.[12][13]
Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington,

on July 5, 1994. The company started as an online
marketplace for books but expanded to sell electronics,
software, video games, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and The Amazon Spheres, part of the Amazon
jewelry. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most headquarters campus in Seattle
valuable retailer in the United States by market Trade name Amazon
capitalization.[14] In 2017, Amazon acquired Whole Foods Formerly Cadabra, Inc. (1994–95)
Market for US$13.4 billion, which substantially increased its
Type Public
footprint as a physical retailer.[15] In 2018, its two-day
delivery service, Amazon Prime, surpassed 100 million Traded as NASDAQ: AMZN (https://
subscribers worldwide.[16] www.nasdaq.com/symbol/
amzn)
Amazon is known for its disruption of well-established NASDAQ-100 component
industries through technological innovation and mass scale.
[17][18][19] It is the world's largest online marketplace, AI S&P 100 component
assistant provider, live-streaming platform and cloud S&P 500 component

computing platform[20] as measured by revenue and market ISIN US0231351067
capitalization.[21] Amazon is the largest Internet company by Industry Cloud computing ·
revenue in the world.[22] It is the second largest private e-commerce · artificial
employer in the United States[23] and one of the world's intelligence · consumer
most valuable companies. As of 2020, Amazon has the electronics · digital
highest global brand valuation.[24] distribution · self-driving
cars
Amazon distributes downloads and streaming of video, July 5, 1994
Founded
music, and audiobooks through its Prime Video, Amazon Bellevue, Washington,
Music, Twitch, and Audible subsidiaries. Amazon also has a U.S.
publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, a film and television
Founder Jeff Bezos
studio, Amazon Studios, and a cloud computing subsidiary,
Amazon Web Services. It produces consumer electronics Headquarters Seattle, Washington, U.S.
including Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo Area served Worldwide
devices. Its acquisitions over the years include Ring, Twitch,
Whole Foods Market, and IMDb.
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Amazon (company) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)
The company has been criticized for various practices Key people Jeff Bezos (President, CEO,
including technological surveillance overreach,[25] a hyper- and Chairman)
competitive and demanding work culture,[26] tax Brian Olsavsky (Senior VP
avoidance,[27] and for being anti-competitive.[28][29] and CFO)
Products Echo · Fire Tablet · Fire

TV · Fire OS · Kindle
Contents Services Amazon.com · Amazon
Alexa · Amazon Appstore
History
· Amazon Music ·
Board of directors Amazon Prime · Amazon
Merchant partnerships Prime Video · Amazon
Web Services
Logistics
Revenue
Products and services US$280.522 billion (2019)
Subsidiaries Operating
income US$14.541 billion (2019)
Supply chain
Net income
Website US$11.588 billion (2019)
Amazon sales rank Total assets
Multi-level sales strategy US$225.248 billion (2019)
Total equity US$62.06 billion (2019)
Finances
Number of 1,225,300 (Oct.
Controversies employees 2020)[1]
Response to COVID-19 pandemic (U.S.: 810,000)
Lobbying Subsidiaries A9.com · AbeBooks ·
Amazon.com Services ·
See also Amazon Air · Amazon
References Books · Amazon Game
Studios · Alexa Internet ·
Further reading
Amazon Lab126 ·
External links Amazon Logistics ·
Amazon Publishing ·
Amazon Robotics ·
History Amazon Studios · AWS ·
Audible · Body Labs ·
Jeff Bezos founded Amazon in July 1994. He chose Seattle Book Depository ·
because of technical talent as Microsoft is located there.[30] ComiXology · Digital
In May 1997, the organization went public. The company Photography Review ·
began selling music and videos in 1998, at which time it Goodreads · Graphiq ·
began operations internationally by acquiring online sellers IMDb · Ring · Souq.com ·
Twitch Interactive · Whole
of books in United Kingdom and Germany. The following
Foods Market · Woot ·
year, the organization also sold video games, consumer
Zappos
electronics, home-improvement items, software, games, and
toys in addition to other items. Website www.aboutamazon.com
(https://www.aboutamazo
In 2002, the corporation started Amazon Web Services n.com/)
(AWS), which provided data on Web site popularity,
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Internet traffic patterns and other statistics for marketers Footnotes / references
and developers. In 2006, the organization grew its AWS [2][3][4][5][6]
portfolio when Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which rents
computer processing power as well as Simple Storage Service
(S3), that rents data storage via the Internet, were made available.
That same year, the company started Fulfillment by Amazon
which managed the inventory of individuals and small companies
selling their belongings through the company internet site. In
2012, Amazon bought Kiva Systems to automate its inventory-
management business, purchasing Whole Foods Market
supermarket chain five years later in 2017.[31] The company's largest campus
outside the United States was
In January 2021, Amazon invested with over $278 million by inaugurated in Hyderabad, India in
opening two new centers in Italy (Novara and Modena) and September 2019.
creating over 1100 jobs.[32]
Board of directors
As of September 2020, the board of directors is:[33]
Jeff Bezos, President, CEO, and Chairman

Keith B. Alexander, CEO IronNet Cybersecurity, former NSA Director
Rosalind Brewer, Group President, and COO, Starbucks
Jamie Gorelick, partner, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale, and Dorr
Daniel P. Huttenlocher, Dean of the Schwarzman College of
Computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Judy McGrath, former CEO, MTV Networks
Indra Nooyi, former CEO, PepsiCo
Jon Rubinstein, former Chairman, and CEO, Palm, Inc.
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos
Thomas O. Ryder, former Chairman, and CEO, Reader's Digest
in 2016
Association
Patty Stonesifer, President, and CEO, Martha's Table
Wendell P. Weeks, Chairman, President, and CEO, Corning Inc.
Merchant partnerships
In 2000, U.S. toy retailer Toys "R" Us entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at
$50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of
toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys &
Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of
variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the
service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of
Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its own
independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.[34][35][36]
In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with Borders Group, under which Amazon would
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comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[37] Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007,
with plans to also launch its own online store.[38]
On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with DC Comics for the exclusive digital
rights to many popular comics, including Superman, Batman, Green Lantern, The Sandman, and
Watchmen. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these
titles from their shelves.[39]
In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the United States Postal Service to begin
delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in
metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and New York because of the high-volume and inability to deliver
in a timely way, with plans to expand into Dallas, Houston, New Orleans and Phoenix by 2014.[40]
In June 2017, Nike confirmed a "pilot" partnership with Amazon to sell goods directly on the
platform.[41][42][43]
As of October 11, 2017, AmazonFresh sold a range of Booths branded products for home delivery in
selected areas.[44]
In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group
which has recorded a total income of US$ 104.44 million (₹ 759 crore) in financial year 2017–18.[45]
In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with Apple Inc. to sell selected products through
the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership,
only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[46][47]
Logistics
Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services
include:
Amazon Air, a cargo airline for bulk transport

Amazon Flex, a smartphone app that enables individuals to act as independent contractors,
delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one
or two hour Prime Now, same or next day Amazon Fresh groceries, and standard Amazon.com
orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[48]
Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery
Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately
20-40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of
December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United
Kingdom.[49]
Amazon Prime Air is an experimental drone delivery service.
Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon
Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020,
it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[50]
Rakuten Intelligence estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile
deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the
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United States Postal Service, and 14% by UPS and FedEx.[51] The USPS is used to deliver packages to
at least some unstaffed Amazon Lockers, according to on-site signage.
Products and services

Amazon.com's product lines available at its website include several media (books, DVDs, music CDs,
videotapes and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, beauty products, gourmet
food, groceries, health and personal-care items, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry,
watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive items and
toys & games. In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in San Francisco, CA as a means
to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[52] Amazon has separate retail websites for some countries
and also offers international shipping of some of its products to certain other countries.[53] In
November 2020, the company started an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs. The
service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime
subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-
and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.[54]
Amazon.com has a number of products and services available, including:
AmazonFresh Fire TV
Amazon Prime Video
Amazon Web Services Kindle Store
Alexa Music
Appstore Music Unlimited
Amazon Drive Amazon Digital Game Store
Echo Amazon Studios
Kindle AmazonWireless
Fire tablets
Subsidiaries
Amazon owns over 40 subsidiaries, including Audible, Diapers.com, Goodreads, IMDb, Kiva Systems
(now Amazon Robotics), Shopbop, Teachstreet, Twitch and Zappos.[55]
A9.com
A9.com, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology, has been a subsidiary
since 2003.[56]
Amazon Maritime
Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a Federal Maritime Commission license to operate as a non-vessel-
owning common carrier (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its own shipments from
China into the United States.[57]
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Annapurna Labs
In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs, an Israel-based microelectronics
company reputedly for US$350–370M.[58][59][60]
Audible.com
Audible.com is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information and educational
programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks, radio and television programs and
audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible
has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008,
Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and
Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[61]
Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services
Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services is a subsidiary of Amazon and it applied for a freight
forwarding license with the US Maritime Commission. Amazon is also building out its logistics in
trucking and air freight to potentially compete with UPS and FedEx.[62][63]
Brilliance Audio
Brilliance Audio is an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in Grand Haven,
Michigan.[64] The company produced its first 8 audio titles in 1985.[64] The company was purchased
by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[65][66] At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was
producing 12–15 new titles a month.[66] It operates as an independent company within Amazon.
In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.[67]
The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.[67] It has been
credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made
unabridged books affordable.[67]
ComiXology
ComiXology is a cloud-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of
September 2013. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across
Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company
in April 2014.[68]
CreateSpace
CreateSpace, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film
studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.[69][70]
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Eero
Eero, stylized as eero, is a company that manufactures mesh-capable routers. The company was
founded in 2015 and is based in San Francisco. Amazon announced it would buy Eero in 2019.
Goodreads
Goodreads is a "social cataloging" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007
by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows
individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and
reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can
also create their own groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had
over 650,000 members and over 10 million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in
March 2013.[71]
Health Navigator
In October 2019, Amazon finalized the acquisition of Health Navigator, a startup developing APIs for
online health services. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee
healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of PillPack for under $1 billion, which has also
been included into Amazon Care.[72]
Junglee
Junglee is a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for
products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started off as a virtual database that was
used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it
progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on
the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could
locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one
window.[73]
Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February
2012[74] as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of
products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry and video games, among others, across thousands
of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then
they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former
domain currently redirects to Amazon India.[75]
Kuiper Systems
Kuiper Systems LLC, is a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a broadband satellite internet
constellation with an announced 3,236 Low Earth orbit satellites to provide satellite based Internet
connectivity.[76][77][78]
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PillPack
PillPack is an online pharmacy specializing in shipping pre-sorted medications in by-day packets. It

was acquired by Amazon in June, 2018.
Lab126
Lab126, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the Kindle, became a subsidiary in
2004.[79]
Ring
Ring is a home automation company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its
WiFi powered smart doorbells, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon
bought Ring for US$1 billion in 2018.[80]
Shelfari
Shelfari was a social cataloging website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles
which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, tag and discuss their books. Users could
also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other
topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought
the company in August 2008.[71] Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social
network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging
Shelfari with Goodreads and closing down Shelfari.[81][82]
Souq
Souq.com is the largest E-Commerce platform in the Middle East based in Dubai, United Arab
Emirates. On March 28, 2017, Amazon confirmed it would be acquiring Souq.com for
$580 million.[83] Souq.com is now a subsidiary of Amazon, and acts as Amazon's arm into the Middle
East region.
Twitch
Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented

towards video gaming content. The service was first established
as a spin-off of a general-interest streaming service known as
Justin.tv. Its prominence was eclipsed by that of Twitch, and
Justin.tv was eventually shut down by its parent company in
August 2014 in order to focus exclusively on Twitch.[84] Later that
month, Twitch was acquired by Amazon for $970 million.[85] Twitch at the Electronic
Through Twitch, Amazon also owns Curse, Inc., an operator of Entertainment Expo
video gaming communities and a provider of VoIP services for
gaming.[86] Since the acquisition, Twitch began to sell games
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directly through the platform,[87] and began offering special features for Amazon Prime
subscribers.[88]
The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major esports competitions
on the service, leading GameSpot senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as
"the ESPN of esports".[89] As of 2015, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million
monthly viewers.[90]
On August 10, 2020, Amazon announced the rebranding of Twitch Prime, the live-streaming site,
renaming it Prime Gaming [1] (https://gaming.amazon.com/) in another attempt to crack the video
game market after failing a big-budget game effort. With Twitch Prime, users will be given a free
subscription to Twitch, with free games from small studios and discounts for larger titles like Grand
Theft Auto and League of Legends.[91]
On 2 November 2020, Twitch announced a virtual flagship conference and named it GlitchCon
instead of TwitchCon to be held on November 14. The main aim of the conference will be to bring its
numerous, disparate communities of streamers and fans together where they can be real life
confidants.[92]
Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain

exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors,
flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[93]
On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Trade

Commission approved the merger between Amazon.com and
Whole Foods Market.[94] The following day it was announced that
the deal would be closed on August 28, 2017.[95]
Whole Foods Market store in Ann
Arbor, Michigan
Supply chain
Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and
New Castle, Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of crossdock
centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs.
There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[96][97]
Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing
goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations
to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that
records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-
held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress.
Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by Amazon Robotics.
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Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, Amazon.es fulfillment center

France in San Fernando de Henares,
Spain
Amazon.co.jp
Amazon.co.uk fulfillment Amazon.de fulfillment center in fulfillment center in
center in Glenrothes, Graben, Germany Ichikawa, Japan
Scotland, UK
Amazon fulfillment
center in Macon,
Georgia, U.S.
Website
The domain amazon.com attracted at least 615 million amazon.com
visitors annually by 2008;[99] by the beginning of
2016, over 130 million customers were visiting the
U.S. website each month.[100] The company has Logo since 2000
invested heavily in a massive amount of server
capacity for its website, especially to handle the Screenshot
excessive traffic during the Christmas holiday
season.[101] According to Alexa Internet rankings,
amazon.com is the third most popular website in the
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United States and the 14th most popular website

worldwide.
Results generated by Amazon's search engine are

partly determined by promotional fees.[102] The
company's localized storefronts, which differ in
selection and prices, are differentiated by top-level
domain and country code:
Region Country Domain name Since
December
Brazil amazon.com.br
2012
Americas Canada amazon.ca June 2002
Mexico amazon.com.mx August 2013
United States amazon.com July 1995
September
China amazon.cn
2004
India amazon.in June 2013
November
Japan amazon.co.jp
2000
Asia Singapore amazon.sg July 2017
September
Turkey amazon.com.tr
2018
Homepage
United Arab
amazon.ae May 2019 Type of site E-commerce
Emirates
Available in Arabic · English · French ·
Saudi Arabia amazon.sa June 2020
German · Spanish · Swedish ·
France amazon.fr August 2000 Italian · Chinese · Japanese ·
October Portuguese · Dutch · Turkish
Germany amazon.de
1998
Owner Amazon
November URL amazon.com (http://Amazon.co
Italy amazon.it
2010
m) (original U.S. site)
November
Netherlands amazon.nl Commercial Yes
Europe 2014
Registration Optional
September
Spain amazon.es
2011 Launched 1995
October Current status Active
Sweden amazon.se
2020
Written in C++ and Java
United October [98]
amazon.co.uk
Kingdom 1998
November
Oceania Australia amazon.com.au
2017
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Reviews
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the
product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers
which indicate the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or
which indicate that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. Customers may comment or
vote on the reviews, indicating whether they found a review helpful to them. If a review is given
enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as
being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[103]
When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice
by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach ... we want to make every book
available—the good, the bad and the ugly ... to let truth loose".[104]
There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by public relations companies on
behalf of their clients[105] and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their
rivals' works.
Content search
"Search Inside the Book" is a feature which allows customers to search for keywords in the full text of
many books in the catalog.[106][107] The feature started with 120,000 titles (or 33 million pages of
text) on October 23, 2003.[108] There are about 300,000 books in the program. Amazon has
cooperated with around 130 publishers to allow users to perform these searches.
To avoid copyright violations, Amazon does not return the computer-readable text of the book.
Instead, it returns a picture of the matching page, instructs the web browser to disable printing and
puts limits on the number of pages in a book a single user can access. Additionally, customers can
purchase online access to some of the same books via the "Amazon Upgrade" program.
Third-party sellers
Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on
Amazon.[109] Associates receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to
Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000
members" in its affiliate programs.[110] In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used
by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads.[111] It
is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a
commission.[112] Amazon reported over 1.3 million sellers sold products through Amazon's websites
in 2007. Unlike eBay, Amazon sellers do not have to maintain separate payment accounts; all
payments are handled by Amazon.
Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web
Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of
Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller
Product Suggestions was launched (rumored to be internally called "Project Genesis") to provide
more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on
Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[113] In 2019, Amazon
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launched a bigger local online store in Singapore to expand its product selection in the face of
intensifying competition with competitors in the region.[114]
In July 2019 the 3rd U.S. City Court of Appeals in Philadelphia ruled that Amazon can be held
accountable for faulty third-party sales.[115] The decision ran counter to a past lower court ruling that
had favored Amazon. Heather Oberdorf had sued the company in 2016 over a dog leash that snapped,
causing permanent loss of vision in one eye. If upheld, the decision would expose Amazon and similar
platform businesses to strict liability lawsuits for defective products, which represents a major change
in the law.[116] The panel sent the case back to the lower court, to decide whether the leash was
actually defective.[117]
Amazon sales rank

The Amazon sales rank (ASR) provides an indication of the popularity of a product sold on any
Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best
sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.[118] While the ASR has no direct effect on
the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers
lists.[118] Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this
may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in
their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing
provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.[119] For competitive reasons,
Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to
release point of sale data via the Nielsen BookScan service to verified authors.[120] While the ASR has
been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does
not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon
sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[121] though Amazon states:
Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general
interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume
you have this information regularly from your distribution sources
— Amazon.com Help[122]
Multi-level sales strategy

Amazon employs a multi-level e-commerce strategy. Amazon started by focusing on business-to-
consumer relationships between itself and its customers and business-to-business relationships
between itself and its suppliers and then moved to facilitate customer-to-customer with the Amazon
marketplace which acts as an intermediary to facilitate transactions. The company lets anyone sell
nearly anything using its platform. In addition to an affiliate program that lets anyone post Amazon
links and earn a commission on click-through sales, there is now a program which lets those affiliates
build entire websites based on Amazon's platform.[123]
Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them
through their own websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual
sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers
of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[124]
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In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in University Village in Seattle.
The store is 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website.[125] Amazon will
open its tenth physical book store in 2017;[126] media speculation suggests Amazon plans to
eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[125]
In June 2018, it was reported that Amazon planned to open brick and mortar bookstores in
Germany.[127]
In September 2020, Amazon launched Luxury Stores on its mobile app, where Oscar de la Renta
become the first and only label to partner with the firm.[128]
Finances
Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of
the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise
their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[129] As of 2018, Amazon.com is ranked 8th
on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[130]
For the fiscal year 2018, Amazon reported earnings of US$10.07 billion, with an annual revenue of
US$232.887 billion, an increase of 30.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased
from 14.835 billion to 232.887 billion, thanks to continued business expansion.[131]
Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the
announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[132] Amazon's total employees now number
798,000.[132]
Revenue Net income Total Assets

Year Employees
in mil. USD$ in mil. USD$ in mil. USD$
2007[133] 14,835 476 6,485 17,000
2008[134] 19,166 645 8,314 20,700
2009[135] 24,509 902 13,813 24,300
2010[136] 34,204 1,152 18,797 33,700
2011[137] 48,077 631 25,278 56,200
2012[138] 61,093 −39 32,555 88,400
2013[139] 74,452 274 40,159 117,300
2014[140] 88,988 −241 54,505 154,100
2015[141] 107,006 596 64,747 230,800
2016[142] 135,987 2,371 83,402 341,400
2017[143] 177,866 3,033 131,310 566,000
2018[144] 232,887 10,073 162,648 647,500
2019[145] 280,522 11,588 225,248 798,000
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Controversies
Since its founding, the company has attracted criticism and controversy for its actions, including:
supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[146] forming cloud computing
partnerships with the CIA;[147] leading customers away from bookshops;[148] adversely impacting the
environment;[149] placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers; actively opposing
unionization efforts;[150] remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public
subsidies; seeking to patent its 1-Click technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and price
discrimination;[28][29] and reclassifying LGBT books as adult content.[151][152] Criticism has also
concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the WikiLeaks website,
works containing libel and material facilitating dogfight, cockfight, or pedophile activities. In
December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to
promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar
store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[153] Companies like
Groupon, eBay and Taap.it countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.
[154][155] The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain
and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known
within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone, "that
Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."[102]
In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was
promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[156]
In 2019, Amazon banned selling skin-lightening and racist products that might affect the consumer
health.[157]
Environmental impact
In 2018, Amazon emitted 44.4 million metric tons of CO2.[158]
In September 2019, Amazon workers organized a walk-out as part of the Global Climate Strike.
[159][160] An internal group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice said over 1,800 employees
in 25 cities and 14 countries committed to participating in the action to protest Amazon's
environmental impact and inaction to climate change.[159] This group of workers petitioned Jeff Bezos
and Amazon with three specific demands: to stop donating to politicians and lobbyists that deny
climate change, to stop working with fossil fuel companies to accelerate oil and gas extraction, and to
achieve zero carbon emissions by 2030.[161][162][160]
Amazon has introduced the Shipment Zero program, however Shipment Zero has only committed to
reducing 50% of its shipments to net zero by 2030. Also, even that 50% does not necessarily mean a
decrease in emissions compared to current levels given Amazon's rate of growth in orders.[163]
That said, Amazon's CEO has also signed the Climate Pledge, in which Amazon would meet the Paris
climate agreement goals 10 years ahead of schedule, and would be carbon-neutral by 2040. Besides
this pledge, it also ordered 100 000 electric delivery trucks from Rivian.[164]
Amazon funds both climate denial groups including the Competitive Enterprise Institute and
politicians denying climate change including Jim Inhofe.[165][166]
In November 2018, a community action group opposed the construction permit delivered to
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Goodman Group for the construction of a 160,000 square metres (1,700,000 sq ft) logisitics platform
Amazon will operate at Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport. In February 2019, Étienne Tête filed a request
on behalf of a second regional community action group asking the administrative court to decide
whether the platform served a sufficiently important public interest to justify its environmental
impact. Construction has been suspended while these matters are decided.[149]
Amazon considered making an option for Prime customers to have packages delivered at the most
efficient and environmentally-friendly time (allowing the company to combine shipments with the
same destination) but decided against it out of fear customers might reduce purchases.[167] Since
2019, the company has instead offered customer an "Amazon Day" option, where all orders are
delivered on the same day, emphasizing customer convenience, and it occasionally offers Prime
customers credits in return for selecting slower and less expensive shipping options.[167]
Selling counterfeit, unsafe and discarded items
On October 16, 2016, Apple provided evidence in a lawsuit against a third-party company that
Amazon was selling counterfeit Apple products and advertising them as genuine. Through
purchasing, Apple found that it was able to identify counterfeit products with a success rate of 90%.
Amazon was sourcing and selling items without properly determining if they were genuine. The other
company settled with Apple for an undisclosed amount on April 27, 2017.[168]
The selling of counterfeit products by Amazon has attracted widespread notice, with both purchases
marked as being fulfilled by third parties and those shipped directly from Amazon warehouses being
found to be counterfeit. This has included some products sold directly by Amazon itself and marked
as "ships from and sold by Amazon.com".[169][170] Counterfeit charging cables sold on Amazon as
purported Apple products have been found to be a fire hazard.[171][172] Such counterfeits have
included a wide array of products, from big ticket items to every day items such as tweezers,
gloves,[173] and umbrellas.[174] More recently, this has spread to Amazon's newer grocery services.[175]
Counterfeiting was reported to be especially a problem for artists and small businesses whose
products were being rapidly copied for sale on the site.[176]
One Amazon business practice that encourages counterfeiting is that, by default, seller accounts on
Amazon are set to use "commingled inventory". With this practice, the goods that a seller sends to
Amazon are mixed with those of the producer of the product and with those of all other sellers that
supply what is supposed to be the same product.[177][178] Then when a customer orders a product
from a seller, Amazon ships out from its commingled pool of inventory according to its convenience
for shipping rather than from what the seller sent to them for warehousing. According to a December
2017 article in Forbes, "This means that counterfeits can be commingled with authentic products, and
not even Amazon (apparently) can easily determine where they came from. This gives an added level
of protection to counterfeiters, as the smokescreen between them and the nefarious products they
spike Amazon's supply chain with is often incredibly thick."[178][179]
In June 2019, Buzzfeed reported that some products identified on the site as "Amazon's choice" were
low quality, had a history of customer complaints, and exhibited evidence of product review
manipulation.[180]
In August 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that they had found more than 4,000 items for sale
on Amazon's site that had been declared unsafe by federal agencies, had misleading labels, or had
been banned by federal regulators.[181]
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In the wake of the WSJ investigation, three U.S. senators – Richard Blumenthal, Ed Markey, and Bob
Menendez – sent an open letter to Jeff Bezos demanding him to take action about the selling of unsafe
items on the site. The letter said that "Unquestionably, Amazon is falling short of its commitment to
keeping safe those consumers who use its massive platform."[182] The letter included a number of
questions about the company's practices and gave Bezos a deadline to respond by September 29,
2019, saying "We call on you to immediately remove from the platform all the problematic products
examined in the recent WSJ report; explain how you are going about this process; conduct a sweeping
internal investigation of your enforcement and consumer safety policies; and institute changes that
will continue to keep unsafe products off your platform."[182] Earlier in the same month, senators
Blumenthal and Menendez had sent Bezos a letter about the Buzzfeed report.[182]
In December 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that some people were literally retrieving trash
out of dumpsters and selling it as new products on Amazon. The reporters ran an experiment and
determined that it was easy for a seller to set up an account and sell cleaned up junk as new products.
In addition to trash, sellers were obtaining inventory from clearance bins, thrift stores, and pawn
shops.[183][184]
As a result of these issues, companies such as Birkenstock have pulled their products from the
website.[185]
In August 2020, an appeals court in California ruled that Amazon can be held liable for unsafe
products sold on its website. A California woman had bought a replacement laptop battery that caught
fire and caused her to receive third-degree burns.[186]
Sales and use taxes
Amazon's state sales tax collection policy has changed over the years since it did not collect any sales
taxes in its early years. In the U.S., state and local sales taxes are levied by state and local
governments, not at the federal level. In most countries where Amazon operates, a sales tax or value
added tax is uniform throughout the country, and Amazon is obliged to collect it from all customers.
Proponents of forcing Amazon.com to collect sales tax—at least in states where it maintains a physical
presence—argue the corporation wields an anticompetitive advantage over storefront businesses
forced to collect sales tax.[187]
Many U.S. states in the 21st century have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel
Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers.
Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011, but as of April 2017,
Amazon collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in
Washington, D.C.[188]
Income taxes
Amazon paid no federal income taxes in the U.S. in 2017 and 2018, and actually received tax refunds
worth millions of dollars, despite recording several billion dollars in profits each year.[27] CNN
reported that Amazon's tax bill was zero because they took advantage of provisions in years when they
were losing money that allowed them to offset future taxes on profits, as well as various other tax
credits.[189] Amazon was criticized by political figures for not paying federal income taxes.[190]
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Comments by Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders
In early 2018, President Donald Trump repeatedly criticized Amazon's use of the United States Postal
Service and its prices for the delivery of packages, stating, "I am right about Amazon costing the
United States Post Office massive amounts of money for being their Delivery Boy," Trump tweeted.
"Amazon should pay these costs (plus) and not have them bourne [sic] by the American
Taxpayer."[191] Amazon's shares fell by 6 percent as a result of Trump's comments. Shepard Smith of
Fox News disputed Trump's claims and pointed to evidence that the USPS was offering below-market
prices to all customers with no advantage to Amazon. However, analyst Tom Forte pointed to the fact
that Amazon's payments to the USPS are not made public and that their contract has a reputation for
being "a sweetheart deal".[192][193]
Throughout the summer of 2018, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders criticized Amazon's wages and
working conditions in a series of YouTube videos and media appearances. He also pointed to the fact
that Amazon had paid no federal income tax in the previous year.[194] Sanders solicited stories from
Amazon warehouse workers who felt exploited by the company.[195] One such story, by James
Bloodworth, described the environment as akin to "a low-security prison" and stated that the
company's culture used an Orwellian newspeak.[196] These reports cited a finding by New Food
Economy that one third of fulfilment center workers in Arizona were on the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program (SNAP).[197] Responses by Amazon included incentives for employees to tweet
positive stories and a statement which called the salary figures used by Sanders "inaccurate and
misleading". The statement also charged that it was inappropriate for him to refer to SNAP as "food
stamps".[195] On September 5, 2018, Sanders along with Ro Khanna introduced the Stop Bad
Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act aimed at Amazon and other alleged
beneficiaries of corporate welfare such as Walmart, McDonald's and Uber.[198] Among the bill's
supporters were Tucker Carlson of Fox News and Matt Taibbi who criticized himself and other
journalists for not covering Amazon's contribution to wealth inequality earlier.[199][200]
On October 2, 2018, Amazon announced that its minimum wage for all American employees would be
raised to $15 per hour. Sanders congratulated the company for making this decision.[201]
Opposition to trade unions
Amazon has opposed efforts by trade unions to organize in both

the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2001, 850
employees in Seattle were laid off by Amazon.com after a
unionization drive. The Washington Alliance of Technological
Workers (WashTech) accused the company of violating union
laws, and claimed Amazon managers subjected them to
intimidation and heavy propaganda. Amazon denied any link
between the unionization effort and layoffs.[202] Also in 2001,
A sticker expressing an anti-
Amazon.co.uk hired a US management consultancy organization,
Amazon message is pictured on the
The Burke Group, to assist in defeating a campaign by the back of a street sign in Seattle.
Graphical, Paper and Media Union (GPMU, now part of Unite the
Union) to achieve recognition in the Milton Keynes distribution
depot. It was alleged that the company victimized or sacked four union members during the 2001
recognition drive and held a series of captive meetings with employees.[203]
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An Amazon training video that was leaked in 2018 stated "We are not anti-union, but we are not
neutral either. We do not believe unions are in the best interest of our customers or shareholders or
most importantly, our associates."[204] Two years later, it was found that Whole Foods was using a
heat map to track which stores had the highest levels of pro-union sentiment. Factors including racial
diversity, proximity to other unions, poverty levels in the surrounding community and calls to the
National Labor Relations Board were named as contributors to "unionization risk".[205]
In early 2020, an Amazon internal documents were leaked, it said that Whole Foods has been using
an interactive heat map to monitor its 510 locations across the U.S. and assign each store a
unionization risk score based on such criteria as employee loyalty, turnover rate and racial diversity.
Data collected in the heat map suggest that stores with low racial and ethnic diversity, especially those
located in poor communities, are more likely to unionize.[206][207]
Working conditions
Former employees, current employees, the media, and politicians have criticized Amazon for poor
working conditions at the company.[208][209][210] In 2011, it was publicized that workers had to carry
out tasks in 100 °F (38 °C) heat at the Breinigsville, Pennsylvania warehouse. As a result of these
inhumane conditions, employees became extremely uncomfortable and suffered from dehydration
and collapse. Loading-bay doors were not opened to allow in fresh air because of concerns over
theft.[211] Amazon's initial response was to pay for an ambulance to sit outside on call to cart away
overheated employees.[211] The company eventually installed air conditioning at the warehouse.[212]
Some workers, "pickers", who travel the building with a trolley and a handheld scanner "picking"
customer orders can walk up to 15 miles (24 kilometres) during their workday and if they fall behind
on their targets, they can be reprimanded. The handheld scanners give real-time information to the
employee on how quickly or slowly they are working; the scanners also serve to allow Team Leads and
Area Managers to track the specific locations of employees and how much "idle time" they gain when
not working.[213][214]
In a German television report broadcast in February 2013, journalists Diana Löbl and Peter Onneken
conducted a covert investigation at the distribution center of Amazon in the town of Bad Hersfeld in
the German state of Hessen. The report highlights the behavior of some of the security guards,
themselves being employed by a third party company, who apparently either had a neo-Nazi
background or deliberately dressed in neo-Nazi apparel and who were intimidating foreign and
temporary female workers at its distribution centers. The third party security company involved was
delisted by Amazon as a business contact shortly after that report.[215][216][217][218]
In March 2015, it was reported in The Verge that Amazon would be removing non-compete clauses of
18 months in length from its US employment contracts for hourly-paid workers, after criticism that it
was acting unreasonably in preventing such employees from finding other work. Even short-term
temporary workers have to sign contracts that prohibit them from working at any company where
they would "directly or indirectly" support any good or service that competes with those they helped
support at Amazon, for 18 months after leaving Amazon, even if they are fired or made redundant.
[219][220]
A 2015 front-page article in The New York Times profiled several former Amazon employees[221] who
together described a "bruising" workplace culture in which workers with illness or other personal
crises were pushed out or unfairly evaluated.[14] Bezos responded by writing a Sunday memo to
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employees,[222] in which he disputed the Times's account of "shockingly callous management

practices" that he said would never be tolerated at the company.[14]
In an effort to boost employee morale, on November 2, 2015, Amazon announced that it would be
extending six weeks of paid leave for new mothers and fathers. This change includes birth parents and
adoptive parents and can be applied in conjunction with existing maternity leave and medical leave
for new mothers.[223]
In mid-2018, investigations by journalists and media outlets such as The Guardian reported poor
working conditions at Amazon's fulfillment centers.[224][225] Later in 2018, another article exposed
poor working conditions for Amazon's delivery drivers.[226]
In response to criticism that Amazon does not pay its workers a livable wage, Jeff Bezos announced
beginning November 1, 2018, all US and UK Amazon employees will earn a $15 an hour minimum
wage.[227] Amazon will also lobby to make $15 an hour the federal minimum wage.[228] At the same
time, Amazon also eliminated stock awards and bonuses for hourly employees.[229]
On Black Friday 2018, Amazon warehouse workers in several European countries, including Italy,
Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, went on strike to protest inhumane working conditions and
low pay.[230]
The Daily Beast reported in March 2019 that emergency services responded to 189 calls from 46
Amazon warehouses in 17 states between the years 2013 and 2018, all relating to suicidal employees.
The workers attributed their mental breakdowns to employer-imposed social isolation, aggressive
surveillance, and the hurried and dangerous working conditions at these fulfillment centers. One
former employee told The Daily Beast "It's this isolating colony of hell where people having
breakdowns is a regular occurrence."[231]
On July 15, 2019, during the onset of Amazon's "Prime Day" sale event, Amazon employees working
in the United States and Germany went on strike in protest of unfair wages and poor working
conditions.[232][233]
In March 2020, during the coronavirus outbreak when the government instructed companies to
restrict social contact, Amazon's UK staff was forced to work overtime to meet the demand spiked by
the disease. A GMB spokesperson said the company had put "profit before safety".[234] GMB has
continued to raise concerns regarding "gruelling conditions, unrealistic productivity targets,
surveillance, bogus self-employment and a refusal to recognise or engage with unions unless forced",
calling for the UK government and safety regulators to take action to address these issues.[235]
In August 2019, BBC reported on Amazon's Twitter ambassadors. Their constant support for and
defense of Amazon and its practices have led many Twitter users to suspect that they are in fact bots,
being used to dismiss the issues effecting Amazon workers.[236]
In its 2020 statement to its US shareholders, Amazon stated that "we respect and support the Core
Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO), the ILO Declaration on Fundamental
Principles and Rights at Work, and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
Operation of these Global Human Rights Principles has been "long-held at Amazon, and codifying
them demonstrates our support for fundamental human rights and the dignity of workers everywhere
we operate".[237]
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On 27 November 2020, Amnesty International said, workers in working for Amazon have faced great
health and safety risks since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. On Black Friday, one of Amazon's
busiest periods, company failed to ensure the key safety features in France, Poland, the United
Kingdom and USA. Workers have been risking their health and lives to ensure essential goods are
delivered to consumer doorsteps, helping Amazon achieve record profits.[238]
On 6 January 2021, Amazon said that it is planning to build 20,000 affordable houses by spending $2
billion in the regions where the major employments are located.[239]
On January 24, 2021, Amazon said that it was planning to open a pop-up clinic hosted in partnership
with Virginia Mason Franciscan Health in Seattle in order to vaccinate 2,000 persons against
COVID-19 on the first day.[240]
Conflict of interest with the CIA and DOD
In 2013, Amazon secured a US$600 million contract with the CIA, which poses a potential conflict of
interest involving the Bezos-owned The Washington Post and his newspaper's coverage of the
CIA.[241] Kate Martin, director of the Center for National Security Studies, said, "It's a serious
potential conflict of interest for a major newspaper like The Washington Post to have a contractual
relationship with the government and the most secret part of the government."[242] This was later
followed by a US$10 billion contract with the U.S. Department of Defense.[147]
Seattle head tax and houselessness services
In May 2018, Amazon threatened the Seattle City Council over an employee head tax proposal that
would have funded houselessness services and low-income housing. The tax would have cost Amazon
about $800 per employee, or 0.7% of their average salary.[243] In retaliation, Amazon paused
construction on a new building, threatened to limit further investment in the city, and funded a repeal
campaign. Although originally passed, the measure was soon repealed after an expensive repeal
campaign spearheaded by Amazon.[244]
Nashville Operations Center of Excellence
The incentives given by the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County to Amazon for
their new Operations Center of Excellence in Nashville Yards, a site owned by developer Southwest
Value Partners, have been controversial, including the decision by the Tennessee Department of
Economic and Community Development to keep the full extent of the agreement secret.[245] The
incentives include "$102 million in combined grants and tax credits for a scaled-down Amazon office
building" as well as "a $65 million cash grant for capital expenditures" in exchange for the creation of
5,000 jobs over seven years.[245]
The Tennessee Coalition for Open Government called for more transparency.[245] Another local
organization known as the People's Alliance for Transit, Housing, and Employment (PATHE)
suggested no public money should be given to Amazon; instead, it should be spent on building more
public housing for the working poor and the homeless and investing in more public transportation for
Nashvillians.[246] Others suggested incentives to big corporations do not improve the local
economy.[247]
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In November 2018, the proposal to give Amazon $15 million in incentives was criticized by the
Nashville Firefighters Union and the Nashville chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police,[248] who
called it "corporate welfare."[249] In February 2019, another $15.2 million in infrastructure was
approved by the council, although it was voted down by three council members, including
Councilwoman Angie Henderson who dismissed it as "cronyism".[250]
Facial recognition technology and law enforcement
While Amazon has publicly opposed secret government surveillance, as revealed by Freedom of
Information Act requests it has supplied facial recognition support to law enforcement in the form of
the Rekognition technology and consulting services. Initial testing included the city of Orlando,
Florida, and Washington County, Oregon. Amazon offered to connect Washington County with other
Amazon government customers interested in Rekognition and a body camera manufacturer. These
ventures are opposed by a coalition of civil rights groups with concern that they could lead to an
expansion of surveillance and be prone to abuse. Specifically, it could automate the identification and
tracking of anyone, particularly in the context of potential police body camera integration.
[146][251][252] Because of the backlash, the city of Orlando publicly stated it will no longer use the
technology, but may revisit this decision at a later date.[253]
Access to NHS data
The UK government awarded Amazon a contract that gives the company free access to information
about healthcare published by the UK's National Health Service.[254] This will, for example, be used
by Amazon's Alexa to answer medical questions, although Alexa also uses many other sources of
information. The material, which excludes patient data, could also allow the company to make,
advertise and sell its own products. The contract allows Amazon access to information on symptoms,
causes and definitions of conditions, and "all related copyrightable content and data and other
materials". Amazon can then create "new products, applications, cloud-based services and/or
distributed software", which the NHS will not benefit from financially. The company can also share
the information with third parties. The government said that allowing Alexa devices to offer expert
health advice to users will reduce pressure on doctors and pharmacists.[255]
Collection of data and surveillance
On February 17, 2020, a Panorama documentary highlighted the amount of data collected by the
company and the move into surveillance causing concerns of politicians and regulators in the US and
Europe.[256][257]
Antitrust complaints
On June 11, 2020, the European Union announced that it will be pressing charges against Amazon
over its treatment of third-party e-commerce sellers.[258]
In July 2020, Amazon along with other tech giants Apple, Google and Facebook were accused of
maintaining harmful power and anti-competitive strategies to quash potential competitors in the
market.[259] The CEOs of respective firms appeared in a teleconference on July 29, 2020 before the
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lawmakers of the U.S. House Antitrust Subcommittee.[260] In October, 2020, the antitrust
subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives released a report accusing Amazon of abusing a
monopoly position in ecommerce to unfairly compete with sellers on its own platform.[261]
Anti-vaccination and non-scientific cancer 'cures'
Anti-vaccination and non evidence-based cancer 'cures' have routinely appeared high in Amazon's
books and videos. This may be due to positive reviews posted by supporters of untested methods, or
gaming of the algorithms by truther communities, rather than any intent on Amazon's part.[262][263]
Wired magazine found that Amazon Prime Video was full of 'pseudoscientific documentaries laden
with conspiracy theories and pointing viewers towards unproven treatments'.[264]
U.S. Rep. Adam Schiff (D-Calif.) expressed concern that Amazon was “surfacing and recommending
products and content that discourage parents from vaccinating their children.” Amazon subsequently
removed five anti-vaccination documentaries.[265] Amazon also removed 12 books that
unscientifically claimed bleach could cure conditions including malaria and childhood autism. This
followed an NBC News report about parents who used it in a misguided attempt to reverse their
children's autism.[266]
Response to COVID-19 pandemic
Hazard pay and overtime
Amazon introduced new policies to reward frontline workers for continuing to come into work during
the crisis. One of these policies, announced on March 16, 2020 was a temporary $2-per-hour rise in
pay. This policy expired in June 2020.[267] Amazon also announced a policy of unlimited, unpaid time
off that lasted until April 30, 2020.[268]
Additional hiring as a result of pandemic
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Amazon introduced temporary restrictions on the sale of
non-essential goods. In March 2020, it hired some 100,000 more staff in the US to help deal with
essential items such as food and medical equipment. It also reported that it was so busy that it was
unable to bring on board new customers and therefore had to have a waiting list. In April, the firm
announced that it was going to hire up to 75,000 workers to help deal with increased demand.[269]
Employee protests during COVID-19
During the pandemic there have been protests by the Amazon workers at warehouses in the US,
France, and Italy. The BBC reported that there were confirmed coronavirus cases in more than 50
locations.[269] The reason for the protests is the company policy to "run normal shifts" despite many
positive cases of the virus.[270] According to the UNI Global Union, "Amazon cannot act like this is
business as usual. We are facing a deadly virus that has already taken the lives of thousands of people
and paralyzed the world's economy. If distribution centers are not safe for workers right now, they
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should be closed immediately."[270] In Spain, the company has faced legal complaints over its
policies.[271] Despite workers at 19 warehouses in the US having tested positive for COVID-19,
Amazon did not shut down warehouses, only doing so when forced by the government or because of
protests. A group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos in March 2020, expressing concerns
about worker safety.[272]
An Amazon warehouse protest on March 30, 2020, in Staten Island led to its organizer, Christian
Smalls, being fired. Amazon defended the decision by saying that Smalls was supposed to be in self-
isolation at the time and leading the protest put its other workers at risk.[271] Smalls has called this
response "ridiculous".[273] The New York state attorney general, Letitia James, is considering legal
retaliation to the firing which she called "immoral and inhumane."[271] She also asked the National
Labor Relations Board to investigate Smalls' firing. Smalls himself accuses the company of retaliating
against him for organizing a protest.[273] At the Staten Island warehouse, one case of COVID-19 has
been confirmed by Amazon; workers believe there are more, and say that the company has not
cleaned the building, given them suitable protection, or informed them of potential cases.[272] Smalls
added specifically that there are many workers there in risk categories, and the protest only
demanded that the building be sanitized and the employees continue to be paid during that
process.[273] Derrick Palmer, another worker at the Staten Island facility, told The Verge that Amazon
quickly communicates through text and email when they need the staff to complete mandatory
overtime, but have not been using this to tell people when a colleague has contracted the disease,
instead waiting days and sending managers to speak to employees in person.[272] Amazon claim that
the Staten Island protest only attracted 15 of the facility's 5,000 workers,[274] while other sources
describe much larger crowds.[272]
On April 14, 2020, two Amazon employees were fired for "repeatedly violating internal policies", after
they had circulated a petition about health risks for warehouse workers internally.[275]
On May 4, Amazon vice president Tim Bray resigned "in dismay" over the firing of whistle-blower
employees who spoke out about the lack of COVID-19 protections, including shortages of face masks
and failure to implement widespread temperature checks which were promised by the company. He
said that the firings were "chickenshit" and "designed to create a climate of fear" in Amazon
warehouses.[276]
In a Q1 2020 financial report, Jeff Bezos announced that Amazon expects to spend $4 billion or more
(predicted operating profit for Q2) on COVID-19-related issues: personal protective equipment,
higher wages for hourly teams, cleaning for facilities, and expanding Amazon's COVID-19 testing
capabilities. These measures intend to improve the safety and well-being of hundreds of thousands of
the company's employees.[277]
From the beginning of 2020 until September of the same year, the company declares that the total
number of workers who have contracted the infection is 19,816.[278]
Closure in France
The SUD (trade unions) brought a court case against Amazon for unsafe working conditions. This
resulted in a French district court (Nanterre) ruling on April 15, 2020, ordering the company to limit
its deliveries to food and essential medical or hygienic products or pay a €1 million per day fine.
Amazon said it would appeal, and on the following day shut its six French warehouses until at least
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April 21, 2020, for evaluation of the situation.[279]
Lobbying
Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such
as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and data protection
and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the
United States Congress, the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Reserve.
Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and
2015, respectively.[280]
Amazon.com was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it
dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[281]
In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the Federal Aviation
Administration to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld
lobbying firm in June.[282] Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation
Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver
packages.[283] In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate
by the FAA.[284]
In 2019 it spent $16.8m and had a team of 104 lobbyists, up from $14.4m and 103 lobbyists in
2018.[285]
See also
Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award
Amazon Flexible Payments Service
Amazon Marketplace
Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN)
Camelcamelcamel – a website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com
List of book distributors
Internal carbon pricing
Statistically improbable phrases – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books
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Further reading
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Brandt, Richard L. (2011). One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com (http://us.penguingr
oup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781591843757,00.html). New York: Portfolio Penguin.
ISBN 978-1-59184-375-7.
Daisey, Mike (2002). 21 Dog Years (https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais). Free
Press. ISBN 0-7432-2580-5.
Friedman, Mara (2004). Amazon.com for Dummies (https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordum
m00frie). Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-5840-4.
Marcus, James (2004). Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut (http
s://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc). W. W. Norton. ISBN 1-56584-870-5.
Spector, Robert (2000). Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model
That Changed the World (https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec). HarperCollins.
ISBN 0-06-662041-4.
Stone, Brad (2013). The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon. New York: Little
Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-316-21926-6. OCLC 856249407 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85624
9407).
External links
Official website (https://www.amazon.com)
Amazon (company) companies (https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Amazon)
grouped at OpenCorporates
Business data for Amazon.com, Inc.: Google Finance (https://www.google.com/finance?q=AMZN)
· Yahoo! Finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=AMZN) · Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.co
m/quote/AMZN:US) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany
&CIK=1018724)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_(company)&oldid=1002085987"
This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 19:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
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Amazon (Company)

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Amazon (company) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington,

assistant provider, live-streaming platform and cloud S&P 500 component

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Products Echo · Fire Tablet · Fire

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Jeff Bezos, President, CEO, and Chairman

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Amazon Air, a cargo airline for bulk transport

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Products and services

Amazon.com has a number of products and services available, including:

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Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services

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PillPack is an online pharmacy specializing in shipping pre-sorted medications in by-day packets. It

Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented

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Whole Foods Market

Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain

On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Trade

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Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, Amazon.es fulfillment center

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United States and the 14th most popular website

Results generated by Amazon's search engine are

Region Country Domain name Since

Americas Canada amazon.ca June 2002

Mexico amazon.com.mx August 2013

United States amazon.com July 1995

India amazon.in June 2013

Asia Singapore amazon.sg July 2017

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Amazon sales rank

Multi-level sales strategy

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Revenue Net income Total Assets

2007[133] 14,835 476 6,485 17,000

2008[134] 19,166 645 8,314 20,700

2009[135] 24,509 902 13,813 24,300

2010[136] 34,204 1,152 18,797 33,700

2011[137] 48,077 631 25,278 56,200

2012[138] 61,093 −39 32,555 88,400

2013[139] 74,452 274 40,159 117,300

2014[140] 88,988 −241 54,505 154,100

2015[141] 107,006 596 64,747 230,800

2016[142] 135,987 2,371 83,402 341,400

2017[143] 177,866 3,033 131,310 566,000

2018[144] 232,887 10,073 162,648 647,500

2019[145] 280,522 11,588 225,248 798,000

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In 2018, Amazon emitted 44.4 million metric tons of CO2.[158]

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Selling counterfeit, unsafe and discarded items

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Sales and use taxes

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Comments by Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders

Opposition to trade unions

Amazon has opposed efforts by trade unions to organize in both

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